Pakati pesimba rinovandudzwa anga achigadzira mapurojekiti einjiniya kwenguva yakareba aine mhedzisiro yakanaka, isu tine Hydraulic Energy. Kuburikidza neiri simba rinovandudzwa, zvinokwanisika kuwana magetsi nekuti inobvumira kuchengetedza huwandu hwakakura hwemvura yakachena mumadhamu. Kwemakore uye zviitiko zvakawanda, nhevedzano yeZvakanakira uye Zvakaipa zveHydraulic Energy zvakatemwa. Ini ndinokukoka iwe kuti udzidze zvakawanda mune ino chinyorwa pane Hydraulic Energy.
Hydraulic Power
Sezvinoratidzwa nezita racho, Hydraulic Energy inowanikwa kubva mumvura. Kuti izvi zviitike, mvura zhinji inobva munzizi inochengeterwa mumadhamu. Madhamu aya akavakwa munzvimbo chaidzo dzenzvimbo dzinodaidzwa kuti "Valleys" umo munopfuura nerwizi rune mvura zhinji. Aya madhamu kana madhamu anovakwa ane chinangwa chembiri.
Chimwe chezvinangwa izvi ndechekuti dhamu kana dhamu rinoshanda senzvimbo yekuunganidzira kana kuchengetera mvura yakawanda kubva murwizi nekuyerera kukuru. Iri ndiro dhamu guru, nokuda kwekushanda kwaro hurongwa hwakagadzirwa hunobvumira mvura yakachengetwa kuti idonhe kubva kumusoro kwedhamu. Kana mvura ichidonha inopfuura nemumaturbine akasiyana anotenderera nesimba remvura inodonha. Izvi zvinounza semhedzisiro yekuti magetsi anogadzirwa nekudonha kwemvura inoshandura turbines, nekuda kweizvi inonzi Hydraulic Energy.
Kubatsirwa
Kubatsira kwekutanga kwerudzi urwu rwesimba rinodaidzwa kuti Hydraulic Energy kana hydroelectricity, ndeyekuti isimba rinodzokororwa. Iyo inoratidzirwa nekuti inowanikwa nekudonha kwemvura pahurefu hukuru uye kupesana kwayo kunokonzera kuti turbines ifambe uye ibudise magetsi, mvura iyi inogadzirwa nekutenderera kwechisikigo kwemvura uko kubuda, kubuda uye kunaya kwemvura kunoitika uye, nekuda kweichi chikonzero. isimba rinogadzirwa zvakanyanya nemasikirwo nguva nenguva. Kushandiswa kwayo hakuiti kuti kuderedzwa kwechigadzirwa, kunyange zvazvo mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu achifanira kuzadzikiswa.
Inovandudzwa uye yakachena
Isimba rinodzokororwa rinowanikwa kubva kumhepo yakasikwa yemvura inoiswa munzizi, ihwowo simba rakachena. Inonzi simba rakachena nekuti kushandiswa kwaro hakukonzeri kugadzirwa kwemarara paunenge uchigadzira magetsi. Izvi zvinoita kuti simba riwanikwe pasina kuburitsa tsvina yemuviri kana makemikari, kana kuburitsa magasi egreenhouse.
Yakagadzikana simba rinobuda
Rudzi urwu rwesimba rinogoneka zvakare rine mukana wekuti rinogadzira magetsi nguva dzose. Pakuienzanisa nekushandiswa kwemhepo uye simba rezuva kugadzira magetsi, zvichaonekwa kuti pamazuva apo mhepo inenge isina kusimba kana kuti zuva rine makore, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi kunomira. Izvi hazviitike nekugadzirwa kwemagetsi nehydropower.
Izvi zvinodaro nekuti mvura inoshandiswa kugadzira magetsi inobva mumvura inonaya, uye zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mvura inonaya iyi yakambochengetwa mumadhamu. Saka kana dhamu riri kuchengetedzwa zvakanaka, kana kukaitika kuti rikasanaya kakawanda mamwe mazuva, hazvitadzise kuti rirambe richigadzira magetsi, nekuti mvura inenge yachengetwa inokwana.
Flexible kugadzirwa kwemagetsi
Sezvo riri simba rinogona kuramba rakasimba mukugadzirwa kwaro, rinogonawo kuva simba rine kugadzirwa kunoshanduka uye kunogadziriswa. Kuti uite izvi, kuchengetedza kwakanaka uye manejimendi akarongwa anofanirwa kuitwa kuitira kudzora kuyerera kwemvura inochengetwa uye yobva yadonhedzwa pama turbines uye, nenzira iyi, inobvumira ma turbines kuti abudise simba rakawanda kana shoma zvichienderana nezviri kuitika. fungidzira kushandisa nguva yega yega.
simba rakachengeteka
Isimba rakachengeteka kwazvo, nekuti hariburitse zvisaririra zvinosvibisa zvinogona kukuvadza hutano kana kuve mukana wenjodzi dzinogona kuitika panguva yekugadzirwa kwemagetsi, sezvinoitika nemagetsi emagetsi enyukireya kana mareactor panogadzirwa magetsi, asi kubva kune radioactive mineral. . Izvi zvinoreva kuti Hydro Power ndiyo imwe yesimba rakachengeteka ravakagadzira uye rinogona kushandiswa.
payakaipira
Kunyangwe Hydraulic Energy ine akawanda mabhenefiti panguva yekugadzirwa kwayo, kuisirwa kwayo uye kuvaka madhamu kunogona kukanganisa nharaunda nemagariro nehupfumi munzvimbo dzinorongwa kana kuitwa chirongwa chehukuru hwakakura kudaro. Pazasi pane zvimwe zvisingabatsiri.
Mvura nekusanaya kwemvura
Mwaka yekusanaya kwemvura inocherechedzwa ndechimwe chezvakashata zvayo zvikuru. Kunyangwe Hydraulic Energy iri simba rinogona kudzokororwa, manejimendi eiyo mbishi kugadzira Hydraulic Energy haina kutsamira pamunhu, nekuti ine hukama hwakananga hunoenderana nekunaya kwemvura nekuoma mwaka. Kuitika, iro isimba rinogona kupa kugadzirwa kwemagetsi kwakanaka kwazvo munguva dzemvura zhinji uye, kwete panguva yekusanaya kwemvura. Kubudirira munguva dzino dzekusanaya kwemvura kunotsamira pakutonga kwakanaka kwemvura yakachengetwa uye kuronga kwakafanira kuzadzisa zvido zvesimba.
Dam Location
Kusarudzwa kwenzvimbo yakafanira yekugadzira nekuvaka dhamu kwakakosha pakushanda kwayo nemazvo. Kusiyana nezvinoitika nepurojekiti yekugadzira simba kubva kusimba rezuva kana mhepo kana simba remhepo. Kusarudza nzvimbo yakanaka yekuvaka hydraulic dhamu kunobvumira kuiswa kwezvizhinji zvemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi parwizi rumwe chete, ari munzvimbo dzine hurefu hwakanaka kuitira kuti mapopoma abatsire.
Negative kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza
Imwe yezvakaipa zvayo zvikuru izvo zvinofanirwa kuverengerwa kana uchiongorora Hydraulic Energy, ndeyekuti kuve sosi yemagetsi akachena uye anovandudzwa emagetsi, izvi zvinowanikwa mushure mekukanganisa nharaunda, kunyanya pane ecosystem yenzizi. Kuita purojekiti yekushandisa simba re hydraulic, hydraulic power station inofanirwa kuvakwa, nedhamu rayo.
Nokuda kweizvi, kuyerera kwechisikigo kwerwizi kunogurwa uye kuti zvibudirire izvi, zviwanikwa zvepanzvimbo yakasarudzwa zvinofanira kukanganiswa zvakashata, zvakadai se: mhuka, miti, uye zvose zvikamu zveiyo ecosystem. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti kuvakwa kwedhamu uye chiteshi chemagetsi emvura ine mhedzisiro yekushandurwa kwese kwepasi (natural) ecosystem kuita yemvura (artificial) ecosystem. Kuti kunyangwe zvichiruramiswa nepurojekiti ichagadziridzwa munzvimbo iyoyo, zvinozoguma nemhedzisiro yakanaka yekuzviita uye nharaunda inokanganiswa.
High economic investment
Chinhu chitsva chakashata chepurojekiti kutora mukana weHydraulic Energy ndechekuti mutengo wayo wehupfumi kuti uite wakakwira zvakanyanya. Kuvaka hydraulic magetsi emagetsi padyo nemadziva, mutengo wakakwira wehupfumi unofanirwa kufungidzirwa uye chirongwa chekuuraya chinofanirwa kuitwa kwemakore akati wandei. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti inofanirwa kurongwa zvichienderana nenguva yainotora kubva payakatanga dhizaini kusvika yatanga kuurayiwa uye kuiswa mukushanda. Kunyangwe mari yekudyara yakakwira kana Hydro Power plant yatanga kushanda, simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa kubva kuHydro Power rakachipa.
Hydropower munyika
Kugadzirwa kwesimba remagetsi kubva kuHydraulic Energy, nekuda kwekunaka kukuru kwainopa, kwakatungamira kushandiswa kwayo munyika dzakasiyana. Nekuti ndiyo sosi yemagetsi kubva kusimba rinogoneka, yakatenderedza 67% yenyika pasi rese, inopihwa nemagetsi kubva mairi. Rudzi urwu rwesimba runobvumira kutevedzera Chibvumirano cheParis, kubatsira kudzikisa mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze. Kune akati wandei masimba emagetsi anofarira munyika, aya ndeaya:
Mipata mitatu muChina
The Three Gorges power plant yakavakwa muYichang mudunhu reHubei, China, ine simba rakaiswa 22.500MW. Ndiro dhamu rakakura kwazvo pasi rose, rinopihwa mvura kubva kuRwizi rweYangtze, rinotungamirwa nemuridzi waro Three Gorges Corporation kuburikidza nerubatsiro rwayo China Yangtze Power.
Mari yekuvandudza chirongwa ichi yaive 18.000 miriyoni euros uye yakatanga muna 1993 uye yakapedzwa muna 2012. Kureba kwedhamu rakareba 181 metres uye kureba kwaro 2.335 metres kureba. Yakagadzirwa uye yakavakwa sechikamu cheTatu Gorges chirongwa, chinosanganisira hydroelectric chirimwa chine 32 700 MW turbines uyewo maviri 50 MW anogadzira zvikamu. Muna 2014, yakaisa rekodhi pasi rose nekugadzira 98,8 TWh. Izvi zvinoreva kuti inokwanisa kupa magetsi kumatunhu mapfumbamwe nemaguta maviri, kusanganisira Shanghai.
Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Plant muBrazil
Ichi chirimwa chemagetsi chemvura chine simba rakaiswa reMW 14.000 15.000. Yakavakwa paRwizi rweParaná, ichigovana muganhu pakati peBrazil neParaguay, uye inoshandiswa nekambani yeItaipú Binacional. Anosvika zviuru gumi nezvishanu zvemamiriyoni eeuro akaiswa mukuvaka kwayo, kutanga chirongwa ichi muna 1975 nekupedzisa kuvaka kwayo muna 1982.
Iyo Itaipu hydroelectric chirimwa inogadzira yakatenderedza 17,3% yemagetsi anodiwa muBrazil uye 72,5% yemagetsi muParaguay. Chigadzirwa chemagetsi ichi chinoumbwa nezvikamu makumi maviri zvinogadzira 20 MW. Muna 700, chakasvika pakugadzirwa kwakafanana nekweTree Gorges kuChina, payakasvika 2014 TWh. maererano nekugadzirwa kwesimba.
Xiluodu hydroelectric magetsi chiteshi
Ichi Xiluodu hydroelectric chirimwa chinopihwa nemvura yeRwizi rweJinsha, rwunova rukova rweRwizi rweYangtze mugomba rarwo rekumusoro, riri pakati pedunhu reSichuan, ndiro dhamu rechipiri muChina uye rechitatu rine huwandu hukuru nyika. Muna 2014, huwandu hwayo hwakaiswa hwakasvika 13.869 MW mushure mekuisa ekupedzisira chizvarwa cheturbines. Icho chikamu chezvirongwa zvinoitwa neThree Gorges Project Corporation uye yakagadzirwa uye yakavakwa kuti ibudise 64 TWh yemagetsi pagore, kana iri 100% kushanda.
Vamwe mamiriyoni 5.500 euros akaiswa mukuvaka kwayo uye kuvaka kwakatanga muna 2.005, kutanga kushanda muna July 2013. Inogadzirwa ne 18 Francis turbine generator ine simba re 770 MW imwe neimwe uye ine jenareta yakanyoroveswa nemhepo ine 855,6 MVA yakabuda.
Guri hydroelectric chirimwa muVenezuela
Iyo Guri hydroelectric chirimwa, inozivikanwawo seSimón Bolívar hydroelectric chirimwa, iri pachinzvimbo chechina pasi rose nekuda kwekuiswa kwayo kwegumi nemakumi maviri nemakumi matatu neshanu MW. Yakavakwa paRwizi rweCaroní, iri mudunhu reBolívar kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweVenezuela, muridzi wayo uye mushandisi ikambani Electrificación del Caroní CA (EDELCA).
Kuvakwa kweiyi hydroelectric chirimwa chakaitwa mumatanho maviri, danho rekutanga rakatanga muna 1963 uye rakapera muna 1978 uye danho rechipiri rakapedzwa muna 1986. Yakavakwa ne20 chizvarwa mayuniti ane hunyanzvi hwakasiyana hunosiyana pakati pe130 MW ne770. MW.
Muna 2007 na2009, kambani yeAlstom yakapihwa kondirakiti yekugadziridza mana 400 MW uye mashanu 630 MW maunitsi, uye muna 2007 kambani yeAndritz yakagamuchirawo chibvumirano chekupa mashanu 770 MW Francis turbines. Pakangogadziridzwa midziyo, Guri hydroelectric chirimwa chakakwanisa kusvika pamagetsi anodarika 12.900 GW/h.
Tucuruí hydroelectric chirimwa muBrazil
Ichi Tucuruí hydroelectric chirimwa chakavakwa paRwizi rweTocantins, muTucuruí mudunhu rePará, Brazil. Parizvino inogara yechishanu yakakura hydroelectric chirimwa papasi nekuda kwechizvarwa chayo che8.370 MW. Mari yekuita basa rekuvaka rechirimwa ichi yaive 4.000 miriyoni euros, chirongwa ichi chakatanga muna 1975 uye chakapera muna 1984, chine zvikamu gumi nezviviri zvinogadzira zvine huwandu hwe12 MW imwe neimwe uye maviri anobatsira e330MW.
Munguva yekuvakwa kwechikamu chechipiri, icho chakatanga muna 1998 uye chakapera mukupera kwa2010, 11 chizvarwa zvikamu zvine chizvarwa chinokwana 370 MW chimwe nechimwe chakaiswa. Nhasi chirimwa ichi chinopa magetsi kuguta reBelém nenzvimbo dzakaripoteredza. Midziyo yedanho iri yakapihwa neAlstom, GE Hydro, Inepar-Fem uye Odebrecht consortium.
Grand Coulee Hydroelectric Power Plant muUnited States
Grand Coulee hydroelectric chirimwa chine huwandu hwe6.809 MW chakavakwa muzvikamu zvitatu paColumbia River muWashington, United States, ndiyo yechitanhatu yakakura hydroelectric chirimwa papasi. Kuvakwa kwayo kwakaitwa muzvikamu zvitatu uye kushanda kwayo kwakatanga muna 1941, ichisvika gore negore magetsi ekugadzira 24 TW. Yakavakwa kubva mugore ra1933, ine zvidyarwa zvemagetsi zvitatu uye dhamu rekongiri regiravhiti rine urefu hwemamita 168 uye kureba kwemamita 1.592.
Midziyo yayo yakatanga kushanda muna 1950, ine 18 Francis turbines ye125 MW yakaiswa uye zvakare ine mamwe matatu ekuwedzera gumi MW. Muna 10, kuvaka kwakatanga pachikamu chechitatu uye kwakaguma nekuitwa kwezvikamu zvaro zvitanhatu pakati pa1967 na1975, zvine matatu 1980 MW turbines uye mamwe matatu 805 MW.
Xiangjiaba hydroelectric power station muChina
Iyo Xiangjiaba Power Plant ndiyo yazvino nhanho yekusimudzira yakadzika pasi peRwizi Jinsha muYibin County uye Shuifu County. Yakavakwa makiromita makumi matatu nenhatu kumusoro kubva kuYibin City uye makiromita 33 kubva kuShuifu County. Midziyo yaro ine sere Francis turbines, ina ine simba re2,5 MW uye ina ine 812 MW, yehuwandu hwe800 MW yeakaiswa simba, yegore negore kugadzirwa kwe6.448 TWh.
Ichi chirimwa chine nzvimbo yekuchengetera 380 metres uye chengetedzo ye370 metres. Dhamu iri nderemhando yemutemo we temporary regulation uye rine huwandu hwekuchengetedza hunosvika 5 miriyoni cubic metres uye simba rekutonga rinosvika 163 miriyoni cubic metres. Hurongwa hwekuvakwa kwechirongwa ichi hwakatanga muna 903, uye muna 2004 ndipo pakatanga basa zviri pamutemo. Munguva ye2006, boka rekutanga rema turbines rakaiswa mukushanda, iyi hydroelectric power plant yakapedzwa muna 2012.
Longtan hydroelectric power station muChina
Iyo Longtan Hydropower Plant yakavakwa paRwizi Hogshui muTian'e, mudunhu reGuangxi kuChina, uye ine simba rekugadzira 6.300MW. Yakagadzirwa neHydrochina Zhongnan Engineering uye kuvakwa kwayo kwakaitwa neSinohydro, ndeye Longtan Hydropower Development. Iyo ine zvipfumbamwe 700MW Francis inogadzira zvikamu. Kuvakwa kwayo kwakatanga muna May 2007 uye kushanda kwayo kwakakwana kwakatanga muna 2009. Iine simba regore re 18,7 TWh. Iri pachisere pakati pemadhamu makuru pasirese.
Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station muRussia
Iyi Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power plant iri paRwizi Yenisei muSayanogorsk muKhakassia, Russia, ichiva chirimwa chepfumbamwe pakukura kwemagetsi pasi rose. Ine simba re6.400MW uye iri kushandiswa neRusHydro. Kuvaka kwakatanga muna 1963 uye kwakapedzwa muna 1978. Iine 10 Francis generating units ine simba re 640 MW imwe neimwe, zvichiita kuti pave nekugadzirwa kwe23,5 TWh yesimba pagore.
Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric plant inogovera 70% yegore rekugadzirwa kwesimba kune mana aruminiyamu anonyungudutsa muSiberia. Muna 2009 chirimwa chemagetsi ichi chakavharwa nekuda kwetsaona yakakuvadza turbine system. Muna 2010, yakatanga kushanda zvakare, parizvino iri kuitirwa kuisa gumi mayuniti matsva ane 10% kunyatsoshanda.
Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station muRussia
Iyo Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power plant yakavakirwa paRwizi Yenisei, muDivnogorsk kuRussia, uye inomira yechigumi kune yayo 6.000 MW yesimba rekugadzira magetsi. Yakavakwa muna 1956 uye yakapedzwa muna 1972, kuvakwa kwayo kune dura rekongiri rine urefu hwemamita 124 uye chiyero che 1.065 metres, ine gumi nemaviri Francis anogadzira mayuniti ane huwandu hwe12 MW imwe neimwe. Inoshanda neJSC Krasnoyarsk HPS. Inoburitsa simba regore re 500 TWh.
Ini ndinokukoka iwe kuti uenderere mberi nekudzidza nezve hunhu hunoshamisa uye uzive maitiro ekuchengetedza nharaunda, kuburikidza neanotevera mapositi: