Nzvimbo Yakasikwa uye Yetsika, Zvione

Musiyano weNzvimbo Yakasikwa ndiyo Cultural Environment. Iyo Yakasikwa Nzvimbo inoumbwa ne biotic uye abiotic zvinhu izvo zvakasikwa zvakabatana. Iyo inosiyana neCultural Environment, umo munhu akashandura nharaunda yechisikigo kuti ienderane nayo kumuitira nyore. Ini ndinokukoka iwe mune ino positi kuti uzive uye uwane Iyo Yakasikwa uye Yetsika Nzvimbo nechinangwa chekudzidza kuida nekuitarisira.

Nzvimbo Yakasikwa uye Yetsika

Munharaunda kana Natural Environment, zvipenyu zvese, mhuka nezvirimwa, zvinodyidzana nemaminerari uye mamiriro ekunze nenzira yechisikigo pasina kupindira kwemunhu. Kana iyo anthropic component kana vanhu vanopindira kunyangwe padiki, inonzi Cultural Environment, yakavakwa kana yakagadzirwa.

Zvakatipoteredza kana Natural Environment inosanganisa kudyidzana pakati pese biotic component (ese zvipenyu zvipenyu) neabiotic component (mamiriro ekunze nezviwanikwa) zvinokanganisa zviitiko uye kupona kwechikamu cheanthropic (munhu) nebasa rayo rehupfumi. MuNzvimbo Yezvakatipoteredza zvinokwanisika kuziva zvikamu zvakasiyana, zvinoti:

• Zvisikwa zvipenyu kana kutevedzana kwezvakatipoteredza kunoshanda mukuenzana kana kuguma, uko zvidyarwa, mhuka, tupukanana, uye zviwanikwa zvemukati zvakaita sevhu, mvura, zvicherwa, mhepo, uye mamiriro ekunze izvo zvavanodyidzana nazvo munzvimbo uye nenguva.
• Zviwanikwa zviwanikwa zvimiro zveabiotic kana zviwanikwa zvisinga ganhurwe kune nzvimbo uye nguva, semamiriro ekunze, magetsi, magineti, simba reradioactive iro rinobva muzvisikwa.

Mupikisi wayo iCultural Environment, yakavakirwa nharaunda kana yekugadzira ecosystem. Izvi zvinoreva kuti, nharaunda iyo vanhu vakaigadzirisa kuti vabatsirwe, vachishandura nzvimbo kana Natural Environments vachivashandura kuita zvekurima, masango, huwandu hwevanhu kana zvimwe zvipenyu umo munhu anopindira. A Cultural Environment inogona kunge iri kupindira kudiki sekuvakwa kwebhahareque kana imba yedhaka, kuiswa kweiyo photovoltaic system, kana chero shanduko diki yezvakaoma zvechisikigo ecosystem mune yakapfava yakagadzirwa ecosystem.

Kunyangwe mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana dzichitora mukana wezviwanikwa kuvaka dzimba dzekugara kana dzimba kwadzinohwanda kubva kune mamiriro ekunze kana muvengi wechisikigo kana kupa mamiriro ari nani pane imwe nguva muhupenyu hwadzo, sezvo vanhu vasingapindire, inoonekwa sechikamu. yekudyidzana kwechisikigo kweNzvimbo Yakasikwa, nekuda kwechikonzero ichi madhamu anovaka mabheya uye mirwi yemhando dzakasiyana dzezvipembenene zvinoonekwa sechisikigo.

Vanhu nguva dzese vanogara munzvimbo yakashandurwa, hazvina kujairika kuti vawanikwe vachigara munzvimbo dzakasikwa zvizere. Kusikwa kweiyo ecosystem kunogona kusiyanisa kubva kune imwe yakanyanyisa kuenda kune imwe, kureva, kubva ku100% yakasikwa kusvika 0% yakasikwa. Mune mamwe mazwi, kana kuongororwa kunoitwa nezvezvinhu zvinosangana mune ecosystem, zvinoonekwa kuti nhanho yavo yechisikigo haina kufanana. Sezvineiwo, mune yekurima ecosystem iyo mineralological kuumbwa uye kuumbwa kwemakemikari kwakafanana neiyo yevhu resango remusango, asi inosiyana muchimiro chayo.

Izwi rokuti Environment, habitat or ecosystem ndiwo anoreva nzvimbo inogara zvipenyu, saka pakuda kuratidza panogara twiza shandisa izwi rokuti savannah ecosystem kana savannah habitat. Zvinoenderana neUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) izwi rekuti Environment rinonyanya kushandiswa kuratidza "zvakasikwa" Nzvimbo, kana huwandu hwe biotic uye abiotic zvinhu zvakatenderedza chipenyu kana boka rezvipenyu.

The Natural Environment inoumbwa nezvinhu zvisiri zvipenyu zvakaita semvura, ivhu, zororo, mhepo, mamiriro ekunze uye ne biotic zvikamu kana zvipenyu zvakaita sezvirimwa nemhuka. Nepo iyo Cultural kana Built Environment inoumbwa nezvivakwa, tekinoroji maitiro uye mabasa akavakwa nemunhu.

Kuumbwa Kwenzvimbo Yakasikwa

Maererano nenyanzvi dzesainzi yepasi kana geological sainzi, Natural Environment inoumbwa nemativi mana, aya ndeaya: lithosphere, hydrosphere, mhepo uye biosphere. Boka revasayendisiti ava rinoratidza kuti pamusoro pezviri pamusoro, zvinosanganisirawo cryosphere, zvichireva chando, chinoisiyanisa kubva kune hydrosphere uye zvakare pedosphere (ivhu) inzvimbo inoshanda uye inodyidzana nemativi mana anoratidzwa. .

Geological chiitiko

The lithosphere sphere ndiyo goko repasi pacharo. Ndiyo nzvimbo yakasimba kunze kwePasi, chimiro chayo chemakemikari uye chemichina chakasiyana nechepasi pejasi. Iko lithosphere ndiko kune zvipenyu zvose zvinokura uye zvinokura. The lithosphere, ndiro dombo rePasi, rakagadzirwa zvakanyanya nemaitiro emagetsi ekuti kana magma atonhora, anoomesa uye anoshandura kuita dombo rakasimba.

Pazasi pe lithosphere pane jasi rinopisa rinobva mukuparara kweradioactive compounds. Kunyangwe mamiriro ayo akasimba, ari muchimiro che rheological convection. Iyi rheological convection ndiyo inokanganisa uye inoita kuti lithospheric plates dzifambe zvishoma nezvishoma. Zvinokonzera tectonic plates. Makomo anoputika ari mujasi iri nekuda kwekunyunguduka kwezvinhu zvakanyungudutswa, izvo zvanga zviri kusimuka kwepakati pemvura yegungwa nemapombi ejira.

Mvura

Mvura yepanyika inowanikwa mumvura dzakasiyana-siyana, semakungwa, nyanza, nzizi, madziva. Chikamu chikuru chemvura 97% imunyu uye inowanikwa mumakungwa nemumakungwa. Iyo yasara 3% imvura yakachena, iyo inowanikwa munzvimbo yakasimba pamatanda uye munzvimbo yemvura munzizi, madziva, nemadziva.

Makungwa

Makungwa chikamu chechikamu chinonzi hydrosphere. Iwo muviri wemvura ine saline inoumba inenge 97% yepasi, yanga iri nzvimbo inosvika 362 miriyoni square kilometres. Makungwa imvura inoenderera yakaparadzaniswa nemakondinendi ayo, kuti azvizive, akaonekwa mumakungwa akati wandei ePacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic neAntarctic, gungwa rega rega rine hutongi hwayo hwemvura uye mafungu aro. Kudzika kweinopfuura hafu yemakungwa kwakakura kudarika 3000 metres kudzika.

Kunyura kwemunyu kwemakungwa mazhinji kuri pakati pezvikamu makumi matatu kusvika makumi matatu nemasere pachuru, izvo paavhareji zvingangoita zvikamu makumi matatu neshanu pachuru. Nzvimbo yegungwa remakungwa inoumba inopfuura hafu yepasi penyika, ndiyo imwe yeasina kupindira Natural Environments papasi. Iwo makuru kupatsanurwa kwemakungwa akaparadzaniswa nemakondinendi, archipelagos uye mamwe mamiriro, kubva pakukura kusvika kudiki pamusoro pemakungwa ndeaya: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Antarctic Ocean uye Arctic Ocean.

Los Rios

Nzizi zvisikwa zvemvura, kazhinji mvura yakachena, mvura yadzo inoyerera ichienda kugungwa, nyanza, makungwa kana dzimwe nzizi. Zvakadai, kuNatural Environments kune nzizi dzinoyerera dzichienda pasi dzopedzisira dzapwa dzisati dzasvika kune rumwe rwizi kana makungwa. Nzizi dzinonzi: antecedent rwizi, inoramba ichiita nzira yayo kunyangwe tectonic mafambiro akakanganisa dunhu raanodhonza.

Rwizi rwunoita: rwizi urwu runoratidzwa nekutevera nzira inova mugumisiro wakananga wechimiro chepakutanga chenharaunda yarunochera. Rambling river: Rwizi urwu runopfuura munzvimbo yakati sandara, ruchiyerera zvishoma nezvishoma uye runoumba meander. Nzizi dzepasi ( Underground nzizi) hova dzemvura dzinoyerera nemunzvimbo huru kwazvo yakaita sebako, kana kuti nhevedzano yemipata yakabatana.

Nzizi dzinotora mvura yadzo kuburikidza nekunaya panguva yehydrological cycle, kuburikidza nepamusoro pemvura, pamusoro pemvura, zvitubu, uye pamwe chete nechando nechando zvinonyunguduka. Hova ndiyo nzira yavanodaidza nayo nzizi diki. Kuyerera kwenzizi kunoganhurirwa mukati memugero uye mubhangi. Nzizi dzinodzidzwa kuburikidza nepamusoro pe hydrology uye chikamu chekubatana kwenzvimbo dzakakamukana uye kuchengetedzwa kwekusiyana kwezvipenyu.

Los Lagos

Mitumbi yemvura inokura mukati memakondinendi uye isiri chikamu chegungwa; kana dzakadzika uye dziri diki pakukura dzinonzi dziva. Muzvisikwa, madhamu anogona kuumba munzvimbo dzine makomo, munzvimbo dzinonzi dzinoputika, uyewo munzvimbo dzemazuva ano kana kuenderera mberi kwechando. Madziva anogonawo kuumba mumabheseni endorheic kana pedyo nehova dzenzizi huru.

Mune mamwe matunhu epasi kune huwandu hukuru hwemadziva uye, maererano nekusagadzikana kwemaitiro emvura, achiripo kubva pakupedzisira Ice Age. Zvinoenderana nechiyero chenguva ye geological, madziva ane hupenyu hupfupi, sezvo mukati mekufamba kwawo huwandu hwemvura hunogona kubuda kubva mubheseni rinoichengeta kana kuzadza netsvina uye nekudaro ichidzikisira huwandu hwemvura.

Madziva

Sezvambotaurwa, madziva mitumbi yemvura yakaunganidzwa munzvimbo yechisikigo (zvakare yekugadzira) nzvimbo, ine nzvimbo diki pane madziva. Iyi mitumbi yemvura nemadziva inosiyana nehova nekuyerera kwayo. Mumadziva nemadziva kuyerera kunopisa uye nemhepo-moderated microcurrents. Kusiyana nekuyerera kwehova, ivo vanoonekwa nyore nyore.

Mitumbi yemvura inogona kuvakwa yakagadzirwa uye aya anonzi madziva, pakati pezvidziva izvi zvekugadzira mapindu emvura, ayo anovakwa uye akagadzirirwa kushandiswa kwekushongedza uye kurima kwemiti iyo inogara iri mvura yakachena, madziva emadziva akavakirwa kurima hove, madziva emvura. kurima algae nemadziva akagadzirirwa kuchengetedza simba rinopisa, rinozivikanwa semadziva ezuva.

Kubata Kwemunhu paChitubu cheMvura

Nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwemapurojekiti akasiyana ekugadzirisa nzvimbo yepasi kuti ivandudze hupenyu hwevanhu, izvi zvakakanganisa nzira yechisikigo yemitumbi yemvura, nechinangwa chekuvaka madhamu, nzizi dzinoyerera, kutema masango kuti awedzere kurima nemaguta. frontier. Kukanganisa nharaunda nenzira isina kunaka, nekukanganisa huwandu hwemvura yemadziva, mamiriro epasi pevhu kana pasi pemvura, zvichikonzera kusvibiswa kwemvura yakachena uye yemugungwa.

Nemapurojekiti akaitwa nevanhu akadai semadhamu nemadziva emvura uye kushandura simba remvura kuita magetsi, varume vanochinja migero yenzizi dzinongoitika dzoga nekufambisa nzizi nenzizi. Zvakadaro, zvirongwa izvi zvinobatsira kuti vanhu vape mvura nemagetsi uye zvinokanganisa nharaunda nekuti kuvavakira nzvimbo huru dzemasango dzinotemwa uye nzvimbo dzakakura dzepasi dzinofukidzwa nemvura.

Saizvozvovo, zvichikonzera kufa kwezvikara zvidiki zvepanyika izvo zvisina kukwanisa kutama uye zvinomera zviripo munzvimbo yakafashama. Kuvakwa kwemadhamu kunoshandurawo kufamba kwehove uye nokudaro kufamba kwezvipenyu zvichidzika. Iyo Natural Environment inokanganiswawo kana chikamu chave mumaguta, nekuda kwekutemwa kwemasango, kuyerera kwemadziva, nzizi uye hunhu hwekushanduka kwemvura yepasi.

Pamwe chete nezviri pamusoro, kuvakwa kweurbanism kunokonzera kukanganisa kwakashata nekuda kwekurasikirwa kwezvinomera uye kuderedza kuyerera kwemvura. Kuchinja kwezvinomera pamahombekombe emvura yemvura, kunoitika apo miti inenge isisina mvura inodiwa uye inotanga kurwara uye kufa, migumisiro yeizvi kuderera kwekupa kwekudya kunowanikwa kuitira kuti pave nekuenzanisa. muchikafu chenzvimbo.

The Atmosphere uye Climate

Mhepo (atmosphere) idenderedzwa renyika rinoshanda sekuchengetedza ecosystem kana nharaunda yemapuraneti. Mhepo yakatenderedza pasi inochengetedzwa negiravhiti yepasi, bhora iri idenda remhepo yakaoma, inoumbwa ne78% nitrogen, 21% okisijeni, 1% argon nemamwe magasi anert, akadai secarbon dioxide. Mamwe magasi anoumba mhepo uye anoiratidza semagasi ekutsvaga, pakati pemagasi aya pane greenhouse effect, mvura mhute, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide uye ozone.

Pamusoro pemagasi aya, mweya wakasefa une mhute yemvura uye madonhwe emvura akarembera uye makristasi echando anoumba makore. Uyewo mumhepo isina kucheneswa inogona kuwanikwa mune zviduku zvezvimwe zvinosanganiswa kubva kuNzvimbo Yakasikwa yepasi uye nzvimbo, zvakadai se: guruva, pollen, mhepo yegungwa, spores, meteoroids (mitumbi miduku inobva kumhepo yezuva) uye madota anoputika. . Pamwe chete nezvinosvibisa kubva kumaindasitiri, akadai se: chlorine, fluorine, mercury uye sarufa (sarufa dioxide).

Muchadenga, ozone layer ine chinangwa chekudzivirira zvisikwa zvipenyu kubva pamwaranzi yeultraviolet (UV) inosvika pasi kubva kuzuva. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekunzwa kweDNA yezvisikwa zvipenyu kumirairo yeUV. Mhepo yemhepo inozadzisawo, semugadziri wetembiricha usiku, nharaunda iyi inochengeta kupisa husiku uye inodzivirira kupisa kwakanyanya kubva pakuwedzera zuva rega rega.

Matanho anoumba Atmosphere

Mhepo inoumbwa nezvikamu zvishanu zvikuru, zvidimbu izvi zvinobatsira kugadzirisa kuchinja kwekushisa kunowedzera kana kuderera zvichienderana nekukwirira. Zvikamu kubva kunze kusvika padyo ne lithosphere ndezvi: Exosphere, Thermosphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere, uye Troposphere. Pakati pezvikamu izvi pane mamwe mapeji, akatarwa nemaitiro avo, ndeaya: ozone layer, ionosphere, homosphere uye heterosphere uye muganhu wepuraneti.

• The Exosphere. Ndiro denga rekunze remhepo yePasi uye rinobva pakubuda kuenda kunze kwePasi richigadzira magasi ehydrogen nehelium.
• Thermosphere ndiyo layer inoganhura chikamu chezasi cheExosphere, chikamu chepamusoro cheiyo layer inonzi "exobase". Kureba kwechikamu ichi kunoenderana nebasa rezuva uye kureba kwayo kunosiyana, kubva pa350 kusvika 800 km, iyo yakaenzana pakati pe220 kusvika 500 mi uye 1.150.000 kusvika 2 tsoka. Parizvino inotenderera mune iyi layer pahurefu pakati pe620.000 ne320 km (380 kusvika 200 mi), iyo International Space Station.
• Iyo Stratosphere. Iyi layer inonzi Stratosphere inobva pastratopause kuenda pamakiromita angangoita 80 kusvika 85, iyi ndiyo layer inoganhura Stratosphere neMesosphere, kureba kwayo kuri makiromita 50 kusvika 55, kureva kuti, 31 kusvika 34 mi kana 164.000 80.000 kusvika XNUMX tsoka.
• Ndiyo layer iri padyo ne lithosphere, ukuru hwayo hunosiyana kubva pamusoro uye inofukidza makiromita manomwe, kureva, 7 tsoka kubva pamatanda uye makiromita gumi nenomwe kana tsoka 22.965,9 kuEquator, nekusiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze. Tembiricha yetroposphere inoshanduka zvichienderana nekutsinhana kwesimba rinobva pamusoro. Izvi zvinoreva kuti tembiricha ye troposphere iri pedyo ne lithosphere uye inotonhorera pakakwirira. Iyo tropopause inoparadzanisa troposphere kubva kune stratosphere.

mamwe ma layer

Iyo ozone layer iri muchikamu chepasi che stratosphere, paurefu huri pakati pe15 ne35 kilometres, iri pakati pe9,3 ne21,7 mi kana 49.000 kusvika 115.000 tsoka. Ukobvu hwemutsetse hunosiyana-siyana munzvimbo uye nemwaka. Inenge 90% ye ozone mumhepo inowanikwa mu stratosphere.

ionosphere layer. Iyi layer inoiswa ionized nemwaranzi yezuva uye inowanikwa pakati pe50 kusvika 1000 makiromita, kureva, 31 kusvika 621 mi kana 160.000 kusvika 3.280.000 tsoka. Izvi zvinoputira exosphere uye thermosphere. Inoumba chikamu chemukati wemukati wemagnetosphere.

Iyo homosphere uye heterosphere layers. Mukati mehomosphere mune troposphere, stratosphere, uye mesosphere. Iyo heterosphere inoumbwa kubva kuhaidhirojeni magasi, inova gasi rakareruka uye rinowanikwa richigara nechekumusoro kweheterosphere.

muganhu wepasi. Iyi boundary layer ndiyo iri padhuze nepamusoro penyika uye inobatwa zvakananga neiyi layer, kunyanya nekuvhiringika kwemhepo.

Kudziya kwepasi rose nemhedzisiro yayo

Kudziya kwepasirese ndeimwe yemamiriro ekunze ari kukanganisa nharaunda zvishoma nezvishoma uye mazuva ese masayendisiti anonyatsoziva mhedzisiro yaro yenguva refu yekudziya kwepasirese pamusoro peNzvimbo Yezvakasikwa uye pasi rose. Kunyanya nekuda kwemhedzisiro yemamiriro ekunze akakonzerwa neanthropogenic emissions (yakakonzerwa nevanhu) uye magasi egreenhouse, akadai secarbon dioxide. Kuti nekuita zvinopindirana zvinogona kuve nemhedzisiro yakaipa panyika uye neMasikirwo uye Cultural Environments.

Munguva pfupi yapfuura, tembiricha yepasi yakawedzera nokukurumidza. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nemagasi e<em>greenhouse, anoita kuti kupisa kuri mumhepo yakapoteredza pasi kurege kutenderera kumusoro uye kuderedza tembiricha yaro. Izvi zvinoitika nekuti magasi egreenhouse ane mamorekuru akaomesesa anoabvumira kuchengetedza kupisa nekukuregedzera pamusoro penyika.

Kuwedzera kwekushisa uku kunokonzeresa kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kwenzvimbo dzekugara uye nekudaro kuderera kwehuwandu hwezvinomera uye nekuda kweizvi zvemhuka dzesango. Maererano nekuferefeta kwakaitwa nemasayendisiti akazvipira kuongorora shanduko yemamiriro ekunze epasi, mushumo uchangoburwa weIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change wakaunzwa, umo vakapa mhedziso inotevera.

Maererano netsvakurudzo iyi, tembiricha yepasi ichawedzera pakati pe2,7 kusvika ku11 degrees Fahrenheit, kureva kuti, pakati pe1,5 ne6 °C, pakati pemakore a1990 ne2.100. Nekuda kwetsvagiridzo iyi, kutarisisa kwakatungamirwa zvakanyanya nekudzikiswa kwemagreenhouse magasi ari kukonzera shanduko mumamiriro ekunze uye, nekuda kweizvi, kugadzira nzira dzekugadzirisa kuwedzera kwekushisa kunokonzera kudziya kwepasi uye, nechinangwa chekubatsira. kuenderana nemhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kune zvese zvipenyu (vanhu, zvinomera, mhuka uye ecosystem), mupasi rose. Mamwe mazano anotsanangurwa ndeaya:

• The Treaty of the Framework Convention yeUnited Nations neConvention on Climate Change, kugadzirisa kuzara kwemagasi egreenhouse mumhepo pamwero usingabvumidze kuvharika kunokonzerwa nekuita kwezvisikwa zvinokanganisa mamiriro ekunze.
• The Kyoto Protocol, iyi protocol yakasainwa kubva kuInternational Framework Convention on Climate Change, chinangwa cheChibvumirano ichi ndechekudzivirira kuwedzera kwemagasi egreenhouse nekudaro kuderedza kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kunokonzerwa nezviito zvezvirongwa zvinoitwa nevanhu.
• Western Climate Initiative. Ichi chirongwa chakarongwa kutsanangura, kuongorora uye kuita mafomu akaunganidzwa uye emubatanidzwa nechinangwa chekudzikisa mhedzisiro yegreenhouse magasi nenyika dzekuMadokero dzakabatanidzwa, kuburikidza nekugadzirisa hurongwa hwekutengesa kusvika pamiganho yakawanda yakavakirwa pamusika.

Mamiriro ekunze

Izvo zvinhu tembiricha, humidity, kumanikidzwa kwemhepo, mhepo, kunaya, pamwe nezvimwe zvinhu zvemamiriro ekunze zvakakomberedzwa mune izwi remamiriro ekunze. Nekuti mamiriro ekunze anoratidza avhareji yemamiriro ekunze enzvimbo yakapihwa, panguva dzakasiyana dzenguva. Nekuda kweizvi, mamiriro ekunze anoratidzirwa zvichienderana neavhareji yezvinhu izvi uye zvakajairwa kukosha kwezvakasiyana zvakasiyana, kazhinji tembiricha uye kunaya.

Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa kwemamiriro ekunze emamiriro ekunze system ndiyo yakagadziridzwa naWladimir Köppen, nepo Thornthwaite system, iyo yakatanga kushandiswa muna 1948, yakavakirwa pane evapotranspiration zvinhu, pamwe nekupisa uye kunaya kwemvura kuongorora kusiyana kwemhuka nemhuka. kukanganisa kwavanogona kuwana nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.

Mamiriro ekunze

Ndiyo mamiriro etembiricha, kunaya kwemvura, hunyoro, mhepo, mvura, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvemamiriro ekunze mukati menguva inosvika mavhiki maviri. Nemamwe manzwi, mamiriro ekunze ndiko kudyidzana kwezvinhu zvese zvemamiriro ekunze munzvimbo yemhepo panguva yakatarwa. Kazhinji yenguva zviitiko zvemamiriro ekunze zvinoitika mutroposphere, iyo iri pazasi pe stratosphere.

Kana tichitaura nezvemamiriro ekunze, kazhinji ndeye tembiricha yezuva nezuva, uye mvura inonaya, zvisinei, mamiriro ekunze ishoko rinoputira avhareji yemamiriro ekunze munguva refu. Kana izwi rekuti mamiriro ekunze richishandiswa pasina kana qualifier, "climate" inotorwa semamiriro ekunze ePasi.

Misiyano yedensity pakati pemamiriro ekunze akadai setembiricha nehunyoro munzvimbo dzakasiyana, inotarisisa mamiriro ekunze enzvimbo. Mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana anogona kutanga nekuda kwekona yezuva uye kurerekera kwepasi, izvo zvine chikonzero chekuti rinoshanduka nekuda kwelatitude kubva kunzvimbo dzinopisa.

Kupisa kwakasiyana kwazvo pakati pemhepo yepolar nemhepo inopisa inoita kuti jet stream iitike. Madutu ekuwedzera anopisa anoonekwa semeteorological masisitimu anoitika pakati nepakati, anoitika nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwekuyerera kwejeti. Somuuyo wokurereka kwakapoteredza pasi mukuwirirana nokutenderera kwapasi, ikoku kunoguma nechiedza chezuva kuti chisvike pamakona akasiyana mumwaka yakasiyana-siyana yegore.

Tembiricha inosiyana gore negore plus or minus 40°C (100°F-40°F), pamusoro penyika, Kwemamiriyoni emakore, shanduko yeEarth orbit yakakonzera kuwanda nekuparadzirwa kwesimba rezuva rasvika. nyika uye nokudaro yakakanganisa mamiriro ekunze nekufamba kwenguva. Madzvinyiriro akasiyana-siyana anogadzirwa somugumisiro wekuchinja kwetembiricha pamusoro pepasi.

Hupenyu Munzvimbo Yakasikwa

Zvimiro zvehupenyu zvinozivikanwa zvakaonekwa panyika kubva makore angangoita mabhiriyoni 3.700 apfuura. Zvimiro zvehupenyu zvinopindirana mumaitiro ekutanga mamorekuru uye uchifunga nezvekutarisa uku, fungidziro ine chekuita nekwakabva hupenyu hunotsvaga kutsvaga nzira inogona kutsanangura kuumbwa kwekutanga unicellular organism, kubva kwakabva kuhupenyu.

Kune akasiyana dzidziso pamusoro pegwara raaigona kunge rakatora kubva nyore organic mamorekuru kuburikidza nehupenyu hwepamberi kuenda kumaprotocell uye metabolism. Masayendisiti anobvumirana pane tsananguro yehupenyu hwehupenyu inotsanangurwa nesangano, metabolism, kukura, kuchinjika, kukurudzira kwayo uye kubereka. Mubiology sainzi, hupenyu inzvimbo inosiyanisa zvipenyu kubva kune zvisiri-organic zvinhu, kusanganisira kugona kukura, kushanda kwekuita mukushanduka-shanduka kusati kwafa.

Munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzeMasikirwo, marudzi akasiyana ezvipenyu anogona kuwanikwa: zvinomera, mhuka, fungi, bhakitiriya uye archaea, zvose zvine chimiro chakafanana, sero rakagadzirwa nekabhoni nemvura, rine sangano rakaoma uye ruzivo rwekuzvarwa.

Zvese zvipenyu izvi zvine metabolism, chengetedza kuzvitonga (homeostasis), zvinogona kukura, kubereka uye kufa. Vane kugona kushanduka uye kugadzirisa kuburikidza nekusarudzwa kwechisikigo muzvizvarwa. Zvipenyu zvakaoma zvikuru zvinogona kutaurirana nenzira dzakasiyana.

Iyo Yakasiyana Ecosystems

Ecosystems zvikamu zvechisikigo umo biotic zvinhu (zvinomera, mhuka, uye tupukanana) zvinodyidzana nekudyidzana uye neabiotic (zvisiri zvipenyu) zvinhu munzvimbo yakapihwa munguva imwe chete yenguva. Nepo ecosystem yemunhu yakavakirwa pakugadzirisa mutsauko uripo pakati pemunhu / zvisikwa, uye mamiriro ekuti zvipenyu zvese zvinopindirana, pamwe neabiotic zvikamu zvebiotope yavo.

Sezvo musiyano webhayoloji kana akasiyana emarudzi eecosystem akakura, kudzoreredza kwe ecosystem kunowedzera kuitika, izvi zvinoitika nekuti sezvo kune mhando dzakasiyana munzvimbo, dzinopindura nekukurumidza kune shanduko uye zvakare kuderedza mhedzisiro yadzo. Izvi zvinokanganisa zvinogona kudzikiswa pasati paitika shanduko yechimiro cheecosystem uye ichichinja kuenda kune imwe nyika.

Kunyangwe pasi rose izvi handizvo uye hapana humbowo hwakasimbiswa hwehukama pakati pemarudzi akasiyana anogara muecosystem uye kugona kwavo kupa zvigadzirwa nemasevhisi pamwero wakasimba. Izwi rekuti ecosystem rinogona zvakare kureva Cultural kana Artificial Environments.

Aya masikirwo evanhu kana echisikigo, anonziwo Cultural, artificial or built Environments, ari nharaunda dzakagadzirwa kana kukanganiswa nevanhu. Apo zvipenyu zvinodyidzana nemhoteredzo yazvo. Nekuda kwekuwedzera kwenzvimbo dzetsika, munhu akapindira munzvimbo dzakawanda dzechisikigo uye, nekuda kweizvi, kune nzvimbo shoma pasi pano umo vanhu vasingawanikwe. Mashoma ndiwo mazoni kana matunhu e Natural Environments achiripo pasina kupindira kwevanhu.

The Biomes

Pfungwa ye "biome" yakafanana neiyo ecosystem. Zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze, inzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze akafanana emamiriro ekunze ari pamusoro penyika, senge nharaunda dzezvipenyu zvakasiyana zvezvinomera, mhuka uye tupukanana, izvo zvinoonekwa seecosystem.

Mabiomes anotsanangurwa zvichienderana nerudzi rwekukura kana mavakirwo emiti (miti, shrubs uye herbaceous), mhando uye maumbirwo emashizha (anopikisa uye mamwe mashizha, akazara uye akabatanidzwa), maumbirwo emiti, maruva awo uye mamiriro ekunze. Mukupesana ne ecozones, iyo biome pfungwa haionekwe nemajini akafanana, taxonomic kana nhoroondo kupatsanurwa. MaBiomes anoaenzanisa nemaitiro ekutevedzana kwezvisikwa uye zvinomera zvinoguma.

Biogeochemical Cycle

Biogeochemical cycles ndiko kudyidzana pakati peakasiyana makemikari zvinhu nitrogen, okisijeni, haidrojeni, sarufa, kabhoni uye zvimwe zvinhu pakati pezvisikwa zvipenyu uye inorganic zvinhu, kuburikidza nekuora uye maitiro ekugadzira.

• Cycle ye nitrogen. Ndiwo zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana izvo nitrogen inopfuura nemakomponi ane chinhu ichi mumasikirwo. Iyi denderedzwa ine gaseous compounds.
• Kutenderera kwemvura. Ndiko kushanduka uye kufamba nguva dzose kwemvura, kubva mumhepo kuenda kumvura yepasi. Mvura inopinda nemumatunhu akasiyana: mvura, yakasimba uye ine gasi (mvura mhute), mukati menguva yese yemvura.
• Carbon cycle. Mukutenderera uku kabhoni inoshandurwa kuburikidza ne biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere uye mhepo yePasi.
• Okisijeni kutenderera. Mukutenderera uku, okisijeni inofamba nemuzvikamu zvakasiyana zvepasi: mhepo, biosphere, uye lithosphere. Muitiro wekutanga wekutenderera kweokisijeni iphotosynthesis muzvirimwa, chirongwa chinokonzeresa kuumbwa kwemhepo yePasi.
• Phosphorus cycle. Kutenderera kwephosphorous kunoitwa kuburikidza nezvikamu zve lithosphere, hydrosphere uye biosphere. Munguva iyi phosphorous kutenderera, chinhu ichi chinoshandurwa kuita makomisheni akasimba akasiyana, semhedzisiro yetembiricha uye kumanikidza kwepasi.

Hupenyu hwemusango

Mazwi ekuti mhuka dzesango kana kuti mhuka dzesango, rinoshandiswa kudoma Natural Environment (Natural Environment) kureva matauriro atinoti Natural Environment isina kupindirwa nekuita kwevanhu. Sekureva kweWild Foundation, mhuka dzesango kana zvisikwa zvemusango inzvimbo dzinenge dzichine nzvimbo dzisina munhu apindira uye panguva ino kune nzvimbo shoma dzakachengetedzwa dzakachengetedzwa, ... uko dzisina kuvakwa nzira dzekutaurirana, network. yepombi kana kuiswa kwemaindasitiri.

Hupenyu hwemusango kana zvisikwa dzimwe nguva zvinodzivirirwa nenzvimbo dzinotongwa nenhamba yenyika kana yemapaki echisikigo, ayo akagadzirwa kuchengetedza nzvimbo dzakakosha kwezvakatipoteredza, kuitira kuti ive nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwezvisikwa, biomes, ecological nzvimbo dzekutandarira, zvisikwa kana tsika. zviyeuchidzo, pakati pezvimwe.

Tsanangudzo yemhuka dzesango dzinosanganisira mhuka nezvirimwa zvinokura muzvisikwa pasina kupindira kwevanhu uye hazvina kuchengetwa. Kubva makarekare, vanhu vakapfuya dzimwe mhando dzemhuka uye kurima zvimwe zvirimwa kuti zvibatsirwe, uku kupfuwa kwezvipenyu kwakaunza kukanganisa kukuru kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvese zvepanyika uye zvemumvura ecosystem inzvimbo dzinokura dzemusango kana dzemusango mhando yega yega ecosystem kana Yakasikwa uye kunyangwe Cultural Environment inokura.

Kutyisidzirwa Kwezvakatipoteredza

Iwo ecological mafambiro ane sechinangwa chawo ruzivo uye kuziva kweNzvimbo Yezvakatipoteredza, kune mafambiro ezvematongerwo enyika, ezvakatipoteredza, emagariro uye ehuzivi anodzivirira marongero nemitemo nechinangwa chekuchengeta mhuka dzesango kana zvisikwa zvemusango, kudzoreredza kana kudzoreredza mhuka kunzvimbo dzadzo dzechisikigo. . Parizvino kune nzvimbo shoma umo mhuka dzesango kana zvisikwa zvemusango zviri mhandara zvachose uye zvisina kuchinjwa. Nekuda kweizvi, zvinangwa zvekufamba kwezvakatipoteredza, pamwe nemasayendisiti ezvemamiriro ekunze uye ecologists, ndeaya anotevera:

• Deredza matambudziko nekuda kwekusvibiswa uye zvinhu zvine chepfu, muvhu, mvura, mweya, zvivakwa zvenhoroondo, pakati pezvimwe.
• Kuchengetedzwa kwezvakasiyana-siyana zvipenyu uye kuchengetedza mhuka dziri mungozi yekutsakatika.
• Kutonga kwakanaka uye kushandiswa kwakasimba kwemvura, ivhu, mhepo, simba, uye zviwanikwa zvinogoneka
• Kumisa kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kunokonzerwa nekudziya kwepasi kunokonzerwa nevanhu, izvo zvinokanganisa kusiyana-siyana kweMagariro Ezvakatipoteredza neCultural.
• Kurudzira shanduko yekushandiswa kwemafuta emafuta emagetsi anogona kudzokororwa kune chizvarwa chemagetsi, chekufambisa, kuderedza kusvibiswa, mhedzisiro yekudziya kwepasi uye kusimba.
• Kurudzira shanduko mukudyiwa kwenyama mukudya kwevanhu, kukurudzira kudyiwa kwemuriwo nechinangwa chekudzikisa kurasikirwa kwekusiyana kwehupenyu nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.
• Kusikwa kwenzvimbo dzakadzivirirwa nechinangwa chekushandiswa kuvaraidza ecological uye kuchengetedza zviripo zvechisikigo ecosystem.
• Kutungamira uye kutonga kwekusvibisa kushoma kwakasimba uye kwemvura tsvina, kuburikidza nekushandiswa kweiyo nzira ye3 R (kudzikisa, kushandisazve uye kudzokorodza), kuburikidza nekudzikisa kana kuderedzwa kwemarara kuti isvike pakurasa zero, pamwe nekuita manyowa, shanduko ye tsvina musimba uye anaerobic digestion mutsvina yetsvina.
• Kudzikamisa uye kutonga kwehuwandu hwevanhu

Kupemberera Zuva Rezvakatipoteredza

Chikumi 5 yakapembererwa pasi rose se "World Environment Day" kubvira 1974, sezvo riri zuva rakaitwa Musangano weStockholm muna 1972 uye dingindira rayo guru raive Environment. Mazuva maviri pashure peZuva Rezvakatipoteredza, General Assembly yeUnited Nations Organization yakagadzira UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). Sangano reUnited Nations rakagadza muchisarudzo chayo muna Zvita 15, 1977 Chikumi 5 seZuva rePasi rose.

Pazuva rino, UN inoronga zviitiko kusimudzira ruzivo rwepasi rose nezvematambudziko ezvakatipoteredza, kutungamira kutarisa uye kutonga kwemitemo. Zvinangwa zvikuru zveWorld Environment Day ndezvekukurudzira vanhu kuti vave vasimudziri vanoshingaira vebudiriro inoenderera mberi. Kurudzirai kukosha kwenharaunda mukusandura maitiro mukufarira nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza uye kukurudzirawo kushanda pamwe chete kuona kuti Zvakatipoteredza zvinogara.

tsika nemagariro

Izwi rokuti Cultural Environment rinoshandiswa kutsanangura nzvimbo kana nzvimbo dzakachinjwa nevanhu, umo mabasa ezuva nezuva anoitwa se: maguta, zvivakwa, mapaki, mativi, nzvimbo dzakasvibira uye zvivakwa zvinopindirana senge pombi network yebasa remvura yekunwa, yekugovera magetsi, masevhisi ekutaurirana, pakati pezvimwe.

Zvinoenderana netsanangudzo yaro, inzvimbo yakavakwa nevanhu kuti vagare mairi, kushanda uye kugadzirazve mazuva ese. Iyi Cultural Environment inoumbwa nenzvimbo dzakavakwa kana kugadziriswa nevanhu vakaita sezvivakwa zvekugara, hutano, maindasitiri, mapaki, nzvimbo dzekuvaraidza, nzira dzekutaurirana, pakati pezvimwe zvinovandudza hupenyu hwevanhu. Zvinoenderana neongororo yakaitwa pamusoro pehutano hweveruzhinji, kuwana chikafu chine hutano, zvirimwa zvemudhorobha, nzira dzevanofamba netsoka nemabhasikoro zvinosanganisirwa, mishoni inowedzerwa kubudiriro yakadzikama kuti uwane kukura kwakanaka.

MuCultural Environment, yakavakwa kana kuti yakagadzirwa, maitiro anokosha echikamu chezvisikwa zvipenyu anopindirana. Munzvimbo ino zvimwe zvinhu zvebiotic zvinhu zvinogovana nzvimbo sekugara kwemadhorobha uye pamwe chete neayo abiotic. Rudzi urwu rwemamiriro ekunze chero mamiriro kana maitiro eiyi nharaunda yekugadzira anogona kugadziridzwa nekuda uye basa revanhu. Somuenzaniso munharaunda kana kuti nharaunda yezvekurima (inova mhoteredzo yakagadziridzwa kuti ikure zvirimwa nokuda kwezvokudya zvikuru), munhu anoshandura ivhu kuti riite mupfudze uye kukura zvinomera zvinomubatsira.

Imwe yehunhu hukuru hwetsika kana yezvakagadzirwa nharaunda ndeyekuti vanhu vanofanirwa kupa magetsi ekugadzira magetsi, pamwe chete neaya anopihwa namambo nyeredzi, zuva. Nezvitubu zvesimba zvekugadzira, midziyo yakasiyana-siyana yakagadzirwa uye inogadzirwa naye inogona kuiswa kushanda kuti iwane kupisa, magetsi, mvura uye mamwe mabasa.

Sezvakangoita muNzvimbo Yakasikwa muCultural Environment, biotic uye abiotic zvinhu zvinopindira munharaunda iyi, kunyange munyaya iyi vanobatanawo nevanhu uye mabasa avo. Nokuda kweizvi, nokuda kwemhoteredzo iyi vanoparadzaniswa maererano nekubatana kwavo mumapoka matatu. Domesticated biotic factor, natural abiotic factor uye artificial abiotic factor.

Domesticated biotic factor. Pano zvisikwa zvipenyu zvinogara muCultural Environment zvakabatanidzwa, chivakashure chinonzi domesticated, nokuti mhuka dzine zvisikwa zvipenyu dzinonyanya kuchengetwa kuitira kuti dzigare pamwe chete nemunhu uye, saizvozvowo, zvinoitika nemiti, yakawanda. zvirimwa zvinorimwa nevanhu zvekugadzira chikafu, huni, mishonga, zvishongo, dhayi uye mamwe masevhisi; zvirimwa zvomusango zvemarudzi mamwe chete.

Natural abiotic zvinhu. MuCultural Environments, vanhu vanodyidzana neabiotic zvinhu zvakaita semamiriro ekunze (solar radiation, tembiricha, mhepo, kunaya uye nezvimwe), ivhu, nzizi uye izvo zvakasikwa. Artificial abiotic factor. Pano zvinowedzerwa zvese zvakavakwa zvivakwa, michina, maitiro, matekinoroji uye zvimwe zvisikwa zvevanhu kufamba, kutaurirana, pekugara kubva kune zvinhu, chikafu, kuporesa, nezvimwe.

Saizvozvowo, shanduko diki yeMasikirwo Yakasikwa nevarume inogonawo kugadzira Tsika kana yeArtificial Environment. Izvi, nekuti nharaunda yechisikigo inokanganiswa nekutsakatika kwemarudzi uye kushandura cheni yechikafu, yatova nharaunda isisiri yesango, saka inova yakagadziridzwa Cultural Environment kana Natural Environment. Uku kuchinjwa kweNzvimbo Yezvakasikwa kunogona kutungamirira pakuonekwa kwemhuka inova denda nokuti huwandu hwayo hunowedzera nokuti muvengi wayo wepanyama akaderedzwa kana kubviswa uye, nekudaro, mamwe matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza.

Kusiyana pakati peCultural and Natural Environment

Sezvakatsanangurwa kare, mutsauko mukuru kubatanidzwa kwevanhu muhukama pakati pe biotic uye abiotic zvinhu uye shanduko yavo kuti ienderane nekubatsirwa kwavo. Nekuda kwekutonga kwayo kwemamiriro ekunze akadai sekupihwa kwemvura, kuburikidza nemadiridziro ehurongwa kana pombi masisitimu ekuita kuti mvura inodyiwa nevanhu inwe, semuenzaniso. Mimwe misiyano inotsanangurwa pasi apa.

Natural Environments	Cultural Environments
Kune marudzi akawanda emhuka nezvinomera.	zvishoma zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana
High genetic kusiyana	low genetic musiyano
Zuva rinopa chete tsime rechiedza uye kupisa kwesimba kune zvipenyu, uye rinobatanidzwa mukutenderera kwebiology	Zuva rinopa chiedza chepanyama uye simba rekupisa. Mukuwedzera, kune mamwe masosi emagetsi, hydraulic, fossil, radioactive simba, pakati pevamwe.
Chikafu chekudya chakaoma uye chakareba.	Yakareruka uye inenge nguva dzose isina kukwana chikafu cheni
Pane kutevedzana kwezvakatipoteredza	Hapana kutevedzana kwezvakatipoteredza
Zvokudya zvinobva kune zvakasikwa	Zvokudya zvinobva kune zvakasikwa uye zvinyorwa zvekugadzira

Musiyano mukuru pakati peEnvironment mbiri idzi ndewekuti zuva harisisiri iro tsime guru resimba muCultural Environment, nekuti munhu akavaka zvitubu zvesimba izvi kuti azvipe magetsi, chikafu, mafuta, mvura yekunwa uye zvimwe zvinobatsira, zvakakodzera mararamiro evanhu, mukati meCultural Environment.

Historia

Kubva panguva dzakare, maguta akarongedzerwa ari kusimukira, Hippodamus weMiletus, anonzi baba vekuronga kwemaguta, aive musiki wemaguta eGreece pakati pemakore 498 BC na408 BC, achikurudzira giredhi yakashanda kune kuganhurwa kwemaguta. Zvinogoneka kuti zvirongwa zveguta rekutanga izvi zvaive mavambo ekufamba kweGuta Rakanaka mukupera kwema1800 uye kutanga kwema1900, achitungamirwa naDaniel Hudson B, akakurudzira "kuchinja kwenzvimbo pamwe nekuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika"

Health Aspect

Muchikamu chehutano, Cultural Environments inotsanangurwa sezvivakwa zvakagadziridzwa kana nzvimbo nechinangwa chekuvandudza hupenyu hwenharaunda, kuburikidza neaesthetics iri nani, hutano huri nani, uye nekuremekedza nharaunda, nzvimbo iri nani uye sangano. . Semuyenzaniso weboka revashandisi vesango remudhorobha muNepal rinotsanangura, inhengo ine mativi mazhinji inopa zvigadzirwa nemasevhisi kunharaunda dzinowanikwa kubva mukutonga zviwanikwa.

Saizvozvovo, pachinhu ichi Cultural Environment inoreva nharaunda dzepanyama dzinogadzirwa uye dzakavakwa tichifunga nezvehutano uye kugara zvakanaka sechinhu chakakosha kuvanhu. Panyaya iyi, maererano nekutsvakurudza, zvakagumiswa kuti zvivakwa uye magadzirirwo emunharaunda ane simba pahutano hwepanyama uye hwepfungwa hwevagari vayo. Kucherechedza kuti izvo zvivakidzani zvakagadzirirwa zvichifunga nezvekuvandudzwa kwekuita basa remuviri, zvine hukama nehukuru hwekuita basa revagari vemo uye nemhedzisiro yehutano hwavo.

Madhorobha, nharaunda kana nzvimbo dzekugara dzinofambika zvakanyanya inzvimbo dzine kufutisa kwakadzikira uye vagari vadzo vanowanzoita mabasa akawanda emuviri. Saizvozvovo, vanotambura zvishoma nekuora mwoyo, kushomeka kwekunwa doro uye zvimwe zvinhu zvine chepfu kune hutano, pamwe nekuwedzera kwehupfumi hwavo hwemagariro.

Yakasiyana Cultural Environment

Kupindira kwevanhu mumasikirwo kwakakura kwazvo, zvisinei, inogona kukamurwa kuva mhando nhatu dzeCultural Environments, dzinoti: Urban, Agricultural and Reservoirs kana madhamu.

Urbano

Iko kusikwa kwemataundi kana misha yemadhorobha. Ndidzo nzvimbo dzekugadzira dzinobatsirwa nekushandiswa kwezviwanikwa uye zvisingadzokerikezve zviwanikwa, zvichikanganisa zvakatipoteredza nguva zhinji nenzira isina kunaka. Kuwana chikafu, mvura, simba, huni, iron, pakati pezvimwe. Kuuya kuzogadzira zvinosvibisa, marara emvura uye yakasimba, pamwe nemagasi egreenhouse.

Zvekurima

Iyi mhando yeCultural Environment inodaidzwa zvakare kuti kurima ecosystems, munzvimbo idzi munhu anopindira mu Natural Environment kuti agadzirise zvinomera, ivhu uye kuchinjika kune abiotic factor, kuwana chikafu nenzira yakarongeka, kuzvipedza nenzira yenguva dzose. .

Dzidziso dzekurima idzi dzakanyanya kupfuya zvipfuyo, chirongwa ichi chinobva mukupfuya nekupfuya zvipfuyo zvepapurazi zvakaita sehuku, mombe, mombe nezvimwe. Kurima kwekurima kana conuco sekudaidzwa kwazvinoitwa kuVenezuela, kurimwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemiriwo nemimwe michero kubva pamiti. Monoculture, kudyara uye kurima kwechinhu chimwe chete kunoitwa uye kuwedzera kukuru kwayo kunodyarwa.

The Reservoirs

Pano kupindira kwemunhu kunoitwa kufambisa nzira yechisikigo yemvura yenzizi, nechinangwa chekupa mvura yekudiridza zvirimwa zvekurima, kushandiswa kwemvura yekunwa kuti ishandiswe nevanhu, uyezve nzira dzemaindasitiri. Mukuvakwa kwemadziva, nzvimbo dzakakura dzepasi dzinokanganiswa uye biotic zvinhu zvinokanganiswa, uye kana dziva ravakwa, mafomu matsva ehupenyu anotangwa akaripoteredza.

Kusiyana pakati peCultural and Natural Landscape

Pasi rakasiyana-siyana muzvinhu zvakawanda zvinosanganisira nzvimbo. Mamiriro ezvinhu anomiririra shanduko dzinoonekwa mukuwedzerwa kwenyika dzehukuru hwakasiyana uye izvo zvigadzirwa zvechisikigo zvinhu zvemuviri, izvo nekuda kwehunhu hwazvo zvinokwezva kutarisa uye nekuti dzinoratidza geographical kutaura kweimwe nzvimbo. Zvinowanzo cherechedzwa kuti zvinhu zvinosarudza mamiriro enzvimbo zvirimwa uye kurerutswa, nekuti ndizvo zvinhu zvinomira pachena.

Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti izvi zvinoitika nekuti zororo rakanangana nemamiriro ekunze ekupisa uye kunaya kwemvura. Ukuwo, zvinomera chinhu chakasikwa chinoonekwa zvakanyanya uye zviri nani munzvimbo. Zvisinei, kubvira pamakore ari kure kuita kwomunhu kwakaparirawo kuumbwa nokuchinja kwenzvimbo.

Izvi zvinotungamira pakutsanangura kuti kana nzvimbo ichicherechedzwa, zvinogoneka kudoma mutsauko wemamiriro ekunze, topographies uye mararamiro emarudzi akasiyana etsika dzevanhu, munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi uye munhoroondo yese. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nzvimbo dzakasikwa uye nzvimbo dzetsika dzichionekwa.

The Landscape of the Natural Environment

Iyo yakasiyana Natural and Cultural Environments inopa nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana.Zvakasiyana chaizvo kuona nzvimbo kubva pakakwirira skyscraper muguta reNew York, pane kunakidzwa nemamiriro egwenga reSahara. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti zvinhu zvakapindira pakusikwa kwenzvimbo mbiri idzi zvakasiyana zvakanyanya, mune imwe maive nekupindira kwemunhu akapindira Natural Environment ndokugadzira Cultural imwe uye imwe ichichengetedza kunaka kwezvisikwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, musiyano uripo pakati penzvimbo yechisikigo nenzvimbo yetsika kana yekugadzira inooneka.

Parizvino, nzvimbo dzechisikigo dzinogona kucherechedzwa munzvimbo dzine nhamba dzekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza dzinodzivirira zvisikwa zvakasikwa semakomo, mapango epasi, mahombekombe egungwa uye ecosystem, masango anogara achinaya mvura, magwenga, uye dzimwe nzvimbo umo munhu asina kupindira uye ari kutsvaga kuchengetedza nharaunda. marudzi. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinopindira mukuumbwa kwenzvimbo yakasikwa yakadai se:

Pamusoro, izvo zvinoreva kuwedzera kwevhu riri mukati memiganho yakasikwa kana kuti yakaitwa nevanhu.

Ruyamuro, inova iyo geographical features inoonekwa pamusoro penyika, semapani, makomo, mipata nezvimwe.

Mvura, iyo ndiyo chikamu chikuru chepasi uye, iyo ine simba guru pakuumbwa kwezvisikwa zvepanyika.

The Landscape yeCultural Environment

Vanhu mukuwedzera kwavo kwemuganhu wemadhorobha, kukundwa kwenzvimbo itsva dzechisikigo kwakashandura Natural Environment, kuitira kuti vagadzirise kuti vaenderane nezvinodiwa zvehupenyu uye nyaradzo, nenzira iyi Cultural Environment inomuka uye naizvozvo tsika yemagariro . Chimiro chetsika chine zvikamu zvinotevera.

Vagari. Chero munhu anogara pane imwe nzvimbo pasi pano anopindira pano, pamwe chete nekugara kwevanhu uko vanhu vakaungana. Huwandu hwevanhu hunosiyana mukuwanda, zvichimisikidzwa nezvinhu zvakaita sedzimba, kubereka, kurerukirwa, mamiriro ekunze. Kuwana huwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhu mumaguta ane masevhisi akakodzera zvakanyanya kuti hupenyu hwevanhu husimuke, kusiyana nenzvimbo dzakasarudzika uko huwandu hwevanhu hushoma.

Imba. Sezvo munhu akazadza nyika, akatsvaga kugara mumapako kuti atizire kubva kumamiriro ekunze uye akabva atanga kuvaka imba nematombo, matanda, madhaka, zvidhinha uye nguva imwe neimwe yaigadzirwa ine zvakawanda uye nemhando dzakasiyana. Dzimba idzi dzinosiyana zvichienderana netsika dzetsika dzevanhu, mamiriro ekunze, zororo, pakati pevamwe. Products. Izvo zvinhu zvinogadzirwa nemunhu kuti zvizadzise zvavanoda zvechikafu, zvipfeko, pekugara, peturu, pakati pezvimwe.

Vanhu munhoroondo yavo yose vakazviona sevakakwirira uye vakazvibvisa kubva kune Natural Environment kuti vagadzirise matambudziko avo kuburikidza neruzivo rwemichina uye, panguva ino, kuzvipira kwavo kupasi kunofanirwa kuve kuvaka zvakare izvo zvakaparadzwa uye kudzokera kune zvakasikwa sechinhu chipenyu chinopindirana. pamaitiro ezvakatipoteredza epasi.

Ini ndinokukoka iwe kuti uenderere mberi nekuziva zvinoshamisa zvechisikigo uye kudzidza maitiro ekuzvichengeta, nekuverenga zvinotevera zvinyorwa:

• Exotic maruva
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