Pane munhu akakwanisa kudzika pasi 11.000 metres pasi pegungwa? Mhinduro ndeyekuti hongu, uye yekutanga kuita izvi maive muna 1960.
Chakanga chiri chivakwa cheItaly uye chakadzika zvakanyanya murwendo rwakaitwa neTrieste bathyscaphe.
Takaziva kudzika kwegungwa kwemakore makumi manomwe, hapasisina
Rimwe rematambudziko makuru evanhu nderekuongorora Nyika, nemhepo, gungwa, uye pasi. Uye gungwa ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kuoma. Kwemakore akawanda zvaiita sezvisingabviri kuenda kunyange mamita mashomanana pasi pemwero wegungwa. Funga kuti tiri kutaura nezvegore ra1960 pazvaibvira kutanga kuongorora zvakanga zviri pasi pegungwa. Ndiko kuti, zvese zvinozivikanwa zvekudzika kwakadzika zvakabva pamakore makumi manomwe apfuura. Kuti tinzwisise kushanduka kwezivo pamusoro pegungwa, tinogona kutarisa shanduko mu mvura yegungwa.
Munguva ino, vanhu vave vachikwanisa kuvaka mhoteredzo yakakodzera kuti vaongorore kudzika kwegungwa; Kare, vaifanira kuzviganhurira kune zvakanga zviri kunze zvikuru. Kudzika kwekutanga kudzika kwakadzika kwakaitwa muna 1960, muChallenger Deep yeMariana Trench. Zvaikwanisika kudzikisa anenge 11.000 metres, kunyanya kudzika kwe10.929 m.
The Challenger Deep uye Mariana Trench
Kana tichida kuwana nzvimbo yakadzika pasi pePasi, tinofanira kuenda kuMariana Trench, kwatinowana kudzika kwegungwa kwakadzika pasi. Iine kureba kwe2.500 km, asi ine chimiro chechimiro, ine crescent chimiro. Iri pakati pePhilippine tectonic plate nePacific tectonic plate. Nenzvimbo, tinogona kuiwana pakati pePhilippines, New Guinea neJapan, muNorth Pacific. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve nzvimbo iyi yakasarudzika, bvunza Chii chinonzi Mariana Trench?.
english ship expedition
Iyi ndiyo nzvimbo yakadzika papasi, iri chaizvo 10.900 metres pazasi pegungwa. Inozivikanwa seChallenger Abyss, zita rainotambira nekuti yakawanikwa nechikepe cheChirungu icho Yakanzi Challenger, munenge mugore ra1875. Parwendo urwu zvakanzi hudzamu hwepamusoro pasi pegungwa hwakanga huri 8.184 XNUMX, izvo zvinotitungamirira kufunga kuti zvichida gare gare zvichaonekwa kuti pakanga pachine udzame huchawanikwa.
MaBritish akachinja nhamba iyi
Makore mashoma gare gare, muna 1951, kumwezve rwendo rweBritain rwakakwanisa kuona kuti zvakanga zvawanwa kusvikira panguva iyoyo uye kuti vakanga vayera pakadzika mamita 8.184 XNUMX rakanga risati riri chaizvoizvo tsime, asi gomba rakadzika-dzika, uye kuti. Yakayera 10.863 metres kudzika. Mukuremekedza kuwanikwa kwekutanga, rwendo rwechipiri rwakasarudza kudana gomba rakadzikadzika mushure mechikepe, Challenger.
Nanhasi zvinozivikanwa kuti gomba rakaita secrescent, uye izvozvo Yakakamurwa kuita mabheseni matatu; kumabvazuva, nechepakati nekumadokero. Pamusoro pezvo, hudzamu hwakayerwa, kunyangwe hwaive hwakasimba, hwave kuzivikanwa kuti hwakareba zvishoma. Pane kutaura nezve 10.902 kana 10.929 metres, hazvizivikanwe kana.
Kukunda zvipingamupinyi zvegungwa
Pakati pema50 nema60, vanhu vakaita kufambira mberi kwesainzi kwakawanda pamatanho ese. Miganho yePasi yakawanda kusvika panguva iyoyo yairatidzika kuva isingabviri yakakurirwa, kungava nemhepo, pasi, kana kuti gungwa. Ngatirangarirei izvozvo Yekutanga setiraiti yekugadzira yakatangwa muna 1957. muchadenga, uye kuti vanhu vamene vakasvika muchadenga muna 1961. Kana iri Pasi, miganhu yakapfuudzwawo, ichisvika pamusoro pemakomo marefu zvikurusa papasi, akadai seEverest neK2, muma50. Uye pakupera kwemakore gumi aya, nzvimbo yekutanga yekutsvagisa kuSouth Pole yakavakwa. Idzo dzese nzvimbo idzo murume aive asina kukwanisa kusvika kusvika panguva iyoyo.
Gungwa rakanga richiri rimwe dambudziko kuvanhu. Ngarava dzepasi pemvura dzakavakwa panguva iyoyo dzaisakwanisa kusvika pakadzika dzika. Vaifanira kuita chivakwa chakakosha kuti vakwanise kusvika mamita akawanda kudaro pasi pegungwa. Pakanga pasina igwa raikwanisa kumirisana nemvura yakadaro. Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo nezve maitiro egungwa iri, unogona kubvunza gungwa guru pasi rose.
Bathyspheres uye bathyscaphes, mhinduro yekukwanisa kuongorora gungwa rakadzika
Vaifanira kugadzira mativi esimbi aidzikiswa netambo uye aisungirirwa pangarava kuitira kuti asarasike pakadzika. Ichi chivakwa chakagamuchira zita rebathyspheres. Vakatanga kuedza navo kuma30 uye muna 1934 vakadzika kusvika pa923 metres. Kunyange zvakadaro, vaida chimwe chinhu kuti vakwanise kupinda zvakadzama.
Mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, ma bathyscaphes akagadzirwa, akafanana chaizvo nebathyspheres asi asina kusungirirwa patambo. Izvi zvakadzikiswa neprepulsion nerubatsiro rwemagetsi emagetsi. Yakagadzirwa nomuItaly, muna 1948. Asi mufaro wacho wakava wenguva pfupi, sezvo yakaguma yanyura pashure pokunyura zvakanaka. Imwe nguva gare gare, Mumwe murume wekuSwitzerland anonzi Auguste Piccard akatevera pane iyi pfungwa ndokuvaka imwe yekugeza.. Akaitumidza kuti FNRS-2. Uyu haana kunyura, uye akashandira French Navy kuti iite basa kubva kumahombekombe eSenegal, ichidzika kusvika pakadzika 4.000 metres.
Bathyscaphe yeTrieste
Asi Piccard haina kugumira ipapo neiyo prototype. Akagadzira imwe bathyscaphe uye panguva ino akaisa a peturu yakazara imba. Izvi zvakabvumira kuti iwedzere kuwedzera. Uye akatogadzira nzvimbo yevashandi vaviri. Sei ichinzi Bathyscaphe yeTrieste? Nekuti panguva iyoyo Piccard akatamira kuTrieste uye kubva ipapo akagadzira iyi nyowani prototype ye bathyscaphes.
Yakanga isati yasvika muna 1953 apo yakatanga kushandiswa uye muna 1958 yakatengwa neUnited States Navy iyo yaida kuongorora Mariana Trench. Muna 1959 bathyscaphe yakaendeswa iyo Mariana Trench uye pakutanga kwema60, kuongorora kwakaitwa kuburikidza neChallenger Deep. Mariri maiva naPiccard pachake naDon Walsh, kaputeni muU.S. Navy.
Rwendo rwacho pacharwo rwakatora maawa angangoita mashanu uye rwakadzika kunobata pasi pebheseni rekumadokero, pakadzika 5 metres. Kubva pakadzika kudaro vakataurirana nechikepe chaamai kuburikidza nehydrophone. Rwendo urwu haruna kugara kwenguva refu nekuti maminitsi makumi maviri gare gare chikamu chePlexiglas chakadonha. (nzvimbo yakajeka yaibvumira munhu kuona zviri kunze uye iyo yaikwanisa kukurira idzi dzvinyiriro dzakakwirira, pamwero wakati). Vaifanira kukwira nokukurumidza sezvavaigona, urwo rwakabva parwendo rwamaawa mashanu kuenda pakadzika kusvika parwendo rwamaawa 5 rwokubuda. Vakabuda vasina kukuvadzwa uye basa racho rakabudirira chose.