The Natural ecosystem seti yezvimiro zvechisikigo zvakasimukira pasirese kwemamiriyoni emakore pasina kukanganiswa kwevanhu. Ndezvipi? uye Ndeipi ingave iripo?” Iyi mibvunzo yatichapindura munyaya ino, naizvozvo, tinokukumbira kuti uiverenge.
Chii chinonzi ecosystem?
Chinhu chekutanga icho munhu wese anofarira muchidzidzo uye zvine musoro kutaura, anofanira kutsanangura kuti ecosystem chii. Munhevedzano chinhu chakakosha chenzvimbo. Iyo ine biotic uye abiotic zvikamu uye kuenderera kwavo kusangana kune mumwe nemumwe. Kazhinji, zvipenyu zvinogona kuiswa mumhando mbiri, dzinoti: Natural ecosystem, iyo inova iyo isina kudyidzana kwevanhu mukuumbwa kwadzo; uye ecosystem yekugadzira, uko kune kupindira kwakajeka kwemunhu mukuumbwa kwemhoteredzo.
A natural ecosystem inharaunda yezvipenyu nezvisiri zvipenyu uye inoitika zvakasununguka mumasikirwo. Chikamu chega chega chinopindirana sechikamu chakasanganiswa kuburikidza nemuviri, makemikari, uye zvipenyu maitiro. Chinhu chinosiyanisa zvisikwa zvechisikigo kubva kune mamwe ecosystems ndezvekuti zvakasikwa zvachose. Kudyidzana kwavo hakufurirwa nenzira ipi neipi nekuita kwevanhu sezvinoonekwa munyaya yezvipenyu zvekugadzira.
Nekune rimwe divi, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti zvikamu kana zvinhu zvechisikigo ecosystems izvo zvinokonzeresa uku kupindirana kwakanyanya ivhu, chiedza chezuva, mweya, mvura, zvirimwa, mhuka uye tupukanana. Imwe neimwe yeiyi ecosystem zvinhu inobatanidzwa zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga. Pakati pemienzaniso yakajairika tine tembiricha inoshanduka kana mamiriro ekunze anogona kukanganisa kukura kwechirimwa.
Musiyano pakati pechisikigo uye artificial ecosystem
Pakati pemisiyano mikuru inogona kududzwa pakati peimwe gadziriro kana imwe, inocherekedzwa zvikuru ndeyokuti mumhoteredzo yomusikirwo mhoteredzo yezvipenyu inoitika zvakasununguka muchisiko panzvimbo pokusikwa nomunhu. Kune rimwe divi, mune zvekugadzira, iwo ecosystems akagadzirwa nemunhu kuti awane kutengeserana kana mamwe mabhenefiti, nemamwe mazwi, izvi zvipenyu zvinogadziridzwa nevanhu kuti zvibatsirwe uye zvinogona kuve zvepasi kana mumvura.
Mhando dzezvisikwa zvipenyu
Saizi yeimwe ecosystem inosiyana. Panyika, ecosystems akabatana kuita biome: nyika kana mhepo, nzvimbo yegungwa, masango, matombo, nezvimwe. Zvichienderana nekugara, mabiomes akabatana kune mumwe nemumwe uye ane akasiyana ecosystem. Kune marudzi maviri makuru ezvipenyu zvechisikigo: Terrestrial ecosystem, yakavakirwa pazvinhu zvose zvinowanikwa panyika; uye Aquatic Ecosystem, yakavakirwa pamvura. Kune akati wandei mamwe marudzi eecosystem, zvisinei, akasiyana masisitimu kana nharaunda akaiswa muzvikamu zviviri zvataurwa pamusoro apa zvichatsanangurwa pazasi.
Marine ecosystem
Ndiwo akanyanya kuwanda anogona kuwanikwa, nekuti anofukidza 2/3 yenyika uye hunhu hwavo hukuru ndehwekuti vane huwandu hukuru hwemunyu mukuumbwa kwavo, kusiyana nevamwe vavo. Vanoverengera inopfuura 97% yemvura yepasi uye 90% yenzvimbo yekugara. Iyi ecosystem yechisikigo inosanganisira masisitimu ari pedyo nemahombekombe senge machakwi emunyu, mibhedha yeuswa hwegungwa, mangroves, intertidal zones, uye coral reef. Zvakare, ivo vanozivikanwa nenharaunda yebiological yezvipenyu zvakabatana uye nharaunda yavo yemuviri.
yemvura yakachena ecosystem
Rudzi urwu rwechisikigo chezvisikwa runosanganisira chero kugadzirwa kwenzvimbo dzemvura yakachena se: nzizi, madziva nemachakwi, pakati pezvimwe. Inogona kusiyaniswa kubva muboka remakungwa nemakungwa, nekuda kwekushaikwa kwemunyu muhuwandu hwayo. Kwemakore, imwe neimwe yenzvimbo dzakasimba dzinoigadzira yakasiyaniswa zvichienderana nekupisa kwayo, kupinda kwechiedza, chikafu uye zvinomera. Kune rumwe rutivi, tinogona kutaura kuti kupatsanurwa kwayo kunobatanidza iyo inonzi lentic (zvikurukuru marudzi ose emvura inomira) uye lotic (kubatanidza marudzi ose emvura inoyerera).
desert ecosystem
Iyo yerenje ecosystem inogona kuoneka muArctic uye munzvimbo dzinopisa. Sezvinotarisirwa, haasi magwenga ese ari kupisa. Dzimwe dzinowanzoita mhepo. Chinhu chinonyanya kushamisa cheiyi ecosystem huwandu hwemvura yainogashira, inova idiki kana ichienzaniswa nechero imwe ecosystem. Mamwe magwenga akaumbwa nematombo, nepo mamwe ane mirwi yejecha. Iyo flora haiwanzo, asi mhando dzemhuka uye zvipembenene zvinogoneka zvakanyanya. Mamwe marenje makuru ndeaya:
Lencois Maranhenses: Iyo yakakura yejecha ecosystem yakasikwa iri munyika huru kumaodzanyemba kweAmerican kondinendi, ndiko kuti, Brazil, kunyanya mudunhu reMaranhão kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kwenyika. Ipaki yenyika inogara gwenga remadutu machena anobata mhenderekedzo yegungwa ozopinda munyika yacho kwemakiromita makumi mashanu. Kuunganidzwa kwemvura kunoitika pakati paChikumi naGunyana nekuda kwekunaya kwemvura kunoyevedza.
Kurwisa: Ndiyo yakanyanya kuoma pasirese uye iri pakati penyika dzePeru neChile, inozivikanwa seyakasikwa Andean renje ecosystem ine 105.000 km2 yekuwedzera. Pakati pezvakanakisa zvekuda kuziva zvinogona kutaurwa nezvazvo, ndezvekuti inzvimbo inogona kupa nguva yekunaya kwemvura mazana matatu ega ega; Pamusoro pezvo, semumagwenga ese, tembiricha inogona kusiyana zvakanyanya sezvo, masikati, inogona kusvika pa3 kusvika 20 degrees Celsius uye usiku inogona kudonha kusvika 30 degrees. Sekuwedzera ruzivo, inzvimbo yemujaho wemota dzemurenje unozivikanwa pasi rose, Dakar.
Sahara: Ndiro renje guru rinopisa papasi, rine nzvimbo inopfuura 9 miriyoni square kilometres. Inowanikwa kuchamhembe kweAfrica kondinendi, iyo inokamura kuita zvikamu zviviri: Mediterranean, kuchamhembe, uye kumaodzanyemba kweSahara, kumaodzanyemba. Kumabvazuva kune Gungwa Dzvuku uye kumadokero kweAtlantic. Zera rayo rinodarika mamiriyoni maviri nemazana mashanu emakore uye zita racho rinobva paizwi rechiArabic iro rinoturikira kuti renje.
Masango ecosystem
Sango ecosystem inorongedzerwa zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze, ayo anogona kuve anopisa, ane mwero kana boreal. Munzvimbo dzakadzikama, iyo sango ecosystem inogona kuita deciduous, coniferous kana musanganiswa wemhando mbiri dzemaruva. Nzvimbo dzinopisa dzine masango emvura ecosystems ayo anosanganisira mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana uye chirimwa ecosystem zvichienzaniswa nechero dunhu repasi. Munharaunda iyi, miti inokura kureba, ine mashizha akaonda uye nharaunda ine mwando umo mhuka dzinowanikwa kubva kumidzi kuenda kune kanopi.
Tundra natural ecosystem
Irudzi rwechisikigo chezvisikwa chinozivikanwa kuva nepamusoro pemamiriro ekunze echando uye nekuvepo kushoma kwemaruva makuru. Nzvimbo yacho yakanyatsoti sandara, pasi yakafukidzwa nemosses uye lichens. Nzvimbo dzakakosha dzechisikigo ichi chiri kuchamhembe kwepasi, munzvimbo inonzi arctic zone, yakamira pakati peAlaska muUnited States neSiberia muRussia. Kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere, zvinokwanisika kuwana zvikamu zve tundra kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kweArgentina neChile, zvitsuwa zve subantarctic uye nzvimbo dzekuchamhembe kweAntarctica padyo negungwa.
Ongororo dzakasiyana siyana dzakaratidza kuti 1/5 yepasi penyika ine rudzi urwu rwechisikigo. Kune rumwe rutivi, makirasi maviri anogona kujekeswa: gomo (rinowanikwa munzvimbo dzine kukwirira kukuru) uye arctic (aya ndiwo ari pedyo nepamusoro pegungwa uye kusiyana nemamwe, ane zvishoma zvishoma flora). Geology inodana permafrost kuti chando chisingaperi chiri pamusoro pevhu munzvimbo dzine tembiricha yakaderera zvikuru. Mu tundra, nzvimbo dzakakura dzakaoma nechando munguva yechando dzinova machakwi kana mabhogi kana kutonhora kuchikwira, nokuti permafrost haibvumiri mvura yakanyunguduka kupinda.
Zvisimbiso, shumba dzegungwa, polar bears nemhumhi ndedzimwe mhuka dzinogara mu tundra. Dzimwe mhuka, dzakadai semhembwe, dzinotama dzichienda kune dzimwe nzvimbo munguva dzechando dzegore. Kana iri flora, kazhinji haipfuure masendimita gumi pakureba nekuda kwekuita kwemhepo. Kunyunguduka kwemaaizi echando kwaisa mhuka dzetundra munjodzi yekutsakatika uye bere repolar nderimwe reavo vanonyanya kubatwa. Zvinosuruvarisa, hapana matanho akasimba ekurwisa mamiriro ezvinhu aya.
masango ecosystem
Ndidzo nharaunda dzese dzepanyika dzine nzvimbo dzakakura dzemafuro kana huswa hwakawanda, hunoshandiswa pakudya nekusimudzirwa kwezvipenyu zvakawanda, kusanganisira vanhu. Zvinogona zvakare kutaurwa kuti izwi rekuti prairie rinoshandiswawo zvakanyanya kudoma nzvimbo ine herbaceous; zvisinei, kushandiswa kwakapararira kwemamwe mazwi akadai savannah uye steppes mune imwe pfungwa kwakaganhurira kushandiswa kwemafuro kuNorth America huswa. Chinopfuura chikamu chimwe muzvina chePasi chakafukidzwa nemafuro. Huswa hunowanikwa mumakondinendi ose kunze kweAntarctica, uye idzi dzinoumba zhinjisa dzeAfrica neAsia.
Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana emafuro, kuti asiyanise anodanwa nemazita akasiyana-siyana akadai semafuro, mawere, mapani, savannas uye pampas. Huswa hunokura munzvimbo dzisina mvura inonaya yakakwana kuti sango rikure, asi rakawandisa kuti gwenga rivepo. Mafuro akazara nehuswa (herbs). Minda yegorosi inonzi ivhu reuswa, kunyange zvazvo richirimwa nguva dzose. Munguva inotonhora, uswa hunoenda hwakanyarara kusvikira hwave hwakasvibira zvakare.
Kuchengetedzwa kwechisikigo ecosystem
Kupedzisa chinyorwa chedu pamusoro pezvakasiyana zvakatipoteredza zvepasi, kufona kwakakosha kunofanirwa kuitwa kusimudzira kuchengetedzwa kwezvipenyu, sezvo, sezvataurwa pamusoro, imwe neimwe yeiyi imba uye saiti yekusimudzira nekudyidzana kwezvakasiyana siyana. mhuka nemaruva. Izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza nedzidzo, kudzokorodza uye kushandiswa zvine hunyanzvi, izvo zvinozoita shanduko yakakosha yeramangwana.
Kana iwe wakafarira chinyorwa ichi nezve yakasikwa ecosystem uye uchida kudzidza zvakawanda nezve zvimwe zvinonakidza misoro, unogona kutarisa zvinotevera zvinongedzo: