Sezvipenyu, isu vanhu takashuva kuwana kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwezvese zvakatitenderedza. Aya ndiwo matangiro atakaita kukunda kunyangwe miganho yevhavha yedu yepasi uye kusvika panzvimbo, asi chii chaive ndege yokutanga yomuchadenga ine munhu?
Munhu, mukutsvaga kwake tsananguro yezvese zvakamupoteredza, akabvumirana pane mutsara wakanyanya, uyo kwenguva yakareba waityisa kunzwa zvishoma. ropafadzo mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro; mutsara iwoyo waive: tinozviita muzita resainzi uye kuwanikwa.
Mushure mekupokana uku kwakapa vaongorori nemasainzi rudzi rwehunhu hwehumwari, kuti vakwanise kukanganisa kurongeka kwezvinhu, vachiregererwa nekufungidzira kuri nyore kwe. uyo akaita nokusahadzika kana kuti kusava nechokwadi kwakaungana (vanhu), uko kwakavaita vakweretesi vekodzero dzinopfuura dzevanhu, sainzi yakachinja kurongeka uye upenyu hwevatatu vazhinji.
Mukutsvaka zivo uku, muMiddle Ages, vanachiremba vakawanda vaidzidzira nevasungwa kuitira kuyera mamwe pharmacological madhara uye kunyange muitiro wokuvhiya, muviri wemimwe mitezo uye mabasa adzo kunyange muupenyu, mhuka dzakanga dzisiri kunze kwesayenzi. Dzidza zvakawanda nezvetsvagiridzo yesainzi nezvainoreva munhoroondo yedu.
Munyika yezvidzidzo zve cosmic uye zvemuchadenga, sainzi yakashandisawo mhuka kuyera mhedzisiro iyo zero gravity yaizove pazvisikwa zvipenyu nemamwe mamiriro erwendo uye kufamba kunze kwemhepo yedu, nekudaro kugadzira mamiriro ekuchengetedza ekutanga pasirese cosmonauts.
Nzendo dzokutanga dzomuchadenga dzaifambiswa nemhuka
Kana iwe uchida kudzidza zvakawanda nezve zvimwe zvakawanikwa, tevera iyi link: 12 ZVINODA ZEMERCURY UUSINGAZVO CHOKWADI
muchero unobhururuka
Chipembenene ichi chaiva mhuka piyona pakati pavose, ndidzo mhuka dzakatanga kusiya mhepo yakapoteredza Pasi redu. Pakati paChikunguru 1946, paine mhodzi shoma dzechibage dzekambani, dzinoverengeka dzenhunzi dzemichero idzi dzakaenda muchadenga dzichikwira roketi. V-2. Chiitiko ichi chakaratidza chiitiko chakakosha munhoroondo ye nzvimbo mishoni.
Nhunzi dzemichero dzakadzoserwa dziri mhenyu mushure mekudzokera kuNyika. Chinangwa chekuyedza chaive chekuongorora mhedzisiro yekuratidzwa kwemwaranzi pakakwirira.
Albert II, Rhesus monkey
Tsoko dzinodzidziswa dzisati dzatumirwa muchadenga
Paichi chiitiko, mhuka ine mativi mana yakatumirwa; pana June 14, 1949, United States of America yakapinza mhuka yokutanga inoyamwisa muchadenga: Albert II, tsoko, iyo yakafamba ichikwira roketi rokuGermany rinonzi V-2. Tsoko Albert II akasvika pakakwirira 134 km. Zvisinei, iyi yakanga isina rombo rakanaka senhunzi, sezvo payakapinda mumhepo yakatenderedza pasi, parachuti yakakundikana, zvikaguma nokufa kwetsoko mukubonderana nevhu. Mhando iyi yekuedza inotibvumira kuti tinzwisise zvakawanda nezve Hunhu hwevanhu.
Imbwa dzeRussia: Tsygan uye Dezik
Imbwa mbiri dzeRussia dzakapona pakudzoka kuNyika
Pachiitiko ichi, Russian Soviet Union, muna Ndira 29, 1951, yakatanga muchadenga, kunyangwe isina kuisa mu orbit, R-1 IIIA-1 ngarava, iyo yakatakura imbwa Tsygan naDezik sevashandi. Pachinangwa ichi, imbwa mbiri dzakapona mundege, dzichigadzira nzira yezvidzidzo zvenguva yemberi artificial satellites.
Laika, chihure cheRussia
Musi waNovember 3, 1957, Russian Soviet Union yakatanga zvakare Laika, imbwa yakavhenganiswa yavakanga vatora kubva mumigwagwa yeMoscow uye vakadzidzira kumira nemamiriro ezvinhu erwendo Zvisinei, kudzidziswa uku kwakanga kusina kukwana, sezvo Laika akafa maawa mashanu mundege nekuda kwekunetseka uye kupisa. Pakutanga, Russia yaiti yaive chepfu inodzorwa, asi makore gare gare vakabvuma kuti pakanga paine glitches uye kabhini yakawedzera kupisa. Nyaya iyi inoratidza kukosha kwekudzidziswa mu nzvimbo mishoni.
American cosmonaut mouse
Musi waNyamavhuvhu 31, 1958, NASA yekuUnited States yakatanga mbeva munzvimbo yakakwirira yemakiromita 137 kubva pasi pePasi penyika, iyo rodent yakafamba ichipinda muGerman V-2 missile (inonzi "Albert V flight", iyo, kusiyana nendege dzakapfuura mu "Albert" dzakatevedzana, hadzina kutakura tsoko pachiitiko ichi. kutaurirana kwemhuka.
"Gordo": Tsoko yeAmerican squirrel
Dzakawanda dzemhuka idzi hadzina kurarama parwendo rwacho
Pachiitiko ichi, United States of America, kuburikidza neNASA, yakaburitsa Jupiter-type intercontinental ballistic missile kubva kuCape Canaveral, Florida, musi wa13 Zvita 1958, netsoko yekuSouth America inonzi "Gordo." Tsoko iyi yakanga yawana rovedzo inokosha muU.S. Navy. Telemetry data yakaratidza kuti panguva yekudzoka, mhuka yakapona simba regiravhiti rakapetwa ka10 kupfuura iro rePasi-kureva, 8 maminetsi e microgravity, kana nemamwe mazwi, inenge isina uremu-uye reentry pa16 km / h, iyo kuderera kwayo kwakagadzira giravhiti kakapetwa ka40 kupfuura iyo yePasi. Kuburikidza nezviitiko izvi tinodzidza nezvekupikisa zvakasimbiswa nemamwe masangano.
Pachiitiko ichi, pakupinda mumhepo yePasi, gadziriro yeparachuti yakatadza uye tsoko yakafa mukudhumana nevhu. Iyo capsule yaive nenhengo yeammalian crew yakanyura 2 km kubva kuCape Canaveral uye haina kuzombowanikwa neNASA.
Able and Baker tsoko
Uku kwaive kubhururuka kwematsoko kwakabudirira. Musi waChivabvu 28, 1959, tsoko dzainzi Able naBaker ndivo vakatanga kudzoka vari vapenyu kuNyika mushure merwendo rwemuchadenga. Aya maape aipayona vaive vashandi ve AM-18 intercontinental ballistic missile, iyo yakatakura zvakanaka Able, 3,18 kg rhesus tsoko yakaberekerwa kuUnited States, uye 310 magiramu ePeruvia squirrel tsoko inonzi Baker. Aya marudzi ekuedza anga akakosha mukugadzira nzira dzekutsvagisa dzenguva yemberi kazhinji mishoni inobudirira.
Pachiitiko ichi, ma primates akabhururuka ari pamberi pechipfuro chepfuti, uko zvombo zvenyukireya zvakaiswa mune chinokandwa chemaitiro aya, uye zvakakwanisa kusvika pakakwirira 579 km uye chinhambwe che2735 km kunze kweiyo Atlantic missile system kubva kuCape Canaveral, Florida.
Matsoko aya akashingirira kukwidzwa kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi kakapetwa makumi matatu nesere pane rePasi, rakanyorwa sezvizvi: 38 G (maererano nemazita echirongwa chekuyera nzvimbo), tichiona kusarema kwemaminetsi mapfumbamwe.
Able naBaker vakasvika pakumhanya kukuru kwe16 km/h panguva yavo yemaminetsi gumi nematanhatu. Tsoko dzakararama zvakanaka kusvika dzamhara. Sezvineiwo, Able tsoko yakafa mazuva mana mushure mekubhururuka, nekuda kwekuita kweanesthesia yakashandiswa panguva yekuvhiya kubvisa electrode ine hutachiona, iyo yakayera mamiriro etsoko uye maitiro ehurongwa mukati merwendo. Nepo Baker tsoko yakararama kusvika Mbudzi 16, 29 paHuntville Space Center, segamba rechokwadi.
Ham the American chimpanzee
Kune rumwe rutivi, United States yakaramba ichigadzira zvikepe zvine primates. Pachiitiko ichi, muna Ndira 31, 1961, Ham the Tsoko ndiye aive vashandi vekapisi mukati meRedstone rocket. Ichi chiitiko chaive chikamu chechirongwa cheMercury, muMercury-Redstone 2 mishoni iyi inoratidza kuti munhu angadzidze sei nezve mhuka njere.
Panguva ino, tsoko iyi yakanga yadzidziswa kushandisa marevheti uye maswichi kuti ibudise mabhanana kana kuti kudzivirira magetsi. Kubhururuka muchadenga kwetsoko kwairatidza mukana wekuita mabasa ekutanga uye mafambisirwo panguva yekubhururuka kuenda kunze.
