Kwayaka: Wikipedia
Taura nezve zvinhu zvinorema Zvenyika ndezvekutaura nezvazvo density yayo, pfuma inoita kuti ireme zvikuru. Kana tikatora zvinhu zviviri zvine density dzakasiyana tinogona kuona kuti ndeipi ine density yepamusoro. Hazvina kufanana kubata kirogiramu imwe yeiridium kana kirogiramu imwe yemutobvu neruoko. Kunyange zvazvo ose ari maviri achirema zvakafanana, tinogona kuziva kuti anawo density dzakasiyana uye huwandu hwavo hwakasiyana, chimwe chazvo chichava nevhoriyamu yakawanda kupfuura imwe.
Tinombundikira mubvunzo wekuti takaziva hupenyu hwedu hwese, ndeupi unorema zvakanyanya? Kiro yehuswa kana kirogiramu yesimbi? Tichagara tichitarisa pane rinomiririra vhoriyamu huru, asi handizvo. Muchidimbu, ese ari maviri anoyera zvakafanana, kunyangwe aine density yakasiyana. Ndizvo zvinoitika naye osmium, ichiva chinhu chinorema kwazvo munyika uye izvo zvatinoenzanisa nezvimwe zvinhu.
Chii chinorema zvikuru pasi rose?
Chinhu chinorema zvikuru pasi rose isimbi yatinoziva se osmium. Kuti tizive uko ukuru hwaro hunosvika, tinoshandisa semuenzaniso kuti kukura kwebhora rakagadzirwa neosmium kungarema zvakadii. Yakati bhora rairema 120 kg, sezvo tikaedza kurinhonga nemaoko zvaisaita.
Kana tikaienzanisa nezvimwe zvinhu tinogona kuona kuti inenge 23 nguva inorema kupfuura mvura uye inorema zvakapetwa kaviri se radon. Density yaro i22,6 g/cm³, chimiro chinoda kupfuurwa neiridium, chimwe chinhu chinorema kwazvo chine density ye22,4 g/cm³. Iyi simbi inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri nekuda kwekupokana kwayo nekupisa kwakanyanya uye kugona kwayo kushingirira corrosive agents. Simbi iyi, pamwe chete nevamwe vakaita se graphite uye diamond, inoratidza yakasarudzika zvivakwa zvinoita kuti zvive zvakakosha muzvikamu zvakasiyana. Mukuwedzera, iwe unogona kuverenga zvakawanda nezve mhando yezvinhu iyo inoshandiswa mumaindasitiri akasiyana.
Heavy zvinhu zvinoshandiswa muindasitiri
Ose ari maviri osmium uye iridium anoshandiswa kune zvinhu zvinoda iyo, senge midziyo yekuvhiya uye platinum alloys izvo zvinoda kuramba kukuru uye kusimba. Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa zvinogona kushandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvinokonzeresa kudzikisa kubuda mumotokari, mukurapa mazino, muzvishongo uye mumidziyo yemurabhoritari.
Mukuwedzera kune iridium, osmium uye platinum, tinogonawo kuwana tungsten. Imwe simbi yakasarudzika yekugadzira zvinhu zvinogara kwenguva refu senge maturusi ekucheka akanyanya kana kugadzirwa kwemagirobhu emwenje. Mupfungwa iyi, the tekinoroji uye zvinhu anoshandiswa akakosha pakugadzira maturusi chaiwo.
vamwe vakada nemekiyuri, inoshandiswa pakuyera maturusi uye kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi. Cadmium inoshandiswa kune iyo photovoltaic indasitiri, mukugadzira solar panel uye kushandiswa kwemabhatiri anochajiswa.
Chenjera nesimbi idzi dzinorema, nekuti dzine chepfu
Kune akawanda masimbi anorema uye anoshanda rudzi urwu rwesimbi dzine chepfus. Pakati pavo tinoziva mhangura, aruminiyamu, strontium, cobalt, arsenic, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, uranium, zingi, mercury, manganese, selenium, uye vamwe. Masimbi aya ane mavambo echisikigo pasi pano, ane hukama hweatomic density.
Heavy metal inogona kukonzera kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza uye hutano hwevanhu. Kana vakaungana muvhu, mvura, uye zvipenyu zvakaita semhuka kana zvirimwa, zvinogona kukonzera kusvibiswa kwakanyanya kweiyo ecosystem uye kubvisa chimwe chinhu kubva mucheni yechikafu. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezve kusvibiswa, ndinokurudzira kuongorora musoro we mvura ine acid uye maitiro ayo Mune zvakasikwa.
Kuti tidzivise kusvibiswa kwemhoteredzo, tinofanira gadzirisa tsvina yako zvakanaka uye nenzvimbo dzekuunganidza kuitira kurapwa kwekupedzisira. Pfungwa iyi haisi yekusvibisa vanhu kana zvisikwa zvipenyu uye kuedza kuderedza kukanganisa kwakashata pahutano.
Kusvibiswa uku kunogona kukonzera kukuvadzwa kwehurongwa hwetsinga, kukura kwekenza uye zvirwere zvekufema, kunyanya muvanhu. Kuti izvi zvisaitike, tinofanira kufunga nezvematanho panguva yekuongororwa nguva dzose uye kuongororwa kwechiremba, kuwedzera pakuziva nezvekushandisa kwavo. Nzvimbo dzebasa ndidzo dzinonyanya kukuvadza uye uko kuchengeteka kunofanira kudzorwa.
Kuenzanisa tafura ye osmium nezvimwe zvinhu:
Tinogona kuwana mamwe marudzi esimbi, semuenzaniso:
- uranium exchange, ine huremu hweatomu hwe238.0289 uye nhamba yeatomu 92.
- redhiyo, ine huremu hweatomu hwe226.0254 ine nhamba yeatomu 118.
- Lithium, ine huremu hweatomu hwe6.941 uye nhamba yeatomu ye3.
- Radon, ine huremu hweatomu hwe222.0 uye nhamba yeatomu ye86.
Zvimwe zvekuda kuziva nezve osmium
Chokwadi urikuda kuziva kuti simbi iyi inotorwa kupi. Is akatorwa kubva pasi penyika yedu, pamwe chete nedzimwe simbi dzeboka replatinum. Kazhinji kazhinji inoenda yakanamirwa neiridium kana simbi dzakadai nickel kana iron. Mukati mezvidzidzo, zvakatemerwa kuti inowanikwa zvakanyanya padyo nepakati penyika, zvichipihwa kuwanda kwayo kukuru uye huremu hunoita kuti inyanye. Kazhinji chinhu icho chiri yakawanda inowanikwa muchadenga kupfuura mupasi pePasi
Isimbi ine bhuruu-grey tint, nehupamhi hwepamusoro, asi inenge isina muganho pakati peiridium. Isimbi yakaoma asi ine brittle, ine kupenya kukuru kunyangwe pakupisa kwakanyanya. Iyo compressibility modhi yakakwira zvakanyanya, iyo hunhu hunosvika pakati pe395 ne462 GPa, tinogona kuienzanisa nedhaimondi ine 443 GPa. Zvakaoma kwazvo kugadzira muchina kuita chimiro.
Kana inoratidzwa mune yayo metallic chimiro, ndizvo greyish chena ruvara, ine chimiro chakasimba kwazvo uye chitarisiko chinopenya. Hupfu hwayo hwehupfu huri nyore chaizvo kuwana, kunyange huri pachena kumhepo hunowanzoita osmium tetraoxide, musanganiswa une chepfu uye une ngozi, unogona kukanganisa kunhuwa uye kuonekwa kwayo pameso.
Nhoroondo ye osmium ine nhoroondo refu. Yakawanikwa muna 1803 ne Smithson Tennant naWilliam Hyde Wollaston muLondon uye yaifanira kupfuura nemacheki akawanda kusvika zvaonekwa kuti chaive chinhu chitsva. Mhinduro dzinoverengeka dzakaitwa kubva kuplatinamu kusvika zvaonekwa kuti zvakasara zvakanga zvakasviba uye zvisinganyungudike.
Kunyangwe neichi chasara, zvisungo zvacho hazvina kujeka, kudzamara Tennat akwanisa uye nemukana mukuru, kugadzira mhinduro yaakadana kuti osmium, zvichireva shoko rechiGiriki rokuti “osme” zvinoreva kunhuwa, nekuda kwedota uye hwema hwehutsi hwe osmium tetroxide. Nechekare musi waChikumi 21, 1804, chinhu chitsva ichi chaigona kuwedzerwa mutsamba kuRoyal Society yeLondon, kuitira kufambisira mberi kweSainzi yeMasikirwo.
