Chii chinonzi Vertebrate Animals?
Sezvatakambotaura, ivo ndivo vane musana nemapfupa, uye mune iyi genus inenge 69,276 mhando dzakarongerwa dzichiripo uye dzave dzichizivikanwa, pamwe chete nenhamba yakawanda yezvisaririra. Saka kupatsanurwa kwacho kunosanganisira mhuka dziripo, mhuka dzatsakatika mazuva ano, uye mhuka dzaivapo zviuru zvemakore zvakapfuura.
Zvinonakidza kuona kuti mhuka dzine vertebrate dzakaita sei kuchinjika kweiyo evolutionary process kuti dzinyatsoshanda uye dzirarame munzvimbo dzinogona kunzi dzakanyanyisa uye dzisingagarike. Zvakaratidzwa kuti, pakutanga, vakabva kunzvimbo ine mvura yakachena, asi vakakwanisa kushanduka kuti vajaire kugara munyanza nepanyika.
The Vertebrata
Izwi rekuti vertebrata, rinoshandiswa mupfungwa yakafara, rine chirevo chakafanana neizwi rekuti craniata, uye rinosanganisira idzo mhuka dzinonzi hagfish, idzo dzisina vertebrae yechokwadi.
Asi kana izwi rekuti vertebrata richishandiswa nenzira yakaganhurirwa, kureva kuti, kungoreva mhuka dzechordate dzine vertebrae, zvinodikanwa kusabvisa hagfish. Masayendisiti akadzidza genetics yemhuka akawana kuti mhuka dziri chikamu cheboka re vertebrata, vachishandisa izwi iri mune inoganhurwa pfungwa, zvakare paraphyletic, nekuti mhuka dzakaita semarambi, ayo anorongerwa sechokwadi vertebrates.
Izvi zvinodaro nekuti marambi ane hukama nehagfish kwete gnathostomes uye zvakaratidzwa kuti anogovana madzitateguru achangopfuura ane hagfish pane gnathostomes, ndosaka achifanira kuiswa muboka rimwe chete. rinonzi cyclostomata, iro rinosanganisirwa mu genus Vertebrata.
Muchokwadi, humbowo huchangobva kuitika hwefossil hunotsigira kukosha kwekusanganisira hagfish mukati merudzi rwemhuka dzine vertebrate, nekuti zvave zvichifungidzirwa nesainzi kuti hagfish dzinza remhuka dzine vertebrate dzisina shaya uye, sezvadzakashanduka, dzakarasikirwa nemusana.
Kana zvirizvo, marambi anozofanirwa kubviswa kubva kuclade Cephalaspidomorphi, rinova izwi rinoshandiswa kuunganidza hove dzisina shaya dzine hukama zvakananga nemagnathostomes.
Hunhu hweVertebrate Mhuka
Mhuka dzeVertebrate dzinoratidzwa nebilateral symmetry, dehenya seyero yekudzivirira yehuropi hwavo, uye skeleton, ingave cartilaginous kana bony, iyo inoumbwa ne metamerized axial chikamu, inova vertebral column. Sekureva kwesainzi, pari zvino kune pakati pe50 uye ingangoita 000 mhando dzerudzi urwu.
Avhareji yemhuka dzine vertebrate inoratidzirwa nekuve nemuviri wadzo wakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu: hunde, musoro uye muswe; uye hunde yakakamurwawo kuita zvikamu zviviri zvinova dumbu nedumbu. Uyezve, hunde yakakamurwa kuita makumbo, izvo zvinogona kunge zvisinganzwisisike, sezvazvakaita nemarambi, uye akapetwa, sezvinoitika mune yakasara mhuka dzine vertebrate.
Muchikamu chavo che embryonic vane notochord inova musana wemusana pavanosvika pachikamu chevakuru.
Kazhinji musoro unosiyaniswa zvakanyanya uye muchikamu ichocho chemuviri nhengo dzakawanda dzetsinga uye dzekunzwa dziri pamwe chete. Kureruka uko kuumbwa kwecranial yemhuka dzevertebrate fossilizes kwave kwakakosha kuti isu tikwanise kunzwisisa kushanduka kwavo.
Mumatanho ekukura kwe embryonic, matishu emuviri wemhuka dzine vertebrate anoita maburi kana kuti gill slits, izvo zvinova izvo zvinopa kune izvo zvinozoburitsa magill ehove nedzimwe mhuka dzemugungwa uye kune zvimwe zvakasiyana zvimiro .
Panyaya yemhuka dzemugungwa, skeleton yavo inogona kuumbwa nemapfupa, kuve cartilaginous, uye dzimwe nguva ine exoskeleton, iyo inosanganisira skeletal ganda formations.
Iyo anatomy yemhuka dzine vertebrate ine zvinotevera hunhu maficha:
integument
Iyo integument yakakosha zvikuru munyaya yemhuka dzine vertebrate nekuda kwemabasa akawanda ainoita, uye inogona kuratidza zvakasiyana-siyana zvekorneal. Kuti uwedzere zvimwe pamusoro pechinyorwa ichi, unogona kutarisa chinyorwa pa mhuka dzine makwapa.
Zvidzidzo zveSainzi zvakaratidza kuti mubatanidzwa une maglands ane secretory kana excretory function, inodzivirira uye inonzwa zvimiro, uye zvimwe zvimiro zvinokwanisa kuvhara ganda kubva kunharaunda.
Iyo integument inoumbwa nezvikamu zvitatu: hypodermis, dermis, uye epidermis. Mukuwedzera, ma chromatophores kana masero emuvara anowanikwa ipapo, kuitira kuti masero epigment akabuda kuburikidza neganda ari mu integument.
Ikozvino, ganda rine zvimiro zviviri zvakakosha, zvinova epidermal uye dermal:
epidermal structures
Vanoumba glands dzinogamuchira zita re faneras uye zvichienderana nekirasi yezvinhu zvakatsanangurwa mazviri, zvinogona kuva nechepfu, sezvinoitika kune dzakawanda zvinokambaira, amphibians nehove; uye mammary, dikita kana sebaceous mumhuka dzinoyamwisa. Izvi zvinoonekwa zvinogona kuwanikwa mumatishu kana mune nyanga appendages iri paganda, ndizvo zvakaita shiri dzakasiyana, hove uye zvinokambaira.
Kunewo mafanera anobereka minhenga nemuromo, seshiri, nzwara nezvipikiri; mane uye mahwanda, sezvinoitika mune dzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa, uyewo nyanga mumhuka dzakadai senzombe kana antelope.
dermal structures
Vanogona kuonekwa mumhando dzakawanda, pakati pavo pane zvikero muhove; mahwendefa ebhoni anogona kuonekwa pamatehwe ezvimwe zvinokambaira, izvo zvinodaidzwa kuti chelonians, uye zviyero zvakasimba zvakanyanya zviripo paganda remakarwe; pamwe chete nenyanga dzatinogona kuwana mumhuka dzinodya.
Locomotor zvishandiso
Iyo locomotor system yemhuka dze vertebrate yakagadziridzwa kubva pachinangwa chayo chekutanga chekupa kugona kushambira kupa kugona kuita zviito zvakawanda, pakupedzisira ichibvumira mafambiro akaomarara kuti aitwe zvinoenderana nemamiriro anoonekwa nenhengo dzekunzwa. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve mamwe marudzi emhuka, unogona kushanyira chikamu pa mhuka dzemarsupial.
Ihove, idzo dzinogara dzichiramba dziri nharaunda yepakutanga yehupenyu, dzakave nekushanduka-shanduka nekuonekwa kwezvimbi zviviri, izvo gare gare, kuburikidza nekushanduka-shanduka, zvakashandurwa kuita quiridia kana pentadactyl locomotive makumbo, kureva kuti, ane zvigunwe zvishanu. , pavakatanga kushandura pekugara vakananga kunyika.
Gare gare dzakava nounyanzvi hwokujairana nemamiriro ezvinhu, sezvinoitwa nekubata maoko etsoko, nzwara dzehadzi, kana kuti mapapiro anobvumira shiri kuti dzirarame mumhepo.
Circulatory system
Mumhuka dzine vertebrate, hurongwa hwekutenderera hunovanzwa, uye kuburikidza nayo okisijeni uye chikafu chinotakurwa kuenda kunhengo dzakasiyana, masero uye matishu, sezvinoitika nemasero matsvuku eropa anotakura okisijeni kuburikidza nehemoglobin. Inoumbwa nehurongwa hweropa uye lymphatic system.
Iyo inotenderera inotenderera ine sechikamu chayo chikuru moyo wakagadzirwa nemakamuri, atrioles, arteries, venules, tsinga uye capillaries. Munyaya yehove pane systemic uye branchial circuit.
Mumhuka dzakawanda dzepasi, circulatory system yadzo yakapetwa kaviri, nekuti kazhinji ine rudzi rwekutenderera kana kutenderera kukuru, uye mhando yepulmonary kana kudiki kutenderera, izvo zvinoreva kuti venous uye arterial ropa haritombosangana.
Kana iri hove, mwoyo unoumbwa nemakamuri maviri, ventricle uye atrium; Kana ari amphibians uye zvinokambaira, ine maviri atria uye imwe ventricle. Mushiri nemhuka dzinoyamwisa, mwoyo une makamuri mana, unosanganisira maviri ventricles uye maviri atria, inotsigirwa nenhevedzano yemoyo mavharuvhu.
Pamusoro pezvo, mhuka dzine vertebrate dzine lymphatic system, ine basa rekuunganidza interstitial fluid.
Midziyo yekufema
Nezvekufemerwa kwemhuka dzine vertebrate, mumhuka dzemumvura ndeyemhando yebrazial, sezvakaita cyclostomes, hove uye amphibian larvae; nepo mumhuka dzepanyika midziyo ndeyemhando yemapapu; Uyezve, mune dzimwe mhuka dzemumvura uyewo amphibians, vanogona kuva nemhando mbiri dzekufema, dziri pulmonary uye kuburikidza neganda.
Iyo gill inhengo yefiliform kana appendage, kureva, vascularized sheets, uye inogona kuva yemukati kana kunze, zvichienderana nokuti inowanikwa kupi mumuviri wemhuka.
Basa ravo nderokufema, uye vane basa rekuchinjanisa magasi nemhoteredzo yemvura. Iyo gill ine seyakajairwa hunhu nzvimbo yakakura inosangana nekugara, uye mune izvi zvimiro kugovera kweropa kunogadzirwa zvakanyanya, kupfuura mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzemuviri.
Midziyo yokufema yeshiri inoshanda zvikuru; Inopa okisijeni inodiwa kuti ibudise simba rinodiwa nemuviri wako kuti rikuchidze kushanda kunoitwa panguva yekubhururuka. Hurongwa hwayo hune bronchial uye hwakabatana nemasaga emhepo, anonzi mapapu; Mapapu akaumbwa ne lobules uye alveoli.
Kutya system
Nhungamiro yezvipembenene inoumbwa nenheyo yepakati, iyo inoumbwa neuropi uye musana; uye yeperipheral nervous system, inoumbwa neakawanda ganglia uye musana uye musana netsinga. Kuti udzidze nezve mhuka dzisina mapfupa, unogona kutarisa zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinoenderana.
Iko kunewo autonomic nervous system inodzora viscera, inonzi sympathetic uye parasympathetic systems. Zvinocherechedzwa kuti nhengo dzekunzwa uye mabasa emotokari anonatswa zvakanyanya uye akagadzirwa.
Tichaona kuti tsinga dzemusana dzinogoverwa pamatanho akasiyana-siyana emuzongoza, akabatana nenhengo dzakasiyana-siyana, glands uye tsandanyama. Mune tetrapods, mazamu maviri emuzongoza anoratidzwa, iyo lumbar uye cervical intumescences, nekuda kwekushanduka kwekushanduka kwemakumbo.
Manzwiro anoumbwa nemaziso, ari mukamuri yekuona kweparutivi, kunze kwekunge kune dzimwe primates neshiri, umo mune binocular; tangoreceptors, iyo inosanganisira inobata nhengo dzemhuka dzinoyamwisa uye mutsara wepashure unobata masaisai ekumanikidza ecyclostomes, hove uye mamwe amphibians emumvura.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQo9wZS2BC0
Inosanganisirawo nhengo dzekunzwa, iyo mu tetrapods ine nzeve yemukati uye yepakati, oval uye yakatenderera orifices, eardrum membrane uye cheni ye ossicles, iyo inokonzera kuendesa kudengenyeka kweeardrum kune cochlea. Nzeve yepakati yakabatana kune pharynx nechubhu yeEustachian.
Pamusoro pezvo, mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakapihwa nzeve yekunze, nepo hove dzine nzeve yemukati chete.
Endocrine system
Iyo endocrine system yemhuka dze vertebrate yakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya uye yakakwana nekuda kwekugadziriswa kunogadzirwa neiyo evolutionary process; Kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwehomoni, mabasa mazhinji echipenyu anogona kudzorwa.
Iyi endocrine system inotungamirwa nepituitary gland uye hypothalamus, izvo zvimiro zvinogadzira mameseji nekuburitsa biochemicals inoshanda pane gonads, adrenal glands, pancreas, uye dzimwe nhengo dzakawanda.
Digestive system
Iyo digestive system yemhuka dzine vertebrate yakatora matanho makuru mukushanduka-shanduka, kubva pamhando dzekutanga dzehupenyu, iyo yaidya nenzira yekusefa, kusvika kune macrophagic vertebrate mhuka.
Izvi zvave kuda huwandu hukuru hwekushanduka-shanduka kuti huve nechokwadi mune zvakasiyana zvimiro zvinosanganisirwa mukudya, zvinosanganisira masticatory, mazino, uye tsandanyama zvimiro, kunyangwe mune yemukati cavities pachayo, kunyange kugadzira enzymatic zvikamu zvinodiwa nemuviri kuita kugaya.
Iyo digestive system yemhuka dzine vertebrate inoumbwa nemuromo, pharynx, esophagus, dumbu, ura uye anus. Ese aya organic zvimiro ane hukama kune mamwe anobatana glandular zvimiro, senge salivary glands, pancreas uye chiropa.
Ne tetrapods zvinoitika kuti muromo wavo wakaoma zvakanyanya, nokuti mukati mayo boka rezvivakwa zvekubatsira rakagadzirwa, zvakadai semazino, rurimi, palate nemiromo.
Dumbu rinowanzogadziriswa nenzvimbo nhatu; Panyaya yemhuka, mhuka dzinodya, dzine kudya, nekuda kwekugadzirisa kwavakaita kunzvimbo yavo yekugara, inosanganisira kudya kwemishonga, vane dumbu rakagadzirwa nemakumbo mana.
Neshiri zvinoitika kuti iwe unogona kuona proventriculus uye gizzard mudumbu ravo rine basa rekukuya zvokudya, uye mugumbo ravo vane diverticulum kana chirimwa.
Ura (intestine in English) chiumbwa chinoumbwa nechikamu chakamanikana chinodaidzwa kuti dumbu diki, uye chimwe chiumbwa chidiki uye chakapamhama, chinodaidzwa kuti ura.
Ura hudiki ndiko kunosvika bile kubva pachiropa uye muto wepancreatic, ayo anoita basa reproteolytic, kureva kuti, anoshandiswa kuita hydrolyze mapuroteni, uye mune iyi nzira kudya kunotorwa, kuburikidza ne microvilli iri mudumbu diki. Munhengo iyi, nzira yekunyura kwemvura inoitika uye tsvina kana tsvina inogadzirwa.
Pakutanga, mhuka dzekare dzakagamuchira chikafu chadzo kuburikidza nemasefa masisitimu, ayo akazotsiviwa nemamwe masisitimu akashanduka sezvaaichinjira kunzvimbo yavo itsva.
Chigumisiro cheizvi chaiva chokuti zvimiro zvakadai sehukuru hwe pharynx mumhuka dzinoyamwisa uye nhamba yegill slits munyaya yehove yakaderedzwa.
Kunze kwemaagnathan, ayo ari echinyakare vertebrates, maviri ekutanga branchial arches edzimwe mhuka dzine vertebrate akawana maitiro ekuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika ave shaya, ayo akakwanisa kuita hunyanzvi mukutora chikafu. Saka hurongwa hwekugaya hwakakwana.
Excretory system
Iyo excretory apparatus yemhuka dzine vertebrate inoumbwa nerenal chimiro uye magland anoburitsa dikita. Iyi ihurongwa hwakanyanya hunyanzvi, kana ichienzaniswa neiyo yemhuka dzepasi chordate.
Kuburikidza neizvi zvimiro zvakasimukira zvakanyanya, zvinokwanisika kusefa zvinwiwa zvemukati mukati memamiriro ekunze emuviri, uku uchichengetedza kuenzana kwemvura yese mukati memuviri uye kubatsira kugadzirisa kupisa kwemuviri wemhuka.
Kuberekerwa
Chimiro chekuberekana kwemhuka dzine vertebrate inowanzoita zvepabonde. Kunze kwedzimwe hove dzinozvarwa dzine hunhu hwekuva hermaphrodites, kureva kuti dzine nhengo dzechirume nedzechikadzi panguva imwe chete.
Sezvatakataura, mutemo mukuru ndewekuti kubereka ndeyepabonde, kuburikidza nekupindira kwemhuka mbiri dzemhando imwe chete asi dzevarume vakasiyana, kana kuburikidza nemukati kana kunze kwekuita pamuviri, zvose munyaya yemhuka dzinobereka viviparous sezvinoitwa oviparous breeding. mhuka.
Nyaya yemhuka dzinoyamwisa ndiyo ine kuoma kunzwisisa kukuru, nokuti inoda kuti kamwana kachangobva kunambwa kakura mukati maamai vanenge vasangana nembeu, uye kugashira zvokudya kuburikidza nerukuvhute, mumhuka idzodzo dzinoyamwisa, kana kuti dze<em>marsupial, dziri mudumbu. nyaya yemhuka dzinoyamwisa.
Kamwe vana vemhuka dzinoyamwisa vazvarwa, kupihwa kwechikafu kunoitwa nemukaka wakavanzwa naamai kuburikidza nemazamu ezamu.
Evolutionary nhoroondo
Mhuka dzeVertebrate dzakava nemavambo avo panguva yeCambrian, pakutanga kwePaleozoic, iyo yaive nguva inoshamisa yekuchinja, panguva imwechete iyo mamwe marudzi mazhinji ezvisikwa zvipenyu aivewo nekwaakabva.
Mhuka yekare inozivikanwa ndeyeHaikouichthys, ine fossil yakanzi ndeye makore 525 miriyoni. Izvi Mhuka dzinochinja-chinja iwo akanyatsofanana nekirasi yemazuva ano yehagfish, nekuda kwekuti vakanga vasina shaya kana agnathus, uye zvose skeleton yavo nedehenya ravo raiva remhando yecartilaginous.
Imwe mhuka yekare kwazvo ine vertebrate ndiyo Myllokunmingia, ine fossil inoratidza kuti yaive nehunhu hwakafanana. Zvisaririra zvose zviri zviviri zvakawanikwa muChengjiang, China.
Hove dzekutanga dzeshaya, magnathostomes, dzakaita kuoneka kwavo muOrdovician, uye dzakabudirira kwazvo mukuberekana munguva yeDevonian, ndosaka nguva iyoyo ichinzi zera rehove.
Asi zvakare munguva imwe chete iyoyo maagnathan mazhinji ekare akanyangarika uye ma labyrinthodonts akaita chitarisiko chavo, idzo dzaive mhuka dziri padanho rekuchinja mukushanduka-shanduka, sezvo dzaive pakati pehove neamphibians.
Vabereki vezvikara zvakaputika panyika munguva inotevera kana nguva, iyo yaiva Carboniferous. Zvinoenderana nekuferefeta kwakaitwa, zvinoonekwa kuti zvinokambaira zveanapsid nesynapsid ndizvo zvakange zvakazara munguva yePermian, kusvika kuchikamu chekupedzisira chePaleozoic, asi madiapsids aive zvipembenene zvine vertebrate zvaitonga panguva yeMesozoic.
MaDinosaurs akagamuchira shiri dzenguva yeJurassic. Asi kutsakatika kwema<em>dinosaur pakupera kwe<em>Cretaceous period kwaifarira kupararira kwemhuka dzinoyamwisa.
Zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro yekuferefeta, mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzaive mugumisiro wekushanduka-shanduka kwakagadzirwa kubva kune zvinokambaira zve synapsid kwenguva yakareba, asi izvo zvakange zvaramba zviri mundege yakaderedzwa panguva yeMesozoic.
Nhamba yemhando dziripo
Huwandu hwemhando dzemhuka dzine vertebrate dzatatsanangura dzinogona kukamurwa kuita tetrapods nehove. Maererano nenyanzvi, ikozvino zvinogoneka kutsanangura huwandu hwe66,178 marudzi, asi izvi hazvirevi kuti ivo kana kuti vanga vari ivo chete varipo kana kuti vachave varipo, nokuti tinofanira kuyeuka kuti kushanduka-shanduka hakuna kupera uye munguva ye nzira yekushanduka-shanduka inogona Zvingaitika kuti marudzi matsva aonekwe mune ramangwana.
Kuti utipe pfungwa, hapana dhiyabhorosi yehuwandu hwemhando dzinofungidzirwa dzemhuka dzine vertebrate dzisina shaya, asi pamwe chete nehove inofungidzirwa kuti inenge 33.000; nepo pakati pemhuka dzine shaya, kubatanidza mhuka dzomumvura, zvinokambaira, shiri nemhuka dzinoyamwisa, kunofungidzirwa kuti kune marudzi anenge 33.178 XNUMX.
Traditional Linnaean classification
Mhuka dzeVertebrate dzakagara dzakarongedzerwa kwezana ramakore kuita makirasi gumi ezvisikwa zvipenyu zvakaiswa mumapoka nemasayendisiti sezvizvi:
Subphylum Vertebrata
Agnatha superclass (hapana shaya)
Kirasi Cephalaspidomorphi
Kirasi Hyperoartia (lamreys)
Kirasi Myxini (hagfish)
Superclass Gnathostomata (ine shaya)
Kirasi Placodermi
Kirasi Chondrichthyes (shark, mwaranzi, uye dzimwe hove dzecartilaginous)
Kirasi Acanthodii
Kirasi Osteichthyes (hove dzine bony)
Superclass Tetrapoda (ine makumbo mana)
Kirasi Amphibia (amphibians)
Kirasi Reptilia (zvinokambaira)
Kirasi Aves (shiri)
Kirasi Mammalia (zvinoyamwisa)
cladistic classification
Asi zvidzidzo zvichibva panzira dzecladistic classification dzakaitwa kubva kuma80 dzakapa kugadziridzwa kukuru munzira yekuisa mumapoka mhuka dzine vertebrate. Kunyangwe gakava resainzi richienderera mberi uye kupatsanurwa kunoitwa mune ramangwana hakugone kutorwa sekwakaperera.
Nekuda kweshanduko yesainzi yambotaurwa, nzira yekuisa mumapoka emhuka dzine vertebrate yakashanduka kubva pakuedza kutsva kwekutanga kubva 1980, uye kunyangwe isiri iyo yakasarudzika kupatsanurwa, isu ticharatidza hutsva hutsva hwemhuka dziripo dzine vertebrates maererano neazvino genetic zvidzidzo. :
Vertebrata/Craniata
cyclostomata
Myxini (witch fish)
Hyperoartia (lamreys)
gnathostomata
Chondrichthyes (cartilage hove)
Teleostomy
Actinopterygii (hove dzine bony ray-finned)
Sarcopterygii
Actinistia (coelacanths)
rhipidistia
Dipnomorpha (lungfish)
tetrapod
Amphibia (matodhi, matatya, salamanders uye caecilians)
amniote
synapsida
Mhuka (mammalia)
Sauropsida
Lepidosauria (madzvinyu, nyoka, amphisbenids uye tuatara)
Archellosauria
Testudines (kamba)
archosauria
Crocodilia (makarwe)
bird
Tinokurudzira izvi zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinonakidza:
- Mhuka dzemugungwa
- Mhuka dzepanyika
- Mhuka dzepapurazi
