Munhoroondo yechadenga kune vanhukadzi vazivi vemuchadenga vakakodzera kuziva, ndosaka nhasi tiri kuzovasimbisa kuti munhu wese. Ngatizivei mazita avo nenyaya dzavo.
Ngatisanganei nevaparuri mukuenda muchadenga. Vakadzi vekutanga vakatora danho iri kunze kwepasi redu uye, mune dzimwe nguva, Ivo havazivikanwi zvakanyanya kunyangwe vachifanirwa nazvo.
vazivi vemuchadenga vechikadzi
Kana tikafunga nezvekufamba muchadenga, vazivi vemuchadenga vakavepo munhoroondo yese havawanzouya mupfungwa. Tinogona kufunga nezvevachadenga vakasiyana vakaita saNeil Armstrong kana mumwe muchadenga ane mvere sembwa Laika, angave chisikwa chipenyu chekutanga kutenderera Pasi. Zvisinei, Kwave kune vazivi venyeredzi vechikadzi vakapikisa miganhu yepasi redu vakasvika panze. Nhasi tichataura nyaya dzavo.
Mazita uye nyaya dzeiyi cosmonauts
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (1963)
Kubvira achiri muduku, Valentina aida chaizvo kubhururuka nendege, muna 1959. Akabatana nechikwata che skydiving iyo yaiva chikamu chesangano rekubatsira reSoviet Air Force. Pasina kupokana, Valentina akatanga kumira akasiyana nevamwe uye nekutanga ikoko mukusvetuka kusvetuka kukuru kuenda muchadenga kwaizotanga.
Mu 1961 IUSSR yaida kuenda mberi kweUnited States maererano nekutumira mukadzi muchadenga, ndiye aizova mukadzi wokutanga kusvika muchadenga uye naizvozvo aizoguma ave mumabhuku enhau. Nyika mbiri idzi dzaida nzvimbo iyoyo. Pavaitsvaga shasha yemutambo uyu, nezvinodiwa sezera kana kureba kwemaoko pamwe nekuve skydivers akanaka, vakaona vakadzi vashanu.
Vashanu vakapinda muAir Force uye vakadzidziswa zvakaomarara mumuviri nepfungwa. Physics, nyeredzi, meteorology kana masvomhu makirasi; hurukuro dzedzidzo uye miedzo yakaoma yemuviri. Varume vaishanda navo, avo pakutanga vasina kuona vakadzi vashanu ivavo zvakanaka, vakatofanira kuchinja pfungwa dzavo ndokutanga kuremekedza kuedza kukuru kwavaiita zuva nezuva.
Pakupedzisira, Valentina ndiye aizova akasarudzwa, sezvo kunze kwekukwanisa mune zvematongerwe enyika, akanga ari chimwe chinhu icho USSR chaionekwa zvakanaka: "kuchena kwemafungiro emakomunisti." Akanga ataura kuti aizopa hupenyu hwake nokuda kweKomsomol. Basa raakatanga raive reku ongorora mhedzisiro yekubhururuka muchadenga pamiviri yevakadzi nevarume.
Exactly the June 16, 1963, kekutanga mukadzi akabva panyika uye yakasvika nzvimbo. Mazwi aakatanga kutaura ndeekuti “Hona Gaviota, hoyo Gaviota. Ndiri kuona mutsetse webhuruu pamhene: iPasi. Iyo yakanaka! "Zvese zviri kufamba zvakanaka."
Svetlana Savitskaya (1982)
Savitskaya's professional training yakatoratidza kwaizoenda ramangwana rake, akapinda muMoscow Aviation Institute, ndokuzoshanda semurairidzi wendege uye akaita zvidzidzo zvehunyanzvi zvevatyairi vendege. Akakodzera semutyairi webvunzo kubva kubazi reMhepo Indasitiri yeUSSR uye akapinda muYakovlev dhizaini Bureau yekuvandudza ndege uye muna 1980 akatanga kuve chikamu cheboka rakanga richangobva kugadzirwa revakadzi vecosmonauts.
Savitskaya aizoita ndege yake yekutanga 19 makore mushure meValentina, ndege yaizotora mazuva 19. Asi uku kwaisazova kudzoka kwake chete kubva panyika, asi akaita zvakawanda, pakati pavo muna 1984 akava mukadzi wekutanga kutora nzvimbo yekufamba. Kupfuura uku kwakatora maawa matatu nemaminetsi makumi matatu uye pamwe chete nayo akaita gungano, kucheka uye basa rekushongedza. Rwendo irworwo rwakaitawo kuti ave mukadzi wokutanga kufamba muchadenga kaviri. Kunyangwe, nerombo rakanaka, vakadzi vazhinji kumashure kwake vaizotyora iyo rekodhi.
Uyezve, sechinhu chinoda kuziva, chingave icho yekupedzisira soviet female astronaut, sezvo mamwe ma<em>cosmonauts aizotoita nzendo dzavo sevagari vomuRussia.
Sally Ride (1983)
Sally Ride akazova iye mukadzi wekutanga wekuAmerica kubuda panze yemhepo yepasi uye mukadzi wechitatu munyika. Uyu akapedza kudzidza wefizikisi akave muzivi wemuchadenga weNASA mukupera kwema70, kwaakanzwa chiziviso chichikumbira vazvipiri kuchirongwa cheAmerican space. Ndingaite chimwe chinhu anopfuura maawa 343 muchadenga.
Basa raRide raive rakawanda pakati pebasa paCenter for International Security uye Arms Control paStanford University, makomiti ekuferefeta kwekurasikirwa kwe Challenger and of Columbia Asi akazovawo mutambi wetennis nyanzvi.
Anna Lee Fisher (1984)
Muna 1976, Anna Lee Fisher akapedza kudzidza. nyanzvi mukurapa kwekukurumidzira, izvo zvakaita kuti ashande muzvipatara zvakasiyana-siyana zvakapoteredza Los Angeles. Makore maviri gare gare aizosarudzwa semumiriri kuti ave astronaut uye chirongwa chekudzidzisa chaizotanga.
Nokuda kwezvidzidzo zvake uye ruzivo rwemishonga yakatsigira bvunzo dzakasiyana paKennedy Space Center, pamwe nekuvhurwa kwega kwega uye kumhara kweiyo orbital ndege bvunzo, kwaaive ari muzvikopokopo zvekununura. Muchikamu ichocho chebasa rake haana kungopa tsigiro uye data sachiremba asiwo data rekushanda panzira yekununura pachayo kana zvaive zvakakodzera.
Pashure pemakore akawanda oruzivo rwokuzviwanira achishanda mukutsigira sachiremba, iye amene aizoita kutiza neDiscovery (1984). Haaizove mukadzi wekutanga mudenga, nekuti aitove nevamwe vakadzi pamberi pake, asi ndiye aizova amai vekutanga kusvika muchadenga.
Anna Lee Fisher, muhupenyu hwake hwose, Akapinda muzvirongwa zvitatu zvakakosha zveNASA: iyo shuttle, chiteshi chepasi rose uye zvakare muchirongwa cheOrion. Akaratidzwawo mukukwidziridzwa kwakasiyana siyana, nekuda kweiyo mafoto akateedzana akagadzirwa naJohn Bryson wemuchadenga akapfeka ngowani uye spacesuit. Aya mapikicha akatoshandiswa nemabhendi emimhanzi.
Shannon Lucid (1985)
Uyu muAmerican biochemist akatanga basa rake kuNASA muna 1878 uye akatora chikamu 5 nzendo kuenda muchadenga, imwe yacho yakarebesa. Ndiye ega mukadzi wekuAmerica akamboshanda muchikepe cheMir.
Muna 1978, NASA, mukupindura mitemo yekurwisa rusarura panguva iyoyo, yakasimudzira vakadzi vakati wandei naLucid. Akave chikamu cheAstronaut Corps. Sezvineiwo, pavakadzi vatanhatu vakasarudzwa, iye ndiye ega akanga ari amai.
Kubhururuka kwake kwekutanga kwaive muna 1985 paSTS-51-G mission yechitundumuseremusere Discovery, kunyangwe hazvo kubhururuka kwaakaita zvakanyanya raive basa rakamutungamira kuti Mazuva 188 ari muchadenga, 179 awo akanga ari muchiteshi chezvichadenga cheRussia Mir. Ikoko akaita kuedza kwakasiyana kwesayenzi uye akaisa dambudziko remunhu asiri weRussia nenhamba huru yemaawa ari muchadenga.
Pamusoro pekuve astronaut, aivewo NASA Chief Scientist uye Capsule Communicator pakuchinja kwehusiku mukutonga kwemashuttle akati wandei.
Helen Sharman (1991)
Mukutanga kwema90, Helen Sharman akava mukadzi wekutanga weBritish kuenda muchadenga. Uyu akapedza kudzidza muchemistry uye aine PhD kubva kuYunivhesiti yeLondon akanzwa chiziviso paredhiyo ichizivisa bvunzo dzeJuno chirongwa. Pashure pokunge asarudza kunyoresa pamwe chete nevamwe 13.000 XNUMX, aizova mumwe wevakasarudzwa.
Iyo Juno purojekiti yaive Soyuz TM-12 mishoni yaisanganisira mazuva masere, mazhinji acho ari paMir space station. Izvi zvakaita kuti Sharman ave iye mukadzi wekutanga pachiteshi ichocho.
Mabasa ake mukati memission aienderana nekusiyana humbowo hwekurapa uye hwekurima, pamwe nekutora mifananidzo kuBritish Isles kubva munzvimbo uye kuva radio link nevana vechikoro wenyika yake. Nzira yekuita kuti nzvimbo ionekwe kune ese mazera.
Izvi zvakaita kuti Sharman atange basa semudzidzisi uye mutauriri wesainzi kuvana uye basa rake rose rakaita kuti adomwa zita. nhengo inoremekedzwa yeRoyal Society yeChemistry yeUnited Kingdom.
Mae Jemison (1992)
Engineer, chiremba uye NASA astronaut, iyi ndiyo nzira yatingatsanangura nayo Mae Jemison, iyo yakaratidzawo mutsva wekutanga munyika yevakadzi: mukadzi wekutanga weAfrica-America kuenda mudenga.
Akapedza kudzidza kuStanford University muChemical Engineering uye African and African American studies, haana kugadzikana ndokuenda kunotora dhigirii rezvokurapa. Mushure mekuve chiremba muPeace Corps uye achishanda se general practitioner, akanyorera basa kuNASA., kwaakatanga kushanda.
Akasarudzwa pakati pevadzidzi zviuru zviviri vaida kujoina NASA, Mae akatanga basa rake pamwe chete nevamwe gumi neshanu vazivi vemuchadenga, ndokuva muna 2000. wekutanga African American mukadzi astronaut. Asati abhururukira muchadenga, akatsigira kumwe kutangwa uye kusimbiswa kwesoftware pamashuttles. Kubhururuka kwayo chete kwaizove mishoni kubva munaGunyana 12 kusvika 20, 1992, mubatanidzwa weUS-Japan mishoni, uko Jemison akatenderera Pasi ka127. Aizosiya NASA muna 1993 kuti awane kambani yake yekutsvagisa tekinoroji.
Basa rake uye kubudirira kwakamuita kuti ave pakati pe National Women's Hall of Fame and in the International Space Hall yeMukurumbira.
Roberta Bondar (1992)
Bondar yaizova iyo wekutanga muCanada wechikadzi astronaut asiwo, yekutanga yeCanada neurologist munzvimbo.
Vasati vatanga rwendo rwokuenda muchadenga, zvakanga zvakadaro mukuru wemishonga yemuchadenga kuNASA. Akasarudzwa muna 1983 pamwe chete nevamwe vezvemuchadenga vekuCanada uye gore rakatevera akatanga kudzidziswa kwake nezvemuchadenga. Panguva iyoyo akanga atova nedhigirii rezvokurapa, madhigirii akati wandei esainzi, uye akanga ari chiremba wezveuropiyo. Ainge ave kufarira nyika ye skydiving uye aine chitupa chake. Anga achifarirawo nyika yekutora mifananidzo, izvo zvakaita kuti atore mifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana yezvakasikwa nepasi uye kutora chikamu muzviratidzwa.
Kusvetukira kwake muchadenga kwakabva paruoko rwa mishoni ari muNASA's space shuttle Discovery, kwaaizoitisa bvunzo muSpacelab (rabhoritari yemuchadenga inosanganisirwa pachivharo). Mushure mechinangwa ichocho, aizoenderera mberi achishandira NASA semutungamiriri weboka repasi rose revatsvaguri vakaongorora data rakaunganidzwa pamisheni yemuchadenga.
Basa rake rakamuita kuti akodzere kukudzwa kwakasiyana se Order yeCanada, iyo Order yeOntario kana iyo NASA Space Medal.
Ellen Ochoa (1993)
Uyu wekuAmerica anasekuru nasekuru vekuMexico akazove mukadzi wekutanga weSpanish mavambo kusvetukira muchadenga. Basa rake rakamuwanisa mibairo yakasiyana seNASA Exceptional Service Medal kana Hispanic Heritage Award.
Akapedza kudzidza mufizikisi uye aine doctorate muinjiniya yemagetsi, aizove muongorori paNASA Ames Research Center. Aizove co-incentor yematatu patents pane optical masisitimu ekugadzirisa ruzivo, imwe yacho kubvisa ruzha kubva pamifananidzo uye imwe yekuziva zvinhu.
Kusvetukira kwake muchadenga kwaiva muna 1993, ari pabasa rekuongorora zuva nemhepo yakapoteredza pasi kuti aone zvazvinoita paNyika. Kubva ipapo akatora chikamu mishoni ina kunzvimbo uye yakaunganidza anopfuura 1000 maawa ekubhururuka.
Peggy Whitson (2002)
Peggy Whitson ndiye mukadzi aunganidza mazuva akawanda ari muchadenga, mazuva ose 665, maawa 22 nemaminitsi makumi maviri nemaviri.
Mushure mekushanda sa biochemist uye tekinoroji yemurabhoritari akazove nhengo yeUS-USSR Board in Space Biology uye Medicine. Basa rake paNASA rakashanduka kusvika 1996 akasarudzwa semuchadenga ndokutanga kudzidziswa.
Basa rake rekutanga muna 2002 raisanganisira kugara kwenguva refu ari muInternational Space Station senhengo yeExpedition 5. Pabasa rake rechipiri muna 2007 aizova mukuru wechikadzi wekutanga weExpedition 16. Akawana zita remuchadenga wechikadzi ane ruzivo rwakanyanya. kubva kuNASA. Ndiyo ine iyo rekodha kwemazuva ari muchadenga chevazivi venyeredzi vese veNASA, izvo zvakaita kuti atore chinzvimbo chechimakumi maviri nepfumbamwe chevazivi vemuchadenga. kuti zvavepo pasi rose.
