Vaclav Smil: mazano ehunyanzvi anogona kuchengetedza pasi

Vaclav Smil, mazano anogona kuchinja nyika

Nzira yacho yakarongwa nevezvakatipoteredza Vaclav Smile, muongorori wepaYunivhesiti yeManitoba, muCanada, munyori webhuku racho "Invention uye Innovation: Nhoroondo Pfupi yeHype uye Kukundikana", umo, asingavimbi naavo vanopikira kugadzirwa kunoshamisa uye kusingasvikiki, akataura “rudungwe rwake rwaaida” kuponesa nyika, achichengeta tsoka dzake dzakasungirirwa kuzvokwadi. Akanyora anopfuura 40 mabhuku uye pedyo ne500 zvinyorwa pamusoro pesimba, zvakatipoteredza uye teknolojia.. Muna 2010 akanzi mumwe weVepamusoro zana Global Thinkers nemagazini yekunze Policy uye muna 100 akave Nhengo yeOrder yeCanada. For Einaudi yakabudiswa Nhamba hadzinyepi. Nyaya pfupi kuti unzwisise nyika (2021 uye 2023) uye Kuti nyika inoshanda sei chaizvo. Simba, chikafu, nharaunda, mbishi zvinhu: mhinduro kubva kusainzi (2023).

"Zvitsva zvikuru, mumaonero angu - anotsanangura - anoreva nyaya dzakatevedzana dzatinofanira kukurumidza kugadzirisa. Vanotarisa pa nzvimbo dzinenge dziine simba guru pakugara zvakanaka kwevanhu uye zvakatipoteredza uye uko kunotova nezivo yakawanda yokuvaka pairi.”

Chii chaunoda chaizvo iye zvino?

Bvisa mafossil mafuta ekufambisa uye nekuda kweizvi unoda mabhatiri epamusoro, anoshanda zvakanyanya kuchengetedza magetsi akakwana kune nzira dzekufambisa: lithium ion mabhatiriInoshandiswa nhasi kusimbisa mota dzemagetsi, nharembozha, malaptop, uye zvimwe zvinotakurika zvemagetsi, izvozvi ndiyo sarudzo yako yakanaka. Mhando yakanakisa pamusika ine simba re 755 Wh / l, uye zvakadaro, Californian Amprius Technologies iri kugadzira chizvarwa chitsva che lithium mabhatiri anokwanisa kuchengetedza 1150 Wh / l.

Sei mabhatiri e lithium ion achishandiswa zvakanyanya?

Ngatitorei mabhatiri e-lithium-ion mumabhasikoro emagetsi semuenzaniso:

LITHIUM ION (Li-Ion) mabhatiri ikozvino ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa tekinoroji munyika yemabhasikoro emagetsi kubvira, nekuda kwavo. simba-ku-huremu reshiyo, inogona kufamba madaro marefu pane imwe recharge, kuderedza ne60% huremu hwemabhatiri ekutungamirira.

Ivo vane yakaderera kwazvo yekuzviburitsa uye havana iyo inonzi "memory effect" nekuda kwekugara uchichaja. Iyo yemukati control unit (BMS) inokwenenzvera voltage yesero rega rega mune zvese zvekuburitsa uye kubhadharisa zvikamu, kuti zvisakuvadza iro rese bhatiri paki.

Tug of war pakati pesimba

Uye zvakadaro, zvisinei nekuvandudzwa, kuwanda kwesimba remabhatiri kunoramba kuri pasi peiyo yemafuta emvura achiri kutonga nezvekufambisa: peturu inosvika 9600 Wh/l, jet parafini 10.300 Wh/l. diesel i 10.700 Wh/l. Naizvozvo, zvinofanirwa kuve zvichigoneka kuvhara mukaha pakati pesimba remagetsi emabhatiri uye fossil mafuta.

Kwemakore makumi mashanu apfuura, kuwanda kwesimba remabhatiri ari kushandiswa kwakawedzera zvakapetwa kashanu. Kana tikachengetedza chiyero ichi kwemakore makumi mashanu anotevera, tichasvika 50 Wh / l. Mhedzisiro yaizogonesa kutakurwa kunorema nemugwagwa negungwa nemotokari dzemagetsi uye izvo, zvisinei, zvingadai zvichiri zvisina kukwana kupa simba remagetsi Boeing 50.

Simba rema legumes

Kana kuri kurima, kana muchida kuti zvirambe zviripo, dambudziko harisi shoma. Icho chiitiko chine simba rakanyanya nekuda kwekushandiswa kwemvura, kushandiswa kwevhu uye kusunungurwa kwekusvibisa nitrogenous fetiraiza. Chinhu chakakosha kuvandudza, sekureva kwaSmil, kungave kugona kugadzira zvidyarwa zvisingade mafetiraiza emakemikari (muna 2020, ivhu rekurima rakagamuchira matani 113 miriyoni, 40% kupfuura muna 2000): zvidyarwa zvinokwanisa kutora nitrate zvakasununguka sema legumes. ita, iyo inotora mukana we symbiotic microorganisms yakanamatira kumidzi. Chinokosha chaizova kutsaura majini egume anobvumira kugadzirisa nitrogen uye kuaendesa kune zviyo nemiriwo zvirimwa.

kugadzirwa kwephotosynthesis

Isu tinodawo kuwedzera kugadzira photosynthesis - zvidyarwa hazvinyatso kushandura simba rezuva kuita biomass. Hafu chete yemwaranzi yezuva inosvika pachirimwa inogona kushandiswa muphotosynthesis pachayo., chikamu chinodonha kusvika ku44% mushure mokubvisa chiedza chinoratidzwa nemashizha. Nhanho nhanho, pakupedzisira inofungidzirwa kuti 4,5% chete yesimba rezuva inoshandurwa kuita makabhohaidhiretsi.

Naizvozvo, kunyangwe kuvandudzwa kudiki kuchaita musiyano mukuru mugoho rezvirimwa uye, nekudaro, mukuwanikwa kwepasi rose kwechikafu kupa chikafu chakaringana vanhu vanogona kusvika 10.000 bhiriyoni muna 2050. Naizvozvo, tsvakiridzo inofanira kushandira kunatsiridza iyo biomass synthesis process, somuenzaniso, nokuziva ma<em>gene anoita kuti midzi ibudirire pakuunganidza mvura nezvinovaka muviri, wobva waiisa muDNA yemiti yose inofungidzirwa kuti inofarira. Zvinenge zvakakodzerawo kusarudza zvirimwa zvine goho repamusoro uye kukura nekukurumidza.

Iko kunyengedza kweVaclav Smil uye kuzvichenesa kwe photovoltaic systems

Simba rinovandudzwa, rinowanikwa nemunhu wese. Smil anofunga nezvekuzvichenesa photovoltaic systems, iyo inogona kuiswa sepende pamadziro uye segirazi mumahwindo ezvivakwa. Photovoltaic systems, iyo inoshandura simba rezuva kuita magetsi, inogona kuiswa munzvimbo ipi neipi yezuva. Idzi shanduro dzepamusoro dzinochengetedza kushanda kwavo kweinenge makore makumi maviri.

Naizvozvo chakanakira kuve chekupeta maguta nemasystem aya, dkurasa photovoltaic coatings kunyorera mune chero nzvimbo yemuguta, kuunza magetsi anogadzirwa mumambure emunharaunda. Sezvineiwo, mutambo wekutamba kana ma liner aya ari kuzvichenesa, saka anogara achishanda nekufamba kwenguva.

Tiri kuswedera pedyo nehope dzaVaclav Smil: mahwindo ezuva anogadzira magetsi atova pamusika. Muenzaniso wekufananidzira ikambani yePilkington, iyo inogadzira mahwindo ekuzvichenesa ayo ane photocatalytic coatings inopindirana nechiedza chezuva kuti iparadze uye iparadze tsvina. Danho rinotevera richave rekuita kuti zvinhu izvi zvigoneke uye zvigone kuchinjika, mukati mekusvikirwa nemunhu wese.

Kutanga kwegirazi rephotovoltaic…

La nhoroondo ye photovoltaic glass yakatanga makore matatu apfuura, apo boka rekutsvagisa kubva kuDhipatimendi reMaterials Science pa Yunivhesiti yeMilano-Bicocca akabudirira mubasa iro kune vakawanda ringaita sengano yesayenzi. Chikwata chakazivisa kuuya kwegirazi rephotovoltaic, rinokwanisa kugadzira magetsi kuburikidza nechiedza .

Rudzi urwu rwesolar system inogona kuve yakanyatso kubatanidzwa mukuvakwa kwezvivakwa zvakakura uye kupfuura. Musiyano negirazi rakajeka uri mukuwedzera kwe optically inoshanda zvinhu , ma<em>nanospheres anotora chiedza uye ochibudisazve sesimba. Mahwendefa anopinzwa mu a triple layer double glazing uye inovimbisa iyo thermo-acoustic insulation uye kuchengetedzwa kweiyo photovoltaic mudziyo kubva kunharaunda yakapoteredza.

Ndezvipi zvinobatsira zve photovoltaic windows?

Iyo Windows negirazi PV yakabatanidzwa inopa mabhenefiti akati wandei, kutaura zvazviri, iwo zvimiro kugadzikana chaiko, pasina kukanganisa kupi zvako pakupikisa. Mukuwedzera, ivo havadzikisi zvakanyanya kupisa kwechisikigo kwemba, sezvo ivo vanovimbisa kusvika ku80% pachena. Mukupesana, ivo vanovimbisa kuita kwakaringana kuita, ivo vanogadzirwa ne Zvinhu zveEcological, iva nemutengo wakaderera uye bvumira kuchengetedza kukuru kwesimba mumba mako.

Ndezvipi zvisingabatsiri zvegirazi re photovoltaic?

Kufanana nechero chigadzirwa, photovoltaic girazi rinewo zvipingamupinyi zvayo. Iyo yekupedzisira inogona kuonekwa maererano ne kubudirira , chokwadi chinyakare photovoltaic system inogona kutungamirwa uye kurerekera zvinoenderana nemwaranzi yezuva. Photovoltaic windows, zvisinei, mirai makati twasu nguva dzose uye chinzvimbo ichi chinodzikisira kugadzirwa kwesimba kana ichienzaniswa neyekare dhizaini system.

mapurasitiki egirini chaiwo

Tinodawo plastiki "yegirini" chaiyo. Kugadzirwa kwepasi rose kwepurasitiki kuri pedyo nemamiriyoni mazana mana ematani pagore, zvinenge zvese zvinopera mumarara. Chikamu chidiki chete chinodzokororwa uye nokuda kweizvi, Smil anocherekedza, zvingave zvakafanira kugadzira purasitiki inogona kuparara zvechokwadi pachiyero cheindasitiri uye nemaitiro akaderera, semuenzaniso, anogadzirwa kubva kumarara kana kugadzirwa netupukanana.

planetary fever

Kupesana nefivha yemapuraneti - anowedzera nyanzvi - hazvirambidzwe kuti, rimwe zuva, tichafanirwa kutendeukira kune "giant sunshade", rinoiswa muchadenga uye rinokwanisa kutsausa pakati pe1 ne2% yechiedza chezuva. Chipingamupinyi ichi chaizofanira kupakwa makiromita angangoita miriyoni imwe nehafu, panzvimbo iri pakati peZuva neNyika apo masimba azvo anokwevera pasi anodzimana kuti chivakwa chirambe chiri panzvimbo yakagadzikana. Parizvino, iyi inonetsa uye inodhura tarisiro uye Smil anozviona se "joke" kutamba kana CO1,5 emissions isina kuderedzwa zvakakwana.

Asi handizvo zvega zveVaclav Smil...

Iyo yekukurumidzira uye inogoneka hunyanzvi haipere pano, anopedzisa Smil. Bhuku rake rakagadzirirwa kuve nhoroondo inodzikamisa yekuti tekinoroji uye hunyanzvi zvinogona kuita sarudzo mukugadzirisa mutambo mukuru wenguva ino: shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.