Miedzo yevaroyi veSalem, kana kuti miedzo yevaroyi veSalem, zviitiko zvakaitika muUnited States muna 1692 mumusha weSalem , uko vagari vemo vakawanda vakapomerwa mhosva nevavakidzani vavo yekunamata dhiabhorosi uye kuita uroyi.
Nhasi tiri kutaura nezvemiedzo iyoyo uye kutongwa kwekutanga kweSalem witch . Sezvo zviitiko izvozvo zvakakurudzira vaimbi vakasiyana-siyana kugadzira mabasa avo, mumwe muenzaniso chaiwo mutambo wekuti "The Crucible."
Varoyi veSaremu
Patinotaura nezvevaroyi vekuSalem, tiri kureva kutongwa kwevaroyi kwakaitika munguva yehutongi hweAmerica muna 1692 mumusha weSalem (ikozvino wava kunzi Massachusetts). Mukutongwa uku, vanhu gumi nevapfumbamwe vaipomerwa mhosva dzeuroyi vakatongerwa rufu, gumi nevane vavo vaiva vakadzi nevarume vashanu. Huwandu hwevaipomerwa mhosva mukutongwa ikoko huri pakati pe200 ne300, uye vazhinji vakasungwawo.
Nhoroondo yezvakaitika
Patinofunga nezvekutongwa kwevaroyi, pamwe tinofungidzira vakadzi vakapfeka nguwo nhema nengowani dzakapinza, vachibhururuka pamatanda emutsvairo pamwe chete nekatsi dzavo nhema. Hapana chingave chiri chokwadi. Kutongwa kwevaroyi kwaiwanzoitika kupfuura zvaungafunga muBritish Colonies. Nyaya yekutanga inotangira muna 1647 muConnecticut. Mumakumi emakore ekupedzisira ezana remakore rechi17, kutongwa kunosvika makumi maviri kwakanyorwa muNew England (kunyanya muBoston neSpringfield). Pamwe kwaiitwa kutongwa kamwe chete makore matatu kana mana ega ega, saka kwaiitika kashoma, asi zvakaitika.
Tinogona kuona kuti kunyange zvazvo ichizivikanwa se "miedzo yevaroyi yeSalem", chaizvoizvo chinhu chakaitika muPuritan America yese asi muSalem chakabuda pachena uye ndosaka chave chichiitwa nenzira iyi.
Kutanga kwemiedzo muSalem
Kutongwa kweSarem kwakatanga nekupomerwa mhosva kwakaitwa nemwanasikana waReverend Samuel Parris, Betty Parris, nemuzukuru wake Abigail Williams, izvo zvakakonzera kusungwa kwevakadzi vatatu.
Mwanasikana waReverend nemuzukuru wake vakapupura kuti vakashungurudzwa, vakarumwa, uye vakabaiwa. Vakati miviri yavo yakagwinha, maziso avo achitenderera uye miromo yavo yakashama. Panguva iyoyo, Reverend akavabvunza kuti ndiani aivatambudza, uye vakapindura kuti: Tituba, Sarah Osborne, naSarah Good. Ndiko kwakava kutanga kwekutongwa kwekutanga kwevaroyi veSalem.
Tibuta
Tibuta ndiye mukadzi wekutanga kupomerwa mhosva yeuroyi mune zvinonzi "Salem Trials," asi ndiye zvakare wekutanga kubvuma kuti aibata uroyi—kubvuma kwakawanikwa nekurohwa natenzi wake, Samuel Parris.
Pakutongwa kwake , akataura nezvembwa nhema, nguruve, makonzo matsvuku, uye kuti aibhururuka sei kubva panzvimbo imwe kuenda kune imwe achishandisa matanda . Akataurawo kuti Sarah Osborne aiva nechisikwa chine musoro wemukadzi, makumbo maviri, nemapapiro. Kubvuma kwake kwakakonzera nyonganyonga muSalem, sezvo zvaireva kuti Satani aiva pakati pavo.
Pasinei nezvose izvi, haana kutongerwa rufu asi kugara mujeri. Akadzima zvaakabvuma, achiti akanga amanikidzwa natenzi wake, Parris, izvo zvakaita kuti amusiye. Zvinozivikanwa kuti gare gare mari yake yechibatiso yakabhadharwa, uye mumwe munhu akatenga iye nemurume wake, ndokubva vabva kuSalem. Kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi, mugumo wake hauzivikanwe.
Sarah Osborne
Mwanasikana waReverend nemuzukuru wake havasi ivo vega vakapomera Osborne mhosva; Elizabeth Hubbard akati aimutambudza nekumubaya nekumubaya netsono dzekuruka. Uyezve, Sarah akanga asina kuenda kuchechi kwemakore matatu apfuura, achiti airwara kwenguva refu.
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mhuri yekwaPutnam yaive nechekuita nekupomerwa kwake uroyi. Sarah akaroorwa naRobert Prince, mukoma wemukadzi akanga aroorwa nenhengo yekwaPutnams, mhuri ine simba yaaibata nayo nyaya dzemutemo.
Osborne akaramba ari mujeri panguva iyo kutongwa kwacho kwaiitirwa uye pakupedzisira aizofira ikoko musi wa10 Chivabvu wegore rimwe chete.
Sarah Akanaka
Vagari vemumusha vakatsanangura kuti akanga asina kuchena, aine hasha, uye akanga akaparadzaniswa nevamwe vanhu, vakapomerwa mhosva yekufa kwezvipfuyo zvevanhu vakaramba kumupa zvipo. Izvi pazvakaitika, Sarah akanzi akasiya achigunun'una. Pakutongwa kwake, akati kugunun'una kwaakataura kwaiva Mitemo Gumi kwete chimwe chinhu. Kuti aratidze pfungwa yake, akakumbirwa kuti ataure mirairo pakutongwa, uye Sarah akatadza kutaura kana mumwe chete.
Kupomerwa uroyi kwakabva pakumuona achitsvoda mukadzi musi wa6 Kurume, 1692, uye nekuti mwanasikana waReverend nemuzukuru wake vaiti vakaroyiwa naye.
Sarah aibva mumhuri isina kusimba, akaderedzwa kusvika pakuva murombo nekuda kwechikwereti chemurume wake wekutanga. Miedzo iyi yaiwanzokonzerwa negodo; kuna Good, kuvimba kwake nevamwe vagari vemumusha kwaiita sekunge ndiko kwakamuita kuti aite zvinhu, sezvakaitawo murume wake, uyo airatidzika kunge ari muroyi aimubata zvisina kunaka.
Chikonzero cheSarem Miedzo
Vanyori venhoroondo vakawanda vakaedza kutsanangura nyaya dzevaroyi veSalem. Tsananguro inonyanya kugamuchirwa ndeyekuti maPuritan ekuAmerica, avo vaitonga dunhu iri vasina kutarisirwa nemadzimambo kubva muna 1630 kusvika kuMassachusetts Royal Charter ya1692, vaive nenguva yekunyanya kushingairira chitendero.
Pfungwa yacho, sezvinotaurwa nevanyori venhau dzakawanda, ndeyekuti kutaura kuti zviitiko izvozvo zvakakonzereswa nekunyanyisa kwechitendero kuri nyore. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinofanirwa kufungwa nezvazvo, zvakaita sekushungurudzwa kwevana, gakava pamusoro pezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, chepfu inobva muchingwa chakaviriswa cherye, kuedza kwemhuri yePutnam kubvisa vavengi vavo, maPorter, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvakabatana kuti zvigadzire dutu rakakwana kuti miedzo itange.
Pamusoro pezvose izvi, tinofanira kuwedzera kunyanyisa kwechitendero, kana kuti maitiro echitendero akaomarara akamanikidzwa muSalem, ndosaka vavakidzani vakaramba vachitarisana. Kana mashoko, maitiro, kana zviito zvaisaenderana nezvaionekwa sezvinogamuchirwa kana zvinobvumirwa nechitendero maererano nemitemo yePuritan, mabhero ekunyevera airira. Vakadzi, kunyanya, vaitarisirwa kushandira varume vavo uye vakanga vasina kodzero. Vana vaidzidziswa zvakasimba mabasa ehukuru pachinzvimbo chekubvumirwa kuva vana.
Uye, chinonyanya kukosha, zvaive zvakakosha kudzivirira hasha dzaMwari, izvo zvaigona kuunza matambudziko emamiriro ekunze, zvirimwa, nezvipfuyo. Kana chimwe chinhu chakaipa chikaitika, zvaive nekuda kwekuti mumwe munhu akaita zvisirizvo, uye Mwari aive achitumira zviratidzo zvehasha dzake. Katsi dzeMiddle Ages dzaitambudzwawo, zvichiratidza kutya nekusaziva kwakafanana nekwaSarem.
Mhedzisiro yeSalem Trials
Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi17, mazana evakadzi akanga asungwa nemhosva dzeuroyi. Mhosva idzi hadzina kumboendeswa kudare redunhu zviri pamutemo. Zvinozivikanwa kuti vanosvika vashanu vevakapomerwa mhosva vakafira mujeri, sezvakaitika kuna Sarah Osborne. Vanhu makumi maviri nevatanhatu vakatongerwa mhosva, uye makumi maviri avo, vazhinji vavo vakadzi, vakaurayiwa, kusanganisira Sarah Good.
Chimwe chinhu chinonakidza panyaya iyi ndechekuti dzaivakirwa pamakuhwa; hapana humbowo hwemabasa emadhimoni kana euroyi hwakaratidzwa. Vatongi vakanyengerwa nepfungwa dzechitendero dzakanga dzatanga uye dzapararira semoto wemusango, uye dzaigona kumutswa nemashoko chete. Kumanikidzwa kwakaitwa nevaPuritan kuti vashoropodze vainzi varoyi kwaivewo chinhu chekufunga nezvacho.
Munharaunda yese, miedzo iyi yakapesvedzera zvikuru uye yakabatsira kudzikira kwesimba rePuritan muNew England uye kuderera kwechitendero chevanhu vemumusha.
Rondedzero yevakabatwa nemhosva uye vakaurayiwa
- Bridget Bishop, Chikumi 10, 1692
- Rebecca Mukoti, Chikunguru 19, 1692
- Sarah Akanaka, Chikunguru 19, 1692
- Elizabeth Howe, Chikunguru 19, 1692
- Susannah Martin, Chikunguru 19, 1692
- Sarah Wildes, Chikunguru 19, 1692
- Reverend George Burroughs, Nyamavhuvhu 19, 1692
- George Jacobs, Nyamavhuvhu 19, 1692
- Martha Carrier, Nyamavhuvhu 19, 1692
- John Willard, Nyamavhuvhu 19, 1692
- John Proctor, Nyamavhuvhu 19, 1692
- Martha Corey, Gunyana 22, 1692
- Mary Eastey, Gunyana 22, 1692
- Mary Parker, Gunyana 22, 1692
- Alice Parker, Gunyana 22, 1692
- Ann Pudeator, Gunyana 22, 1692
- Wilmot Redd, Gunyana 22, 1692
- Margaret Scott, Gunyana 22, 1692
- Samuel Wardweel, Gunyana 22, 1692
Miedzo yehunyanzvi panorama
Zviitiko zvakapoteredza kutongwa kwevaroyi veSalem zvakaratidzwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzeunyanzvi, kusanganisira kupenda, kugadzira maprinta, mafirimu, mabhuku engano, uye mitambo yemitambo, sezvazviri pano. Pamwe rimwe remabasa akakosha iThe Crucible , mutambo wakanyorwa naArthur Miller muna 1952 uye wakaratidzwa gore rakatevera.
Miller pachake, mwanakomana wevaJudha vekuPoland, akambobatwa nemhosva munguva yaMcCarthy kuma1950 , paakapomerwa mhosva yekuva mutsigiri wechikomunisiti uye akaramba kudoma mazita evanhu veboka revanyori vaifungidzirwa kuti vane hukama neCommunist Party. Pasinei nekumanikidzwa kwaakasangana nako, izvo zvakatomutadzisa kuenda kumitambo yekutanga yemitambo yake, haana kutaura chero ani zvake. Akawanikwa aine mhosva yekuzvidza Congress nekuramba kudoma mazita avo, asi Dare reKukwidza Nyaya reUnited States rakachinja mutongo uyu muna 1958. Munguva yedambudziko iri, akanyora The Crucible.
