Tundra ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzepasi pano umo mhuka nezvirimwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogara munzvimbo inotaridzwa nekutonhora kwakanyanya uye ivhu rine chikafu chishoma. Muchinyorwa chino iwe uchanyanya kudzidza nezve hunhu hweTundra Flora, saka tinokukumbira kuti uenderere mberi nekuverenga.
Hunhu hweTundra Flora
Tundra ecosystems izere nekunyanyisa. Tembiricha yeZhizha inotangira pa3 kusvika ku16 madhigirii celsius, kunyange zvazvo avhareji yetembiricha yepagore iri -28°C. Mhepo inokwanisa kutsvaira nyika nemakiromita makumi mapfumbamwe nemanomwe paawa. Izvi zvinhu, pamwe chete nemwaka mupfupi wekukura (kazhinji mazuva makumi mashanu-97) zvinoreva kuti kugara mu tundra mamiriro ekunze kwakaoma uye kwakaoma. Neraki, kuchinjika mu tundra flora kwakabvumira akati wandei marudzi kurarama munzvimbo ino. Kune marudzi anopfuura 50 emiti ye tundra. Tevere, isu ticharatidza mimwe mienzaniso yeFlora yeTundra.
Mosses
Mosses chikamu che tundra flora, kwete-vascular, uye vatakuri ve spores vanobatsira kuputsa ivhu uye kusunungura kudya kune zvirimwa zvakapoteredza. Munharaunda iyi, moss inoshanda sechinhu chinodzivirira chepamusoro, ichidzivirira permafrost (ivhu rakaomeswa zvachose) pazasi kubva kumhepo inodziya inogona kukonzera kunyungudika. Kuumbwa kwehupenyu hwezvirimwa mu tundra kazhinji kunoenderana nekuyerera kwevhu.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti rudzi urwu rwe tundra flora runogona kuwanikwa nyore nyore uye kazhinji munzvimbo dzakakura dzekuyamura kwakaderera, uko kunowanikwa ivhu remachakwi peat uye mvura inoramba iri padyo nepamusoro penyika. Zvakare, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti vane hunhu hunonakidza hwekuramba vasingashande kwemwedzi, kana makore, vachitora mwando sesiponji kana yava kuwanikwa zvakare.
Huswa kana Herbs
Imwe mhando yakakosha ye tundra flora inogona kutaurwa, ihwo uswa. Mazhinji acho anowanikwa munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzemhoteredzo yezvipenyu, uko kune matombo akaoma pedyo nenzizi uye munzvimbo dzakati sandara, dzine machakwi. Huswa hunogona kuvhiringika nyore nechirimwa chakafanana chinozivikanwa sesedge. Dzinde rehuswa rakatenderedzwa, ukuwo dzinde resadza rakaita kunge gonyonhatu riri pamuchinjikwa. Nzira iri nyore yekutaura mutsauko mumunda ndeyekurangarira mutsara wekuti "tsanga dzine mipendero."
Flores
Maruva anoumba boka guru remarudzi e tundra flora anowanzova maduku uye anokwira chete masendimita mashoma kubva pasi. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti vazhinji vanozivikanwa se "cushion plants" nekuti kukura kwavo kunoitika mumateti akaomeswa kuti vazvidzivirire kubva kune yakaderera tembiricha nemhepo. Kunyange zvazvo maruva ari maduku akaenzana kune mamwe ose emiti, maruva makuru uye ane mavara. Anopfuura mazana mana emarudzi emaruva anogona kuwanikwa mu tundra.
Paunenge uchifunga nezvemaruva emaruva e tundra, zvakakosha kusimbisa marudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvibereko zvinobuda mazviri. Muzviitiko zvakawanda izvi zvinounzwa muchimiro chemuchero mushure mekubudirira kwemaruva uye mukume wezvirimwa. Pakati pemichero inowanzokanda maruva aya eArctic denderedzwa ndeiyi: blackberries, blueberries, mazambiringa mazambiringa kana bearberries, pakati pevamwe. Mukuwedzera, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti ivo ndivo vanonyanya kugadzira chikafu chezvipfuyo zveko pavanenge vachiwanda mumatsutso.
Shrubbery
Shrubs dzinowanzova dzakaderera, pedyo nemutsara wemuti pane yakakwirira mitsetse ye alpine tundra. Mhando dzakawanda dzemakwenzi dzakafanana nemhando dzemiti munzvimbo dzinodziya dzepasi. Ivo varipo munzvimbo inotonhorera ye tundra semakwenzi, zvinoreva kuti vanoda zvishoma zvekudya kuti vararame uye vari pasi pasi kuti vadzivirirwe kubva kumhepo ine simba. Pakati pemhando dze tundra flora dzinomira muchikamu ichi, izvi: Dwarf birch, balsam poplar uye willow.
Tundra Flora Adaptability
Miti yakawanda ye tundra flora isingaperi, zvichireva kuti inochengetedza simba uye kudya kwemwaka yakawanda yekukura isati yatumbuka. Kutanga, mirwi ine matishu akatenderedza maruva ayo anogona kukwidza tembiricha pedyo neruva 5°F kusvika 15°F pamusoro petembiricha yemhepo. Uye kune imwe, chirimwa chinozivikanwa chinonzi Labrador tea inochengeta mashizha ayo pakupera kwezhizha panzvimbo yekuvarega vachiwira pasi, iyo inobatsira kuti ichengetedze kubva kumhepo.
Nekudaro, iyo arctic poppy uye arctic dryad inogona kutenderedza misoro yemaruva kuti itevere zuva muswere wese wezuva, ichipa zvirimwa kuwedzera kupisa nesimba. Kuziva izvi zvinyorwa, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti maruva e tundra akashanduka nekufamba kwenguva kuti ararame munguva yechando inotonhora, nguva pfupi yekukura uye mhepo ine simba. Kunyangwe iyo tundra ingaite senge isingabereki pakutanga kuiona, yakazadzwa nenharaunda yezvirimwa ine simba, mazhinji ayo akagara pano kwezviuru zvemakore.
Mamiriro ekunze, Ivhu uye Mhuka dzeTundra
Kutoziva zvese zvine chekuita nemaruva e tundra, kubva kune marudzi emiti anowanikwa, kuti anzwisise kuchinjika kwayo kune simba kune iyo mhando yekunyanyisa kwemamiriro ekunze. Izvo zvinodikanwa kunongedzera mamwe mapoinzi anogona kutsigira ruzivo rwuri muchinyorwa chino, sezvo maruva asiri iwo ega chinhu cheecosystem, pane fauna, mamiriro ekunze, ivhu, iro rinodyidzana nazvo. Mukuwedzera, marudzi akasiyana e tundras anofanirawo kuonekwa.
Climate
Iyo tundra haina inopfuura mwaka miviri pagore, uye nguva yechando ndiyo yakareba. Tembiricha yaro inogona kusvika paavhareji ye5º C mumwedzi inopisa uye mumwedzi inotonhora iri pasi -20º C. Kazhinji, inoratidzirwa nekutonhora kwakanyanya uye mhepo ine simba. Kunyangwe kunaya kwayo kuri kushoma, haisi mamiriro ekunze akaoma nekuda kwekudzika kwetembiricha yenzvimbo dzinowanikwa biome iyi. Izvi, pamwe chete nevhu rayo rakaoma nechando, zvinogadzira mhando yewat biome.
Ini ndinowanzo
Nzvimbo yepasi inogarwa nechando zvachose. Ichi chiitiko chinonzi permafrost. Kutonhora kwechando kunogona kunge kwakadzika kana kushoma zvichienderana nekupisa kwemhepo. Ivhu reTundra rinowanzoita gleys, musara wevhu rakanyoroveswa nemvura rakapfuma musimbi, richipa ruvara rwegirinhi-grey. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kunyange ivhu riine mvura yakawanda, hariwanikwe nguva dzose kuti ridyiwe nezvirimwa nemhuka. Kune rumwe rutivi, inorganic content yevhu inoita kuti isaore.
fauna of
Chimwe chezvinhu zvine chekuita nemaruva e tundra, imhuka dzinogara mairi uye kunyangwe ichiita senge dongo, ine dzimwe mhuka dzinokatyamadza. Caribou, inonyanya kunzi reindeer muNyika Yekare, inogara kuNorth America neEurasian tundras, iine vanhu vazhinji vemunyika vanotama pakati pe tundra calving grounds uye boreal sango rechando nzvimbo. Kune rimwe divi, isu tine mombe dzemusk, dzakawanikwa prehistorically pamakondinendi ese ari maviri, asi dzinongoramba dziri muAsia uye ndidzo hombe dzekudyara dzinobva ku tundra.
Nekune rimwe divi, mhuka dzinokatyamadza dzinodya dzinogara iyi terrestrial biome dzinofanirawo kujekeswa. Mhuka huru yeboka iri inoumbwa nemapere epolar, ayo ari munzvimbo yemahombekombe kuti atizire, zvisinei, gore rose vari munzvimbo dzekuchamhembe kwepasi uye kumakungwa makuru kuti vawane mhuka yavo. Rimwe remapere anogona kuonekwa panzvimbo iyi ndeebrown. Iwo ekupedzisira anowanzoitika muCanada neAlaska.
Mhando dzeTundra
Mune ecosystem inounzwa neTundra, apo imwe yehunhu hwayo zvirimwa zvinoshomeka, mhando nhatu dzeTundra dzinosiyaniswa, dzatinotsanangura pazasi:
arctic tundra: inowanikwa kuNorthern Hemisphere, munzvimbo zhinji dzeCanada neAlaska pazasi peArctic ice caps. Kunyanya, iyo arctic tundra ine kutonhora dzimwe nguva pasi -70 °, saka miti haisi yakawanda, asi zvinokwanisika kuona zvakasiyana-siyana zve tundra flora, zvakadai seuswa uye furo. Uyezve, zvinokwanisika kuwana mhuka dzakawanda, nokuti hupfumi hwevhu hwakakura kudarika alpine tundra. Inofanirawo kucherechedzwa kuti kureba kweiyi tundra kune okisijeni shoma mumhepo, iyo inoderedza kupararira kwemhuka dzomunzvimbo.
Alpine tundra: Ivo vanonyanya kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzemakomo chero ipi zvayo paPasi, mukuwedzera, kune dzimwe nyanzvi kana vanhu, kirasi iyi inogona kuzivikanwa nezita rekuti taiga. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti, nekuda kwemateru egomo pane iyo alpine tundra iripo, ine mvura yakanaka, saka pasi pevhu haaomese, kusiyana neArctic tundra. Muno tembiricha dziri pakati pe5°C ne7°C muzhizha uye -40°C muchando.
Antarctic Tundra: iyi ecosystem inowanikwa chete kuSouth Georgia, kuSouth Sandwich Islands, uye Antarctic Peninsula. Ikoko unogona kuwana lichens, liverworts, marudzi epasi uye algae yemvura. Kunyanya, unogona kuwana mhando mbiri dzezvirimwa: the Antarctic grass uye Antarctic caterpillar. Kusiyana neArctic tundra, mhuka dzinoyamwisa dziri kushomeka pano. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kondinendi yakati uye zvitsuwa zviri kure nemamwe makondinendi.
Kana iwe wakafarira chinyorwa ichi nezve flora ye tundra uye uchida kudzidza zvakawanda nezve dzimwe nyaya dzinonakidza, unogona kutarisa zvinotevera zvinongedzo: