Mafarao akakosha eIjipita akasiya chiratidzo chisingakanganwiki munhoroondo yeIjipita Yekare , achisiyawo humbowo hwakawanda hwakakosha hwasvika mumazuva edu nekuda kwemafarao eIjipita.
Vavaki vakuru vemapiramidhi , zvivako zvetemberi , nenzvimbo dzekufa , varwi nevakundi , mafarao eIjipita vakatorawo pfuma kumakuva avo atinogona kuyemura mumiziyamu dzakawanda panguva yerwendo runoshamisa rwekuenda kuIjipita. Saka ngationei mafarao akakosha munhoroondo yeIjipita Yekare , tichiongorora zviitiko zvakakosha zvairatidza dzinza rega rega.
VanaFarao vaiva vanaani?
Madzimambo eIjipita Yekare, ainzi maFarao , aionekwa sevanhu vatsvene pakati pevamwari nevanhu. Saka masimba avo nemabasa avo kuvanhu zvaive zvakakwana . Kutaura zvazviri, vaifanira kutonga hupenyu hwezuva nezuva, nokudaro vachidzivirira budiriro kuti isapinde munyonganyonga . Nokudaro, vanhu vakazvipira zvizere kwavari. Nguva imwe neimwe mutongi mutsva paakatora simba, nyika itsva yakatanga kuvaIjipita vekare; ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru nei Ijipita Yekare isina nguva chaiyo uye kuverengwa kwemazuva kwakarurama.
Etymology
The etymology ye Farao kubva ku Greek Greek Faraozvinorevei imba yakakwirirasaka Royal Palace. Munguva yeEgypt yekare, mutongi kubva kudzinza rechi22 akatora musoro we Par῾ōh. Chimwe chezvinyorwa zvinonyanya kufarirwa umo izwi rokuti pharaoh rinoonekwa ndiro Bhaibheri (Ekisodho 7,13, XNUMX), paishandiswawo izwi iri wakanaka, dhimoni kana mudzvinyiriri, achiitora kubva mushoko infernal. Izwi rekuti mutongi panguva yeEgypt yekare yakatanga kuve yakakurumbira pakati pemadzimambo kusvika XNUMXst dzinza, yakamboshandiswa kubva kudzinza rechiXNUMX, kuratidza chete Royal pekugara uyezve basa ramambo.
Zvimiro
Basa guru remweya raFarao raive rekuchengetedza Maat , kana kurongeka kwepasi rose, nekuparadza nyonganyonga , inozivikanwa seIsefet . Nenzira iyi, kubatana pakati pevamwari nevanhu kwakachengetedzwa . Izvi zvakawanikwa zvakanyanya kuburikidza netsika nezvipiriso zvaipihwa nechitendero. Mutongi weIjipita aishanda semurevereri pakati penzvimbo dzamwari nevanhu, nokudaro achizadzisa mabasa kuvanhu. Saka, nekudaro, aida kuti vateerere zvizere . Kune vaIjipita vekare, Farao aive munhu anofa , asi maari maigara Ka , simba rechokwadi raMwari.
Ka akapfuudzwa kubva kuna Farao mumwe kuenda kumutsivi wake, nokudaro zvichigadzira cheni yesimba raMwari uye imwe yenzvimbo dzeumambo dzekare pasi rose . Mushure mekufa kwaFarao, kurongeka kwenyika kwakakanganiswa. Nekuda kweizvi, tsika dzakawanda uye kuomeswa kwemiti kwaidiwa. Nenzira iyi, mutongi aigona kurarama nekusingaperi munzvimbo yevakafa , zvichibvumira kugadzwa kwemutsivi wake. Korona mbiri dzavaipfeka dzaimiririrawo simba pamusoro peIjipita Yekumusoro neYezasi , zvichichinja mambo kuita mwari uye kudzorera kurongeka kwenyika. Kuwedzera pamabasa ake emweya, Farao aivewo nebasa rekurwisa vavengi nekuronga makwikwi ehondo.
Dynasties uye vaFarao veEgypt yekare
Pamusoro pezvo, maFarao eIjipita akakamurwa kuita nguva dzemadzimambo , idzo dziri makumi matatu uye dzinotangira muna 3100 BC kusvika 332 BC. Serekh , yakashandiswa mushure menguva yemadzimambo (3170 BC), yaive hieroglyph yaimiririra mwari Horus muchimiro chegondo, chiratidzo chekorona nehumambo.
Pazasi uchawana tafura pfupiso yemadzimambo akasiyana-siyana evaFaro , yatichaona zvakadzama, pamwe chete nemabasa akagadzirwa nemafaro akakosha.
| Nguva | Dzinza | Era | vafarao vakuru |
|---|---|---|---|
| predynastic period | dzinza 0 | 4000-3200 BC | kuwanikwa kwamambo |
| kutanga dynastic nguva | XNUMXst-XNUMXnd dzinza | 3150 - 2700 BC | meness |
| umambo hwekare | III-IV | 2700 - 2160 BC | Djoser, Cheops, Chephren, Menkaure |
| nguva yekutanga yepakati | VII-X | 2160 - 2055 BC | Netjerkara, Menkara, Sneferka Aanu |
| umambo hwepakati | XI-XII | 2055 - 1790 BC | Sesostri I |
| nguva yechipiri | XIII-XVII | 1790 - 1540 BC | Sekhaenra, Meruserra, Sekhemra Heruermaa |
| humambo hutsva | XVIII-XX | 1540 - 1080 BC | Tutankhamen, Amenhotep IV, Seti I, Ramses I naRamses II |
| yechitatu nguva yepakati | XXI-XXV | 1080 - 672 BC | Aakheperra, Bakenrenef |
| nguva yekupedzisira | XXVI-XXXI | 672 - 343 BC | Neferite I, Nectanebo I |
| Ptolemaic nguva | Ptolemaic Dynasty | 332 - 30 BC | Ptolemy I, Cleopatra VII |
| nguva yeRoma | madzimambo | 30 a.m C. - IV remakore AD. c. | Octavian Augustus |
predynastic period
Nguva yenhoroondo inotangira 4000 kusvika 3200 BC inoratidzwa nemabasa akawanda ekutora nzvimbo muArabian Desert neSinai Peninsula . Zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanikwa zvakabva kuSyria , Anatolia, neMesopotamia . Uyezve, kwaive nekubatana kwakawanda kwegungwa nezvitsuwa zveAegean , kunyanya munharaunda yeMediterranean. Kubva panguva iyi, nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekufa dzakawanikwa pedyo neNaqada , dzine nzvimbo dzakavigwa kare, dzakadai seFarmers' Necropolis , ine makuva anopfuura 144 uko mitumbi yakaomeswa yakawanikwa munzvimbo dzemwana asati aberekwa.
Tinogonawo kuona imwe yemhuka idzi dzakachengetedzwa mumatombo nhasi muEgyptian Museum yeTurin . Farao mukuru wedzinza, ainzi Zero , aive Mambo weScorpion , uyo mimwe mifananidzo yake yakawanikwa muzvinhu zvekare munguva iyi.
Iwo makuru eEgypt pharaohs e pre-dynastic period nemabasa avo.
El Scorpion Mamboanozivikanwa se horus chinyavada, akatonga Egipita yepamusoro panguva Dynasty 0. Muteveri we cult of horus, guva rake rakawanikwa mu nekhen necropolis, yakanzi HK6. Chinhu chikuru chinowanikwa kwaari ndeche hedj mace, pamusoro payo pane mufananidzo wake une glyph yescorpion.
kutanga dynastic nguva
Munguva yeProtodynastic Period, madzimambo maviri ekutanga anozivikanwa eFaro, anozivikanwa semadzimambo eThinite (kubva kuThinis, guta ravakabva), akabuda. Kubva munguva yapfuura yeLate Prehistoric Period, neDzinza Zero, takaona kumuka kwenyika mbiri, Upper neLower Egypt. Aive Menes , mutongi wekutanga weDzinza rekutanga , akabatanidza nyika mbiri idzi, sezvinoratidzwa neNarmer Tablet. Kunyora kwehieroglyphic kwakatangawo kukura munguva iyi, pamwe chete nehurongwa hwekuyera.
Vanafarao veEgipita venguva yePredynastic nemabasa avo
Farao ainyanya kukosha munguva yePredynastic kana kuti Archaic aive Menes ane mukurumbira weDzinza rekutanga , anozivikanwawo saNarmer . Akabatanidza Lower neUpper Egypt pasi pekorona imwe chete kunenge muna 3000 BC. Iye zvakare, sekureva kwevanyori venhoroondo, akatanga chitendero chamwari Apis . Mambokadzi wake wehumambo aive Neihotep, muchindakadzi wekuLower Egypt.
umambo hwekare
The Old Empire, 2700 kusvika 2160 B.C. c. rinofukidza dzinza 3 kusvika ku4 vaFarao veIjipiti. Munguva yeIchitatu Dynasty mavakirwo makuru akange achiri asina kusimba uye achiparara, isu takatanga kuona budiriro padanho reiyo. makuva. pashure makuva epasi pevhu, se mastabas, kubva panguva yekare, takatanga kuona zvivako zvepiramidhi zvekutanga. Imwe yemuenzaniso wekutanga ndeye Nhanho piramidhi yeSaqqara Necropolis, akarayira kuti ivakwe naFarao djoser wechitatu dzinza. Mukati moKutonga Kwechina, zvisinei, tinotanga kuona rumwe rudzi rwe mapiramidhi muEgipita, kufanana ne snefru, muMeidum. Sneferu ndiye wekutanga Farao wekare weEjipita dzinza rechina.
Uyewo panguva yehumambo uhwu, tinoona maPiramidhi eDahshur, akadai sePiramidhi Tsvuku, rechitatu rakareba kupfuura mamwe, mushure meaya eKhufu neKhafre, ane urefu hwemamita 104. Zvisinei, iri mukati meGiza Necropolis kwatinowana zviratidzo zvikuru zvehumambo hwechina, pamwe chete nehwemafarao ekare eIjipita, ayo achiripo nanhasi: maPiramidhi eKhufu , Khafre , neMenkaure.
Vanozivikanwa vaFarao veIjipita uye Mabasa Akakosha muHumambo hwekare
Nzvimbo yekufa kwemadzimambo echitatu panguva yeHumambo hwekare yaive Saqqara Necropolis, iri makiromita angangoita makumi mana kubva kuguta guru remazuva ano, Cairo . Chivako chakakosha iPiramidhi yaDjoser, kana kuti Zoser, pedyo neMemphis yekare. Zita iri rinobva kuna mwari wekare wechitendero Sokar. Nhasi, hatingooni chete Piramidhi yeStep yakakurumbira yaFarao Djoser yeHumambo hwechitatu, asiwo mamwe makuva emadzimambo kubva kuHumambo hwechipiri, kureva, kubva kunenge muna 3100 kusvika 2686 BC.
Kubva kuDzinza rechina zvichienda mberi, nzvimbo huru yekuvanda yakatamira kunzvimbo yeGiza. Farao wekutanga kuvaka piramidhi yake pano yaive Khufu, achigadzira icho chave chimwe cheZvishamiso Zvinomwe zveNyika Yekare chakapona. Akazoteverwa nemwanakomana wake Khafre nemuzukuru wake Menkaure, pamwe chete nemachinda akavaka makuva avo nemapiramidhi madiki pano. Mukati menzvimbo yekuviga yaKhafre, tinogona kuona Great Sphinx yeGiza , yakavakwawo naye. Pedyo nePiramidhi yeKhufu, Bhoti rake reZuva rekuviga rakawanikwa, riri pakati pezvikepe zvekuviga zvakakosha pasi rose maererano nehukuru uye mamiriro ekuchengetedza. Kubvira ipapo rakatamiswa kubva kuSun Boat Museum kuenda kuGiza Museum ( GEM ).
nguva yekutanga yepakati
Mushure mekutonga kwe Pepi II, pakati pe XNUMXth uye XNUMXth Dynasties muYekutanga Yepakati Period, iyo system inotangwa feudal, pamwe chete nehurongwa hwehurumende dzenzvimbo duku. Uyezve, munhoroondo yemafarao eEgypt, Humambo Hwekare hunoguma neChitanhatu Dynasty, kunyange isu tisina zuva chairo rekutanga kweYekutanga Yepakati Period. Kunyangwe rondedzero yevafarao vekuEgipita kubva ku7 kusvika ku8th Dynasty ndeye kusava nechokwadi, izvo zvine chokwadi nazvo kakaura, ane guva riri mukati Saqqara. Simba panguva dzemadzinza aya rakanga rakazara muguta re Memphis (Upper Egypt).
Kusaziva kumwe chete kuri murondedzero yevanafarao vekuIjipita kunoshandawo kuvatongi vemadzimambo echi9 nerechi10, apo chigaro chesimba chaive muHenet - Nesut . Munguva yemadzimambo echi10, chitendero chaRa chakasimba muHeracleopolis , zvichitanga kusawirirana neguta reThebes.
Vakuru veEgipita vafarao veNguva Yepakati uye vanoshanda
Pakati pevanafarao vashoma vatinavo zviratidzo munguva yepakati, tinowana Kakaura weDzinza reChisere. Zvinosuwisa kuti kusvika pari zvino, hapana zvinhu zvekare kana chimwe chinhu chine chekuita naye chakawanikwa. Kubva kuDzinza reChipfumbamwe, tinowana Kheti , asi kunyangwe muchiitiko ichi, nemabhuku mashoma enhoroondo akavimbika, hatizivi zvakawanda nezvevatongi vedzinza iri.
umambo hwepakati
Iwo mapharaonic dynasties eEgypt panguva yeMiddle Kingdom anoenda kubva kudzinza rechiXNUMX kusvika kune rechiXNUMX, kubva ku 2055 kusvika 1790 BC uye inoratidzirwa ne kupatsanurwa kwemasimba nekuda kwedambudziko reHumambo hwekare. Hunhu hwenguva iyi yenhoroondo ihondo dze Tebas, chaicho Luxor, izvo zvakakonzera kutsiva kubva kuguta se guta yeumambo hweIjipiti, ichitsiva Memfisi. Humbowo hukuru hwemazita evafarao veEgypt yekare panguva idzi dynasties hwakadzika kwatiri kubva pane zvinyorwa zviripo Karnak temberi yakaoma.
Main mafarao eEgypt eMiddle Kingdom uye anoshanda
Pakati pemafarao makuru enguva ino tinowana mudzinza reXI kuMentuhotep II. probable muvambi we umambo hwepakati, akabatanidzazve Lower and Upper Egypt. Panguva yokutonga kwake, akaderedza simba remagavhuna ega ega ematunhu ndokutanga kushandisa zvicherwa zvematombo pedyo aswan pakuvaka kwayo nekutengeserana. Vakadzi vake vehumambo vaive Izvo zvine nehanzvadzi yake Neferu. Nzvimbo yake yekuvigwa irimo Deir el Bahari, mune imwe amphitheatre yedombo. Munguva ye XNUMXth dzinza, mushure Senusret II, Senusret III akava Faro, ane simba zvikuru padzinza iri.
nguva yechipiri
Iri pakati peMiddle and New Kingdoms, Yechipiri Yepakati Period inosanganisira dynasties 13 a 17 vavaFaro veIjipiti. Humambo hwegumi nenhatu hunoshaya mitsara yedzinza chaiyo, zvichikonzerwa nekupfupika kwehutongi kubva muna 1790 BC kusvika 1630 BC. Vanafarao vekupedzisira vedzinza iri vaitonga chete Tebas. Munguva ye XNUMXth dzinza, maererano nezvakanyorwa naManetho, paiva 76 vafarao, anozivikanwa sa Great Hyksos, uyo akatonga Ijipiti yose. The hyksos, kana kuti vatungamiri venyika yokumwe, vakanga vari vatongi vevagari vechiSemite vakauya kuLower Egypt nokuyambuka Sinai Peninsula kubva pakutanga kwezana remakore.XNUMXth Dynasty.
Munenge mugore ra1720 BC, vakakwanisa kukunda madzimambo eIjipita aive eDzinza regumi nemana, uye munenge mugore ra1660 BC vakatora guta guru reMemphis panguva iyoyo . Chiitiko ichi chakaratidza kutanga kweDzinza regumi neshanu, nepo simba revaFarao rakagumira kuIjipita yepakati nepasi.
Mafarao makuru eEgipita nemabasa avo
Dzinza regumi neshanu raiva nemafarao matanhatu, uye vese vatine zvinyorwa zvavo vane zita rekuti Aphophis . Nguva yepakati yechipiri yakapera muna 1530 BC, apo farao wekutanga weDzinza regumi nesere akabatanidza Egipita, achikunda Nile Delta uye nokudaro akatanga Umambo Hutsva. Kushaikwa kwezviyeuchidzo nezvinhu zvekare munguva iyi yenhoroondo kwakakonzerwa nehondo dzemafarao eEgipita panguva yeUmambo Hutsva, izvo zvakaparadza zviratidzo zvenguva yakapfuura inonyadzisa yemadzimambo aya.
humambo hutsva
Humambo Hutsva, hwakatangira kubva 1540 kusvika 1080 B.C. c., inosanganisira madzimambo 18 a 20 uye mamwe evakakurumbira Ekare vafarao veEgipita venguva dzose. Iyi nguva yenhoroondo yakakosha zvekuti vanyori venhoroondo vanotaura nezve a Imperio, haasisiri woUmambo. Muchokwadi, pano tinoona pakakwirira pakakwirira kubva pakupesvedzera kweEgypt, mavakirwo ayo nehunyanzvi hwayo. Panguva iyi, zvakare, mwari-mambo Farao akava mambo mukuru. Amenhotep IV akaedza kuchinja chitendero akakundikana. Kubatana kweEgypt panguva iyi kwakagoneswa ne Seti I, Ramses II uye III, nekuda kwehondo dzake dzehondo mu Asia uye kakawanda kupikisa Maguta e Tue. Munguva ye XNUMXth dzinza, ndatenda Thutmosis III Egypt yakasvika pakukura kwayo kukuru, kubva pakona yechina yeNairi kusvika kuNubia.
Kunamata kukuru kwaiva kuya Amoni, yakanangana ne karnak temple muThebes, ichiva musimboti wesimba rechitendero asiwo rezvematongerwo enyika ravanafarao vekuIjipiti. The XNUMXth dzinza inogona kukamurwa kuita zvikamu zviviri, zvinoratidzwa naFarao Ramses II vakakwira Merenptah. Muchikamu chechipiri, simba rehumambo rakaparadzwa nekukakavadzana kwakawanda kwemukati. Kutaura zvazviri, the XNUMXth dzinza Yakapera nemhirizhonga yakazara uye kusavapo kwesimba repakati. Iye humambo hutsva kupedza ne XNUMXth dzinza, inoratidzirwa ne kumukira nekuda kwekutama kwePeoples of the Sea, kunyange zvakadaro Ramses III akakwanisa kuvakanganisa kakawanda.
VanaFarao veIjipita yekare panguva yeHumambo Hutsva uye mabasa makuru
Dynasties yevafarao veEgypt munguva ino vakasarudza Mupata waMambo senecropolis yavo, nepo vahosi vehumambo vakavigwa muMupata wakatarisana weQueens. Makuva ari pano ndeekare 1539 kusvika 1075 B.C. c.. Iyo saiti yakasarudzirwa nzvimbo yayo yakavanzika kupfuura munhukuvaka makuva pakadzika panzvimbo peakakwirira, achivadzivirira pavapambi. Kubva 1979, saiti ino Unesco World Heritage Saiti. Pakati pekuvigwa kwakakurumbira kwatinogona kuwana pano tinoona guva raTutankhamun ( KV62 ), yakawanikwa muna 1922 nababa veEgyptology Howard Carter. Guva raRamses II (KV7 ) akavakawo temberi ramesseum setemberi yake yokuviga. Ramses II zvakare akavaka Abu Simbel temberi yakaomafuti QV66 kumukadzi wako Nefertari in the Mupata weQueens.
MuMupata weMadzimambo, tinowanawo makuva aRamses III ( KV11 ), uyo akaraira temberi yaMedinet Habu , Ramses IV ( KV2 ), Merenptah ( KV8 ), Seti I ( KV17 ), naRamses VI weDzinza reMakumi Maviri ( KV9 ). Uyezve, mafarao eIjipita eDzinza reMakumi Mapfumbamwe akatangawo kuvaka Tembere yeLuxor , zvinhu zvakawanda zvayo zviri muLuxor Museum iri pedyo . Pakati pemafarao anotungamira eHumambo Hutsva, tinowana Hatshepsut, mwanasikana waThutmose I uye mumwe wevatongi vane simba veIjipita Yekare : Mambokadzi-Farao Hatshepsut weDzinza reMakumi Masere . Kuwedzera pakutanga kuvaka Tembere yeKarnak , akarairawo temberi yake yakanaka kwazvo yemochari kuDeir el-Bahari.
yechitatu nguva yepakati
Iyi nguva yenhoroondo inoenderera mberi kubva muna 1080 kusvika muna 672 B.C. c. uye zvinosanganisira vanafarao vekuIjipiti kubva kuXXI kusvika kune XXV dzinza. Mushure mekufa kwaRamesses XI, smans I akava mutongi uye akasimbisa nzvimbo yesimba mukati Tanniskuchamhembe kwenyika. Kurutivi rwezasi, kunyange zvakadaro, kwaitonga nyika vapristi vokutanga ve Amoni, muThebes, kunyange zvazvo vachiziva simba raFarao. Machinda eRibhiya Vakatonga Nile Delta uye marudzi eberber vakasimba. In the XNUMXth century BC c., Egypt yakaedza kurwisa kuNear East, asi yakakundikana. The imba youmambo bubastite akatsiviwa mushure mekukundwa muhondo Humambo hweAsiria, nepo maNubians akava kutyisidzira kumaodzanyemba kweEgypt.
Mambo weNubian Pianki akapinda muIjipita muna 727 BC, akatora Thebes, uye nokudaro akatanga Dzinza rechi25 remadzimambo eIjipita, achibatanidzazve Egypt yeLower neUpper uye achiunza kudzokera kukuwedzera kwenguva yeUmambo Hutsva. Izvi zvakaratidza kutanga kwedzinza reNubian, nguva yekukura kwakasimba kwenyika.
Vakuru veIjipita vaFarao veTatu Yepakati Period uye Mabasa
Munguva iyi yenhoroondo, matemberi akakosha akavakwa nekugadziridzwa, senge ye Memphis, uye vakavaka vamwe mapiramidhi munzvimbo yezvino Sudan. Pakati pevanonyanya kukosha vanafarao veEgipita vedzinza iri, tinowana Senakeribhi, uyo akaparadza Bhaibheri Babilonia, guta dzvene kuna Jehovha mesopotamians. Mushure memakore mazhinji ehondo nekunetsana, dzinza reNubian rakapera Psammetic I saFarao. Psammetichus I, achitora mukana wemauto eAsiriya muna 653 BC, akakwanisa kusunungura Egypt nekuda kwemubatanidzwa ne. Greece y Lidia.
nguva yekupedzisira
Nguva yenhoroondo inotangira muna 672 kusvika 343 BC inosanganisira madzimambo eIjipita kubva pamadzimambo echi26 kusvika echi31. Munguva yemadzimambo echi26, tinowana madzimambo echiSaite , akagadzwa nevaAsiriya kuti vatonge vachibva muguta reSais . Mushure mekukwira kwavo pachigaro, vakakwanisa kuchengetedza hukama hwakanaka nevaAsiriya, nepo simba rechiGiriki rakapararira muNile Delta yese. Neko II akatanga hondo dzakawanda neVaScythia, vaBhabhironi, nevaMedhia kuti vatsigire vaAsiriya, asi kuedza kwacho kwakakundikana.
Munguva yehumambo hwechi26 , mafarao eIjipita Yekare akatanga kuvandudzwa patsva kweunyanzvi. Humambo hwePersia, hwakatungamirirwa naCambyses II, hwakatanga kukunda Egipita muna 525 BC, huchitora Farao Psammetichus III.
Vakuru vaFarao venguva yekupedzisira Egypt uye Mabasa
Nactebos I akanga ari Faro weIsraeri dzinza rechimakumi matatu, akavaka dzimwe temberi mutemberi Chitsuwa che Philae. Cambyses II akava farao, achitonga kubva kuSusa, iri muIran yemazuva ano. Munguva ye XNUMXth century BC c. kwakava nekupokana kwakawanda humambo hwePezhiya, zvisinei, havana kukwanisa kuipfura uye naizvozvo vakaramba vari munharaunda achaemenid, Na Fonisiya y Cyprus.
Mafarao ePersia akagumisa kutonga kwavo muna 402 BC , uye Dzinza rechi30 raive imba yekupedzisira yemadzifarao emadzitateguru eIjipita Yekare, zvichiguma pasi paNactanebo II . Nekusvika kwaAlexander Mukuru , gavhuna Mazace wepanguva iyoyo akasiya Ijipiti murunyararo. Ndiko kwakatanga nguva yePtolemaic, iyo yakagara kubva muna 332 kusvika 30 BC.
Ptolemaic nguva
Mushure mekukundwa kweEgipita na Alexander Mukuru munhoroondo 332 BC C., akabatana nehumambo hwake uye akagamuchirwa nevanhu veEgipita se musununguri, kudzinga zvachose ChiPersian. Ndizvo zvakatanga umambo Ptolemaic, kutanga guta guru pa Alexandria yeEgipita uye kugona kuchengetedza hunyanzvi netsika dzeEgypt yekare, ukuwo uine a itsva hellenistic mold. Vana pharaoh panguva iyi vakasvika pakunzi vaPtolemy uye Alexandria yakava mutsara wehunyanzvi uye tsika yenyika yekare, nekuda kwekukosha kwayo raibhurari y lighthouse.
Kumanikidzwa kwakawanda kweRoma kwezvekutengeserana nezvematongerwo enyika paIjipita kwakatanga kukonzera kumukira kwakawanda , zvichikonzera mamiriro asina kugadzikana. Izvi zvakapa nzvimbo yakaorera yekukunda kweUmambo hweRoma Umambo hwaPtolemaic muIjipita.
Main pharaohs uye Ptolemaic mabasa
Kunyange zvazvo vakanga vari vetsika dzechiGiriki, vatongi vatsva vakatsigira tsika nokunamata kweEgipita, nokudaro vachiwanawo nyasha dzavanhu. Chokwadi, matemberi akakosha zvikuru akavakwa panguva iyi. Iye Edfu tembere, yakavakwa na Ptolemy III, the Philae Temples zvakapedzwa pakukumbira kwa Ptolemy IIzvakare Kom Ombo, inonzi futi Sobek State, akazvitsaurira kuna Sobek, mwari wengwena, ya Horus, kubva panguva ino, yakaitwa muchidimbu ne Ptolemy VI y Ptolemy XII. Mambokadzi wekupedzisira wePtolemaic aiveCleopatra VI.
nguva yeRoma
In the gore 30 a. c., Egypt yakava dunhu rehushe hweRoma apo Cleopatra VII y Marco Antonio vakakundwa nazvo Octavian, uyo akazova mambo Augusto. Alexandria yakaramba iri nzvimbo yekutengeserana uye kuchinjana neEast. Kunyange vaRoma vakasiya miitiro yetsika, yakadai sokurovesa chitunha namagamuchidzanwa echitendero. Mukuwedzera, madzimambo akawanda eRoma akatangawo kushandisa mamwe maitiro, akadai mifananidzo yaamai, achitanga kuzviratidza sa mafarao. Padanho rechitendero, chiKristu yakadzika midzi muEgypt, pakutanga yakabatana nechitendero chekare cheEgypt, ichitoitwa mune dzimwe temberi, pamwe chete ne Chitendero cheGirisi neRoma. Zvadaro, inguva ye kutambudzwa kwechitendero vachipikisa vaKristu.
Kutonga nguva yeRoma uye mabasa
Muna 303 , Diocletian akatanga Great Purge kurwisa maKristu achiedza kubvisa chitendero muIjipita. Theodosius I akarambidza tsika dzechihedheni, akavhara matemberi, uye akatarisirawo kuparadzwa kwemifananidzo yakawanda yechitendero yaiva maari. Izvi zvakaita kuti tsika dzevaIjipita dziderere , zvichikonzera kurasikirwa nekunyora kwehieroglyphic, kunyange zvazvo mutauro wemuno usina kunyangarika. Matembere mazhinji ekare akachinjwa kuita machechi echiKristu , nepo mamwe akasiyiwa asina kuparadzwa, asi akazosiyiwa ndokuzonyudzwa nejecha rerenje.