Upenyu muhudiki hunoputika nesimba risingawanzoonekwa, kunyange zvazvo rakatiputira zvachose. Pakutanga kuona, tinofunga kuti tine zvinhu zvose zviri pasi pesimba, asi pasi pehupenyu hwezuva nezuva, a chadenga chine simba panotonga zvimiro zvidiki. Iyo microscopic ndima, inowanzo furatirwa, inochengetedza zviratidzo zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti zvisikwa zvinoshanda sei pazvikero zvose.
Inofungidzirwa kuti ruzhinji zvezvisikwa zvipenyu zviri panyika hazvigone kuonekwa pasina rubatsiro, asi zvinogara mumvura, nyika, mhepo, zvokudya uye pose pose, kusanganisira miviri yedu, yemhuka nemiti. Parwendo urwu tichanyatsoongorora mite inovandira pakati pemachira eshinda, kune ma microorganisms e plankton anotsigira ese trophic cheni, kune yakanyatso dhizaini yembeu yekume uye kune stomata inobvumira mashizha kufema. Uye tichazviita neziso rinoda kuziva, tichitsigirwa nemifananidzo uye tsananguro dzinoburitsa chimiro, basa, uye hunhu hwechero tupukanana tusingaoneki.
Nyika isingaonekwe: nhamba uye chokwadi chinovhura maziso edu
Patinodaro vanenge 90% zvezvimiro zvehupenyu hazvionekwe nemeso, hatisi kuwedzeredza, asi kune chokwadi chinotsigirwa ne microscopic siyana. Utachiona, archaea, microalgae, unicellular fungi, maprotist uye tumapundu tudiki. Ivo vanogadzira biological tapestry iyo, isingaonekwe, inonzwika mukuita sarudzo: kubva pakugadzirwa kweokisijeni kusvika pakuora kweiyo organic matter, ichipfuura nepakati yakakosha symbioses yezvirimwa nemhuka.
Nyika Diki Haisi murabhoritari; iri kwese kwese: mudonhwe remvura yemurwizi, muguruva remba, mumakwati emuti, pamusoro peganda redu, kana mumiromo yedu. Pfungwa iyi haifanire kuvhundutsa, asi kuti unzwisise kuti hupenyu husingaoneki hunotsigira zviyero zvakakura uye kuti sero rega rega, kunyangwe ridiki sei, rinotora chikamu mune yakakura kwazvo ecological choreography.
Kunogara diki: mvura, ivhu, mweya uye zvinhu zvedu
Kudai taigona kuswedera pedyo pane chero kona, taizoona chiitiko. Microbial plankton Inotyaira zvipenyu zvose, ichigadzira imwe okisijeni yatinofema uye kushanda sechikafu chemarudzi asingaverengeki. Muivhu, mabhakitiriya nefungi zvinoronga kutenderera kwezvikafu, kudzokorodza izvo zvinowira muvhu kuti zvidzose kuupenyu.
Spores, pollen mbeu uye microorganisms Vanofamba nemhepo. Pamusoro pemba, kubva pamakapeti kusvika kukicheni, mite mhenyu uye zvisingaonekwe biofilms inokura muhunyoro uye inodziya microhabitats. Kunyangwe mumiviri yedu, nharaunda dzeutachiona dzinogara pamwe nemabasa akakosha, kubva pakugayiwa kusvika pakudzivirira kubva kuhutachiona.
Mhuri huru muhukuru hudiki
Upenyu hweMicroscopic ndeyekareidoscope yemitsara. Mhuka, zvirimwa, algae uye fungi Izvo zvikamu zvehuwandu hunosanganisirawo zvipembenene, arthropods, bhakitiriya, mavhairasi, uye majekiseni, mutsara unoratidza muti wose wehupenyu pamwero wakaderedzwa. Mamwe emhando idzi, senge, ichokwadi titans emhando dzakasiyana-siyana: dzinofungidzirwa kumiririra 80% yemhando dzemhuka dzinozivikanwa, chimiro chinoisa kukosha kwazvo kwekutanga kunyangwe kana tichitaura nezve dikidiki.
Kune zvakare data inotipa: mukati muromo wemunhu Panogona kunge paine mabhakitiriya akawanda kupfuura vanhu vari paNyika. Kuenzanisa uku hakurevi kuvhundutsa, asi kuratidza kufara uye kuvepo kwese kwepasirese tupukanana. Pakati pemavhairasi nemaparasite, tinowanawo mazano ehungwaru ekushanduka-shanduka kubva pakupinza masero kusvika kumararamiro akaomarara muzvisikwa zvakasiyana.
Zvimiro zvinokatyamadza: mukume, stomata, mite uye plankton
ari stomata, nokuda kwavo, vanoita semasuo ekufema mumashizha. Iwo ma pores akakomberedzwa nemasero evarindi anovhura uye pedyo kuti atonge kuchinjanisa gasi uye kurasikirwa kwemvura. Pasi pemaikorosikopu, stomatal landscape inozviratidza seyakasimba mosaic, inonzwira kuchiedza, CO2, uye hunyoro.
Munharaunda yemumba, Mites Ndivo vagari venguva dzose vemicheka uye guruva. Mamiriro avo, ane makumbo akachinjirwa kuti afambe pakati pemafayibha, uye kudya kwavo, nekuda kwezvisaririra diki, zvinotsanangura kubudirira kwavo mumakapeti, mametiresi, uye maketeni. Kunyange tikasavaona, kuvapo kwavo chiyeuchidzo chekusiyana-siyana kuripo mudzimba dzedu.
El planktonZvose zviri zviviri hupenyu hwezvirimwa nemhuka zvinoumba musana wemadandemutande ezvokudya zvemumvura. Phytoplankton inokonzera chikamu chikuru chepasi rose photosynthesis; zooplankton inoona nezvemakorustasiya madiki nemakonye anofambisa simba uye zvinhu kuburikidza negungwa uye mukati memvura.
Muviri mukati: masero, matishu, uye diki diki
Micrographs Vanobvumira maseru uye matishu kuti aongororwe mune inopenya zvakadzama. MaNeuroni, nemafambiro awo akanaka, anoronda mambure ekubatanidza anotsigira masaini emagetsi etsinga. Mvere dzebvudzi, muzvikamu uye kuwedzera, ratidza jira rinobva bvudzi rega rega, kusanganisira tsinga dzeropa uye masero akasarudzika.
Mukuwedzera kune aesthetics, chishandiso kunzwisisa Function. Mamiriro nekuita zvinofambidzana: chimiro chesero remhasuru rinoratidza basa rayo rekubatira; iyo yakapetwa pamusoro pehura inowedzera kubatwa; ukobvu hwechirimwa cell wall inodzivirira uye inotsigira. Munyika ine microscopic, curve yega yega uye mavara anotaurira nyaya inoshanda.
Mararamiro avanoita padiki diki: akakosha mabasa
Kurongeka ichi chadenga, chinobatsira mabasa akakoshaPanzvimbo pekungotarisa chete kumapoka emitero, ngatifungei nezvekuti tupenyu tuduku sei kufamba, kuberekana, kuwana simba, kuona zvakatipoteredza, uye kuzvidzivirira. Iri sangano rinoshanda rinopa mepu yakajeka yekufambisa zvakasiyana-siyana pasina kurasika.
Movement
Microscopic locomotion Ihwo hunyanzvi hwehupenyu hwakachena. Flagella inorova semapropeller, cilia inoenderana semakwasvi, hova dzemukati dzecytoplasmic, kana kubhururuka panzvimbo dzakaiswa mafuta ese mhinduro dzakasiyana kudambudziko rimwechete: kufamba nepakati apo mitemo yeviscosity uye inertia ine basa diki.
Kuberekerwa
Mudiki, kukurumidza mazano Zvirongwa zvekubereka zvinoratidza kushanda zvakanaka. Mabhakitiriya mazhinji anokamukana nebhinari fission, achidzokorodza genetic zvinhu uye kupatsanurwa kuita vanasikana vaviri masero. Fungi nealgae zvinochinjana pakati pepabonde neasexual cycles kuti vawedzere mikana yavo, uye zvipembenene zvinogadzirisa kubereka kwavo kune muenzi uye nharaunda.
Simba nechikafu
Wana simba Ndihwo hunonyanya kukosha muupenyu. Phytoplankton inotora mwenje kuti igadzire organic compounds, nepo heterotrophic bacteria inoshatisa mamorekuru akaoma uye kuburitsa chikafu muhurongwa. Kune zvakare chemolithotrophs anoshandisa inorganic compounds, zvichiratidza kuti hupenyu hunowana simba uko kunoratidzika kunge kusina.
Maonero ezvakatipoteredza
Kunyange pasina maziso akaoma, kuona zviratidzo zvemakemikari uye mumuviri. Vanoswedera kune zvinovaka muviri (positive chemotaxis), vanobva kune chepfu (negative chemotaxis), vanoita kune chiedza chemagetsi, kana kugadzirisa physiology yavo kuchinja pH uye tembiricha. Sensitivity, pano, inyaya yekupona nekukurumidza.
Nzira dzekudzivirira
Biofilm kugadzirwa Inodzivirira nharaunda dzese; akasimbiswa sero masvingo anodzivisa kurwiswa; antigenic variation inovhiringa immune system yemuridzi. Mumhuka nezvinomera, zvipingamupinyi, zvivhariso, uye microbiota zvinoshanda pamwe chete kuchengetedza vangango pinda nechisimba vari kure.
Mifananidzo yakakosha: macrophotography, microimages uye sainzi mufananidzo
Imba yakakodzera macro mafoto, micro mifananidzo uye micrographs inosanganisa zviwanikwa kuratidza zvakajeka mafomu ehupenyu, maseru, uye matishu. Macrophotography inounza humbowo hunoonekwa kuziso rakashama padhuze, optical uye electron microscopy inovhura windows kune zvikero zvidiki, uye mufananidzo wesainzi unowedzera mamiriro uye mitsara inotsanangura nezve chimiro uye basa.
Mifananidzo Hazvisi zvekushongedza; vane zivo yakasvibiswa. Vanotibvumira kuziva zvikamu zvakakosha, kuenzanisa morphological variants, uye kuita maitiro anooneka asingaoneki neziso, zvakadai sekuyerera kwemukati kana kuchinja kwekufamba kwenguva. Kana zvinyorwa nemufananidzo zvichitsigirana, kunzwisisa kunowedzera.
Chirevo chakakwana pamusoro pezvakasikwa
Kupfuura kushamisika, yakasimba referensi chikamu Hwirudzo yakazara yemapoka makuru ezvisikwa zvipenyu yakakosha: kubva kumhuka nezvirimwa kusvika kune algae, fungi, tumbuyu, arthropods, mabhakitiriya, mavhairasi, uye tupukanana. Muunganidzwa wakanyatsorongeka unoshanda vese vanoda kuziva nevadzidzi zvakafanana, uye inoita kuti zvive nyore kutarisa kumashure kune akakosha pfungwa kana mibvunzo yamuka.
Mupfungwa iyoyo, catalog Chikamu chakakwana chinofukidza humambo hukuru uye mitsara yemuti wehupenyu inonyanya kubatsira. Kuve nemapepa eruzivo akajeka ane akasiyana maficha uye mienzaniso kunoita kuongorora iyo microworld chiitiko chinotungamirwa uye chakaomarara.
Iyo diki inotsigira yakakura: nei iyo microscopic yakakosha
Apo patinofunga nezvezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, tinowanzofungidzira masango kana matombo, asi microscopic biodiversity inotsigira aya mascenario. Kudzokorodza kwezvekudya zvinovaka muviri, kugadzirwa kwekutanga, symbiosis ine midzi kana matumbu, uye dziviriro kubva kuhutachiona zvese zvinoenderana zvakanyanya nenharaunda dzisingaonekwe. Kuzvinzwisisa kunobatsira kududzira zviitiko zvepasi rose zvakaita sekubereka kwevhu, hutano hwevanhu, uye shanduko mumambure echikafu.
Hutongi hwemuviri hwakasiyanaChikero chemicroscopic haisi nyaya yehukuru chete. Nzvimbo yepamusoro inotonga pamusoro pehuwandu, kupararira kunotonga inertia, uye magradient emunharaunda anosarudza ramangwana resero. Kunzwisisa mitemo iyi kunotsanangura kuti sei mhinduro dzemhindumupindu dzediki dzisingawanzofanana nedzezvipenyu zvikuru.
Zviri mukati zvakarongwa nehupenyu mabasa
Nzira inoshanda kwazvo yekudzidza ndeye ruzivo rwekugadzira zvinoenderana nemabasa akakosha: kufamba, kubereka, kugadzira simba uye kudya, kuona kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kudzivirira. Iyi nzira inobvumira kuenzaniswa kwemhinduro dzekushanduka-shanduka pakati pemitsara yakasiyana-siyana inotarisana nedambudziko rimwe chete, inoratidzira convergences uye kusiyana.
Kushanda kuona Inosanganiswa ne taxonomics kupa mufananidzo wakazara: ndiani uye sei dambudziko rega rega rinogadziriswa. Nenzira iyi, isu hatingoyemure kunaka kwemicrograph, asi tinonzwisisawo zviri kuitika uye nei.
Kune vanoda mafoto, zvisikwa uye biology
Kana iwe uchifarira kutora ruzivo kana kunyudza sainzi, mutambo wekuona uye wepfungwa Chiitiko chinopihwa nenyika diki hachidzivisiki. Iwo maumbirwo, mavara, uye mapatani anobuda sezvo chikero chinowedzera zvinokatyamadza, asi chinhu chine simba zvakanyanya kubatanidza iyo inoyevedza netsananguro dzakajeka dzeanatomy uye maitiro. Kubva mumubatanidzwa uyu, kudzidza kusingakanganwiki kunobuda.
Runako pasi pemaikorosikopu Hachingori mutsara wakanaka: nekucherechedza, kutsanangura, uye kunzwisisa, tinova vaturikiri vari nani vezviri kuitika patiri. Kunyatsocherechedza zviduku kunotidzidzisa, zvakare, kuverenga zviri nani zvikuru.
Curiosities inowedzera maonero
Kune kuenzanisa kunonamatira kwauri. Microbial abundance -kufanana nepfungwa yokuti mabhakitiriya akawanda anogara mumuromo wemunhu kupfuura vanhu vari pasi pano-inotibatsira kuyera kuwanda kwehutachiona. Iyi haisi nhamba yekuva nehanya nayo, asi pane chimwe chinhu chekuongorora basa renharaunda idzi muhutano uye ecological balance yatiri chikamu chayo.
Chimwe chokwadi chakajeka: 80% yemarudzi Mhuka dzakazara mutumbuyu. Izvi zvinotsanangura kuvepo kwavo kwakanyanya mune zvese zvipenyu uye kusiyana-siyana kwemafomu, kutenderera kwehupenyu, uye maitiro, mazhinji acho anoitika mumatanho madiki kana kunyange madiki.
Beyond the Magnifying Glass: Kufamba uye Kufemerwa
Kuda kuziva nezvezviduku kunowanzoenderana nechido chokuongorora. Nzira dzekufamba Kugovera nzvimbo nezvinonhuhwira pasi rese kungaite kunge kure nemaikorosikopu, asi maitiro ese ari maviri anobva pamafungiro akafanana: chido chekuwana. Nhasi, zvinotogoneka kugamuchira zvinokurudzira zvemukati kuburikidza nemapuratifomu ekutumira mameseji kuti uwedzere mahorizons ako kubva muhomwe yako.
Nyaya dzinotaurwa zvakanaka Vanosimudzira sainzi nekutaurirana. Kunyangwe iwe uri kuona stoma ichivhurika nekuvhara kana kudongorera munzvimbo iri kure, iwe uri kudzidzisa maziso ako kuona mapatani, ruzivo, uye mabatanidza. Ndiyo kiyi yekudzidza kwakadzama nekunakidzwa.
Kutarisa sei kuti unzwisise
Kudzvanya mukana wekudzidzisa wemifananidzo, kusarudza zoom kushandurana nekuona kwepasi rose kunoshanda zvakanyanya. Kutanga, zivisa yose; wobva watsvaga chimiro, muganhu, kana chimiro chinoratidza kushanda. Mibvunzo inotungamira yakaita sekuti chii chinopa chivakwa ichi kana kuti chinokwana sei muecosystem inobatsira kushandura kutarisa kuve kunzwisisa.
Annotations uye madhayagiramu Vanozadzisa mufananidzo. Kutaridza kwainoyerera, ukobvu hwemadziro, kana nzvimbo yemboro inosimudzira hunhu hwedzidzo. Dzimwe nguva, mufananidzo wakanyatsofungwa unotaura zvinotadza kubudisa mufananidzo mumwe chete.
Nhungamiro inoshanda yekuongorora nyika diki
Kana iwe uri kufunga kuronga yako yekutarisa kana yekuverenga zvikamu, vagadzirire nemabasa yehupenyu (kufamba, kubereka, simba uye kudya, kuona, uye kudzivirira) izano rakanaka. Pedza imwe nguva pachivharo chimwe nechimwe, tsvaga mienzaniso mumapoka akasiyana (zvirimwa, algae, fungi, mabhakitiriya, arthropods), uye enzanisa mhinduro. Uropi hunodzidza nekusiyanisa.
Kuvhara block yega yega, referensi sheet ine tsananguro, mifananidzo yakakosha, uye zvishoma zvinonakidza chokwadi. Iri pepa, rinodzokororwa pamusoro pezvikamu zvakati wandei, richava kabhuku kako kemicroworld, chishandiso chinokurumidza kuongorora kana uine mibvunzo.
Izvo zvisingaonekwe uye izvo zvinonzwisiswa
Pakupedzisira nzwisisa zviri nani Zvatinoona ndicho chinangwa. Maikorosikopu inzira yokuratidza nayo, asi mamiriro ezvinhu anodiwa pakududzira. Ndosaka zvikamu zvinosanganisa mifananidzo inokatyamadza ine tsananguro dzakajeka uye kufukidzwa kwakafara kwemapoka makuru epasirese anobatsira zvakanyanya.
Zvakarongwa nemabasa akakosha Inobatsira kudzidza. Kuziva kuti muchitsauko chimwe uchaona kufamba, mune imwe kubereka, kana mune imwe nzira yekudzivirira inogadzira zvinotarisirwa, inotungamira kutarisisa, uye inoderedza manzwiro ekuvhiringidza mukutarisana nekusiyana kwakawanda.
Kadiki kanova neukama kana tikachitarisa tichinyatsochirondedzera nekukasira. Kubva pambeu dzemukume kusvika kune stomata, kubva pamatepi mite kuenda kumarine plankton, kubva kune neuroni kusvika kune bvudzi follicles, zvese zvinokwana mu mosaic inotsanangura mararamiro anogara pasi pedenga. Wedzera zvakanaka macrophotography gallery, microimages uye micrographs; kuvatsigira nemifananidzo inosunungura chimiro nekushanda; kuva nereferensi yakafara inosanganisira mhuka, zvirimwa, algae, fungi, tumbuyu, arthropods, mabhakitiriya, mavhairasi uye tupukanana; kuronga zvinhu zvose zvakapoteredza kufamba, kubereka, simba uye kudya, kuona uye kudzivirira; uye, sechando pakiki, kuva ne catalogue mhando chikamu Zvishandiso zvakakura uye zvinodzidzisa zvevana vane zvidimbu zvitsva zvevhiki nevhiki uye nzira dzekutora chikamu dzakaita se www.cumbrekids.org/preguntas uye www.cumbrekids.org/saludos, inzira yakanaka yekudzidza nekunakidzwa nezvakavanzika zvehupenyu mudiki.
