Zvisikwa hazviregi kutishamisa, uye chimwe chezviratidziro chinonakidza chinoitika kana zvimwe zvipenyu zvichikwanisa kupenya murima. Chiitiko ichi, chinozivikanwa se bioluminescence, yave ichishamisa uye ichifunda kwemazana emakore. Munyanza nepanyika, marudzi akasiyana akagadzira kugona uku, sezvo zvichigona kukosha kune avo kupona.
Kubva pakadzika pegungwa kusvika kumasango akakora, mhuka idzi Vakagadzirisa miviri yavo kuti ibudise chiedza, kana kutaurirana, kuzvidzivirira kana kutokwezva zvavo madhamu. Muchikamu chino, tichaongorora zvakavanzika shure kwehuhu hunoshamisa, pamwe nekudzidza nezvemamwe marudzi anonyanya kufadza ane bioluminescence.
Chii chinonzi bioluminescence?
Bioluminescence ndiko kugona kwezvimwe zvipenyu kuburitsa chiedza. kuburikidza nemakemikari anoita. Ichi chiitiko chinogoneka nekuda kwezvikamu zviviri zvakakosha: luciferin, komisheni inoshanda se substrate, uye luciferase, enzyme inokonzeresa kuita kwemakemikari.
Iyo nzira inoitika kana luciferin yakashongedzwa oxidized, zvichitungamira mukubuda kwechiedza. Zvinofadza kuti chiedza ichi hachikonzeri kupisa, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakanyanya inoshanda. Kunyangwe ichinyanya kuwanda mugungwa rakadzika, inogonawo kuwanikwa muzvisikwa zvepanyika zvakaita se zvipembenene uye howa.
Iko kushanduka kwebioluminescence
Bioluminescence yakashanduka yakazvimirira pazviitiko zvakawanda munhoroondo yehupenyu. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti chiitiko ichi chakaitika zvishoma 30 times mumapoka akasiyana ezvipenyu. Kugona uku hakusi mumhuka chete, asiwo mumabhakitiriya, fungi uye dinoflagellate.
Mumakungwa, zvinopfuura makumi manomwe neshanu muzana zvezvipenyu zvemugungwa zvine imwe mhando yebioluminescence.. Mabasa azvo anotangira pakukwezva varoora kana kubatwa kusvika pakuzvidzivirira pazvikara. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe hove dzinoshandisa chiedza kuzvivhara nechiedza chinobva pamusoro pemvura, zvichiita kuti zviome. kuzviona kubva pazasi.
Mienzaniso inonakidza yemhuka dzebioluminescent
Fireflies: Zvipembenene izvi zvichida zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa nekukwanisa kwadzo kuburitsa chiedza. Vanoshandisa kupenya kwechiedza kutaurirana, kunyanya panguva yekupfimbana. Zvinoshamisa, chete vakadzi yemamwe marudzi inounza chiedza.
Bioluminescent jellyfish: Zvisikwa zvemugungwa izvi zvinoburitsa kupenya kwechiedza senzira yekudzivirira. Mamwe marudzi, akadai secomb jellyfish, anoberekawo rainbows kuburikidza nekusiyana kwechiedza mune yayo locomotor cilia.
Vampire Squid: Mhuka iyi yakadzika-mugungwa inoshandisa bioluminescence yayo nenzira ine hungwaru. Panzvimbo peinki, inoburitsa chinhu chinopenya uye kunamira kuvhiringa vavengi vavo.
Zvinyavada Kunyange zvazvo vasingabudisi chiedza kuburikidza ne bioluminescence, ivo fluoresce pasi pe ultraviolet chiedza. Ichi chiitiko chinokonzerwa nemakemikari emakemikari ari mairi cuticle.
Bioluminescence panyika
Panyika, bioluminescence inonyanya kuwanikwa mukati zvipembenene, fungi uye makonye. Bioluminescent fungi, zvakadai Panellus stipticus, kubudisa chiedza chinogara chichikweva zvipembenene zvinoparadzira zvadzo spores. Howa uhu hwakatoshandiswa se "matochi" mumagariro uye nhoroondo.
Imwe nyaya inofadza ndeye iyo Fireflies muchikamu chavo chehonye. Kubva pachikamu chazvo chekutanga, zvisikwa zvidiki izvi zvinototanga emit light, zvichiratidza kuti bioluminescence yakakosha mumatanho ese ehupenyu hwayo.
Zvakavanzika zvepakadzika
Gungwa ndiyo nzvimbo iyo bioluminescence inosvika pakukwirira kwayo kusiyana. Hove dzakafanana naye hove dzemwenje Vanoshandisa nhengo dzemhando yepamusoro dzinodaidzwa kuti photophores kuzvivhenekera. Iyi mhuka, inogara pakadzika kupfuura 1.200 mamita, inogadzira chiratidziro chakareruka munguva yavo yekubereka.
Dzimwe mhuka, kufanana ne-deep-sea crustaceans, inoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakadai sokudzinga chinhu chinopenya kuti chivhiringidze zvinogona kuitika. zvikara. Asi kune zvimwe zvikonzero zvakawanda zvinogadzira ichi chiitiko chemusikirwo.
Kune vanenge a 75% yezvisikwa zvipenyu zvinogara mumvura yakadzika vane kugona kugadzira chiedza. Sezvatakambotaura mumitsara yapfuura, kune zvakare zvimwe zvisikwa zvepasi zvinogadzira mwenje wazvo, zvakaita sehowa, matatya kana nzizi.
Zvikumbiro zvebioluminescence
Mhedzisiro yebioluminescence haina kungogumira kumhuka; Chidzidzo chayo chine mashandisirwo esainzi uye tekinoroji. Semuyenzaniso, green fluorescent protein (GFP) yakawanikwa mugirazi jellyfish uye yava kushandiswa mukutsvagisa majini uye yekurapa kuteedzera zviitiko zvemaserura.
Uyezve, bioluminescence inokurudzira kufambira mberi mukati mwenje unoenderera. Kune mapurojekiti ekugadzira marambi ebhayoloji anogona kuvheneka nharaunda dzemudhorobha pasina kudiwa kwemagetsi.
Bioluminescence inotiratidza kuti kushanduka-shanduka kwakapa sei zvipenyu nzira dzinoshamisa dzekurarama uye kubudirira mumamiriro ezvinhu zvakanyanyisa. Kugona kunonakidza uku kunoramba kuchikweva pfungwa dzemasayendisiti nevanhu vanoda kuziva, vasingaregi kushamiswa nechitarisiko chezvisikwa zvinopenya.