Nhasi tichakudzidzisa kuburikidza neiyi inonakidza inodzidzisa positi, zvese zvine chekuita nazvo tonatiuh, akanga ari mwari weAztec anofananidzira Zuva.Kuwedzera kune zvimwe zvinoda kuziva zvamwari uyu nezvimwe zvakawanda, usarega kuriverenga! Iwe uchashamisika!
Ndiani aiva Tonatiuh?
Maererano nengano dzeAztec, munyaya ino tichataura pamusoro peTonatiuh, kuva mwari aifananidzira mwari weZuva uye akanga ari mutungamiriri wematenga maererano nemafungiro eboka reMexica mutsika yekare yeSpain. zuva rechishanu rakanzi rakabva kwaari.iva nguva yaraimiririra.
Nokuda kweizvo tsika dzechiAztec dzakachengeta mumavambo ayo kuti Tonatiuh akanga atora udzori apo zuva rechina rakadzingwa kubva mujengachenga nokuti muzvitendero zvavo zuva rimwe nerimwe raifananidzira mwari wakasiana uye rakatonga munguva yakasiana umo nhau yengano iyi yakanga ichivakwa.Mexican .
Iyi ngano inoenderana nevanhu veMesoamerica uye inoenderana nenguva yekupedzisira yebudiriro iyi uye sezvakatsanangurwa mutsika, imwe neimwe nguva inopera nekuparadzwa, iri panguva ino mumiriri wayo Tonatiuh.
Ngano maererano nekuzvarwa kwenhoroondo yayo
Pamusana pezvinyorwa zvakawanda zvinogadzirwa zvekuzvarwa kwaTonatiuh, munyaya ino tichakutsanangurira iwe kuitira kuti iwe uzive nezvechimiro ichi cheAztec mythological.
Ngano iyi inozivikanwawo nezita rekuti Mexica uye vaive nevanamwari vakati wandei uye mumwe nemumwe aimiririra imwe nguva munhoroondo yedzinza reAztec. Maererano nerondedzero yengano iyi, Nyika nevagari vayo yakanga yasikwa kashanu nokudaro paive nevamwari vezuva vashanu.
Mwari wega wega wezuva aimiririra imwe nguva mutsika yeMexica uye pakupera kwenguva yake zvisikwa zvese zvakaparadzwa uye mwari wezuva mutsva aifanira kusarudzwa. Naizvozvo kwaiva navamwari vana vezuva pamberi paTonatiuh, vari vanotevera:
Wokutanga wavo aiva Tezcatlipoca ainzi Tiger Mwari, saka pakupera kwenguva zvisikwa zvepanyika zvakadyiwa nemhuka idzi dzakanga dziri hofori. Ipapo mwari wezuva wechipiri ainzi Quetzalcóatl akaoneka, ane chinhu chakanga chiri mhepo, naizvozvo akanga achitungamirira kuparadza pasi pakasvika basa rake.
Mwari wezuva wechitatu akanga ari Tlaloc, mwari wemvura, naizvozvo pamugumo wenguva yake pasi rakaparadzwa nemvura yakafashamira ndokugumisa marudzi ose ezvipenyu uye ipapo kwakanga kuri kutendeuka kwezuva rechina rainzi Chalchiuhtlicue, iyi nhambo yakagumawo. mumvura asi yemoto.
Maererano nekuferefeta kwakaitwa, eras mbiri dzekutanga dzengano dzeAztec dzakagara makore mazana matanhatu nemakumi manomwe nematanhatu uye seyenguva yechitatu kana yechitatu zuva, inofanana nemazana matatu nemakumi matanhatu nemana emakore.
Yechishanu yaitungamirirwa naTonatiuh uko kwaionekwa chibage chavaishandisa sechikafu uye mupfungwa dzavo nyika yaizosvika kumagumo kuburikidza nekudengenyeka kwenyika.
Pakati pengano dzinotaurwa nezvaTonatiuh pamusoro porufu rwezuva rechina, zano rakarongwa rokusarudza mwari aizogara panzvimbo iyoyo, uyo nokuda kwavo vamwari vaviri bedzi vakanga vakakodzera zvikurusa kuita iri basa rinorumbidzwa.
Kuva Tecuciztécatl mwari anodada zvikuru asi panguva imwe chete ari mbwende uye mumwe wacho akanga ari Nanahuatzin aiva mwari anokudzwa kunyange zvazvo aiva murombo zvikuru.
Dzakaiswa pamberi pemwoto apo zvibayiro zvaizivikanwa neshoko rokuti pyre uye vamwe vamwari veAztec vakatsinhira kuvamwari ava kuti vaifanira kuita chibairo chavo muiri moto mukuru unonzi pyre.
Saka mwari Tecuciztécatl akatanga kupinda mumoto wemoto asi paakanzwa kupisa paganda rake akabva angosiya moto wacho, izvo zvakaita kuti ganda rake rive nemavara, izvo zvakapa upenyu kurondedzero dzaireva makwapa ejaguar.
Kune rumwe rutivi, apo mumwe mwari weAztec Nanahuatzin akapinda mumoto wemoto, moto wakabuda pakarepo wakananga kumucheto uye uchivhenekera usiku, kubva ipapo ngano yezuva rechishanu yakazvarwa, saka zita rayo rinoreva Tona kuita seZuva uye Tiuh. inoturikira ichienda.
Maererano nengano dzeAztec, Tonatiuh aiendeswa kukuendesa kuna mwari wezuva. Iri izwi rechirungu raidaidzwa kuti Toh-na-te-uh mumutauro wetsika iyi yekuMexica uye rinoshandurirwa muchiSpanish se:
"... Uyo anoenda mberi akajeka ..."
Kuve Tonatiuh mumiririri wevarwi vose verudzi urwu rwakasiyana kuburikidza nekambani yejaguar uye makondo semhuka dzengano. Mwari wembwende ainzi Tecuciztécatl akanzwa shanje mumuviri wake nepfungwa pamusana pokuona kuti mwari wevarombo Nanahuatzin kana kuti Tonatiuh akanga ava zuva rechishanu, saka akadzokera kunhokwe ndokushanduka kuva rimwe zuva, asi vanamwari vaduku vakasarudza kumuuraya netsuro. iyo yakaibaya ichipa mwedzi.
Maererano nengano dzeAztec, vaifanira kuita zvibayiro zviviri pazuva nokuda kwoumwari weZuva uye kana izvi zvikasaitika, zvaizofamba pakakwirira kuvanda uye kusabudazve, saka boka redzinza reMexica rakabvuma zvibayiro zviviri zvevanhu. nokuti zvakadyiswa naTonatiuh.
Tonatiuh, maererano nengano dzeboka redzinza reMexica, yaigara ichiperekedzwa navamwari navamwarikadzi, pakati pavo paiva naCihuateteo uyo akanga afa pashure pokusununguka uye akanga ane chokuita nechinhu chemvura kunyange kana kwakanga kune mafashamo kana kusanaya kwemvura.
Kunewo dzimwe rondedzero dzakanyorwa nemumishinari weboka reFrancisca ainzi Bernardino de Sahagún uyo anoti pashure pezvibayiro zvevamwari Nanahuatzin naTecuciztécatl mumoto mukuru Tonatiuh akasimuka akaenda kudenga asina simba uye nemhaka yerubatsiro rwamwari. mhepo.
Akanzi Ehecatl, ainyanya kuzivikanwa nezita rekuti Quetzalcóatl, ndiye akaita kuti itange.
"... Uye ivo vanotaura kuti, kunyange zvazvo vamwari vose vakafa, muzvokwadi, zvakadaro, hazvina kufamba ... Zvakanga zvisingabviri ... kuti Zuva, Tonatiuh, rienderere mberi munzira yaro..."
«…Nenzira iyi, Ehecatl akaita basa rake. Ehecatl akasimuka. Akakura akasimba zvakanyanya. Akamhanya ndokufuridza zvishoma. Pakarepo, zuva rakafamba… Naizvozvo, rinoramba richienda…”
Anotaurawo muzvinyorwa zvake kuti Tonatiuh zuva rechishanu ndiye akashandurwa chimiro cheNanahuatzin, ndicho chikonzero Franciscan uyu anoita mamwe mazwi anoreva humwari uyu mumagwaro ake, ari anotevera:
“…Apo ose ari maviri akanga apiswa nouyu moto mukuru, vamwari vakagara pasi kuti vamirire kuonekazve kwaNanahuatzin; kwavakashamisika kuti aizoonekwa.Kumirira kwavo kwaiva kwenguva refu. Pakarepo denga rakatsvuka…”
“… Kwose kwose chiedza chamambakwedza chaionekwa. Zvinonzi vanamwari vaipfugama kuti vamirire kubuda kweNanahuatzin seZuva. Munhu wose akanga akamupoteredza akatarisa, asi vaisagona kufungidzira kwaaizoonekwa…”
Ndiko kwaiva kuda kwaiitwa nengano dzevaAztec pakudzidza zuva kuti vaingopfuurwa neboka remaMaya. Iyi tsika yeMexica yakagadzira karenda yayo yezuva nekuda kwezvidzidzo zvayo zvinonakidza.
Nhasi zvinhu zvekutsvagisa kwake zvinoramba zviri mufashoni, sebanga rekupira raimiririrwa serurimi.
Mudhisiki rezuva Tonatiuh yaifananidzirwa nebakatwa uye muviri wake wose nechiso zvakatsvuka nekuda kwekupisa kwemoto wepire, kunyange uyu mwari weAztec anonzi kugadzirwa kweruva rinoshandiswa mumhemberero yeMazuva Evakafa. Cempasúchil ruva zita.
Eya, imwe yengano inotaura kuti vadikani vaviri vaduku vanonzi Xóchitl naHuitzilin vakanga vachitarisira kukwira gomo refu zvikuru kuti vape maruva kuna Tonatiuh ayo uyu mwari anovatenda nokuda kwawo.
Mukuwedzera pakunyemwerera nomufaro pese apo vadiwa ava vaimushanyira, Huitzilin akarasikirwa noupenyu hwake muhondo uye izvi zvakaita kuti wechiduku Xóchitl anzwe kusuwa kwazvo.
Saka Tonatiuh, achicherechedza kusuruvara kwake kusingaperi, akasarudza kumushandura kuva ruva uye mudiwa wake Huitzilin kuva hummingbird yakaisvonaka yakabata Cempasúchil ruva kakawanda kuitira kuti izarure uye kuyananiswa uye rudo pakati pevadikani vaviri ava zvakaitika nekuda kweAztec. mwari wengano.
Kumiririrwa kwamwari uyu
Tsika yeMexica yaimiririra mwari Tonatiuh ane nhamba huru yezvishongedzo nekuti pachiso chake chitsvuku unogona kuona mhete muchimiro chedenderedzwa pamwe nekuboora mumhino nematombo uye vhudzi rehumwari uyu raive regoridhe muvara nekuda tonity yaakawana mupire.
Yakanga yakashongedzwa nedombo reyellow yaiyevedza, yaifananidzwa negondo uye moyo yaitorwa semutero yaitorwa panzara dzemhuka iyi yakanaka.
Chiso cheTonatiuh chakadhirowewa pane solar disk. Pakati peanonyanya kufarirwa pane dombo reAxayácatl, iro rinozivikanwawo sedombo reZuva uye zuva rechishanu rinomiririrwa pakati pedombo nekuda kwesimba raro uye zvimwe zviratidzo. Vakatenderera kusvika kumatanho mana ekupedzisira etsika yeMexica.
Nekuda kwekupiswa kwemabhuku ake nemamishinari echiKatorike, kwasara zvisaririra zvishoma zvemadzitateguru enhoroondo yevaAztec izvo zvinozivikanwa nezita remakodheki.Maari, Tonatiuh anodhirowewa nemapendenti akawanda ari mudenderedzwa pamwe chete nematombo anokosha mumhino dzake uye bvudzi rake rakanga riri rendarama.
Aipfeka gem yeyero rine chekuita nejade semhete, ivo vaimiririrawo Tonatiuh nemakondo mumabhuku aya anofadza etsika yeMexica uye mumabhuku aya akaonekwa achitora mwoyo wezvipo.
Rimwe remabhuku parinocherechedzwa zvakadzama riri muBorgia Codex umo chiso chake chakapendwa nembariro dzakamira dzemithunzi miviri yakatsvuka.
Nezve Tonatiuh, simba rehuviri rakanzi kwaari kuva mwari akabvumira hupenyu pamwe nerudo muzvizvarwa zvose zveiyi inokosha yeAztec mythology.
Kune ngano dzemadzitateguru echiAztec, zvaive zvakakosha kuchengetedza mwari wavo weZuva munguva yake yepasirese, saka yaive nguva yeTonatiuh uye kuti aenderere mberi, akapihwa sechipo chezvibairo zvevanhu zvezuva nezuva. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti 20.000 Human tributes yaipiwa kuna mwari uyu gore negore.
Asi zvinofungidzirwa kuti nhamba iyi yevakafa ndeyekunyepedzera uye vakaishandisa kukurudzira kutya pamberi pevavengi vavo, pakati pavo veSpain vaifarira goridhe rerudzi urwu rweMexica, saka inogona kusvibisa nhoroondo yavo.
Nokudaro, mukarenda yezuva reAztec, Tonatiuh inomiririra huMwari hwemazuva gumi nematatu ezuva kubva pakufa kwake kusvikira asvika nhamba yegumi nematatu, sezvo mazuva gumi nematatu apfuura akanga achitungamirirwa nemumwe mwari ainzi Chalchiuhtlicue uye pamberi pake yaiva yeTlaloc.
Pakati pezviratidzo zvaiperekedza Tonatiuh paiva nemiseve nenhovo, sezvo akanga ari murwi akashinga, anowanzokweverwa neshongwe yemaguey kuti amiririre kuti akabatanidzwa mukuteura ropa sechibairo chechibairo.
Kuwanda kwezvibayiro zvezvibayiro kwaifananidzirwawo nemabhora ane minhenga yegondo kana kuti nokudhirowa kweshiri iyi hombe izvo zvaiva zviratidzo zvinobvira zvezvibayiro.
Kunyange Tonatiuh zuva rechishanu raimiririrwa negondo iri nokuda kwesimba rekutora simba rehupenyu hwevanhu kuburikidza nekutora nhengo yemwoyo yavo inobvumira hupenyu hwezvisikwa zvose zvinoratidzwa mune mamwe makodhi.
Dehenya ravakatora pamagumo ehembe dzemwari uyu kana pagumbo rake iro raimiririra kuchengetedzwa kwemurwi mukuru uyu.
Tichitaura nezvemumwe mwari mungano yeMexica akadai saXolotl aimiririra mwari wemheni nerufu pamwe nekudzivirira Tonatiuh panzendo dzaakaita kunyika yepasi.
Nokudaro, yaimiririrwa seskeleton yembwa uye mutsika yeboka iri redzinza raifungidzirwa kuti rakanga rakafanana maererano nekunamata Nanahuatzin kana Tonatiuh.
Zvakakosha kufunga kuti Tonatiuh akadhonzwa nenzeve nerurimi zvakacheneswa achimiririra zvipiriso zvevanhu.
Nhema maererano nemwari weAztec uyu
Zuva nezuva Tonatiuh zuva rechishanu raioneka mujinga mezuva uye pakuvira kwezuva raifa kuti ripe mwedzi uye zuva rakatevera uyu mwari mukuru akaberekwa patsva.
Saka basa iri rakanga rakaoma zvikuru uye kuboka redzinza reMexica ropa raidiwa mukuwedzera kuzvibairo zvavanhu kuitira kuti Tonatiuh aunganidze simba ndokupfuurira muhondo yake yezuva nezuva yaaifanira kutarisana nayo.
Zvimwe zvimiro izvo Tonatiuh aida kuzviriritira amene mukuwedzera kuzvipo zvavanhu zvakanga zviri kupfurikidza nokururama kwavanhu vake muupenyu hwetsika hwakazara nounhu hunokudzwa kubasa rinoitwa.
Pamusoro pekuratidza hushingi mukukonana kwavakaita kune mamwe maguta kuti vaatonge asi pamusoro pezvose zvakakodzera uye neruremekedzo.
Pakati perondedzero dzakasiana-siana dzinonzi dzaTonatiuh, kunonzi Nanahuatzin, mwari mukuru iyeye anokudzwa akazvibaira amene kuti ave zuva rechishanu, haana kuoneka, naizvozvo nyoka ine minhenga inonzi Quetzalcóatl.
Akasarudza kutora mwoyo yemazana evamwari nechinangwa chekuti iwe uve chibayiro chekudya chezuva rechishanu. Nekuda kwekuita kwenyoka ine minhenga iyi Tonatiuh akaonekwa nechekuchadenga nekubwinya kwayo kukuru asi yaive yakamira.
Ari kumusoro mudenga kutozosvikira mumwe mwari weAztec ainzi Ehécatl, uyo akanga ari mwari wemhepo, azvisarudzira kuvhuvhuta kuti agokwanisa kufamba.
Kana dziri rwendo urwu rwaifanira kuitwa naTonatiuh zuva nezuva, tsika yeMexica yaitenda kuti yakasimuka segondo rinotyisa kuburikidza nerubatsiro rwevarwi.
Pakunodzika zuva rodoka, mweya wevakadzi vakanga varasikirwa neupenyu vachisununguka vana vavo ndiwo waive wakatungamirira kumubatsira kurwa hondo nemwedzi nenyeredzi kuti abudezve mukundi zuva raitevera.
Tonatiuh's Attributes
Tonatiuh, zuva rechishanu, rinopa hunhu samwari ane mutsa sezvo rakapa boka redzinza nezvimwe zvipenyu kupisa kwakakwana kwoupenyu uye nokudaro richirerutsa kubereka, asi kuti izvi zviitike, zvipiriso zvezvibairo zvaifanira kuitwa.
Zvakanaka, mumiriri wevarwi uye vakazadzisa basa ravo kuna Tonatiuh kutapa vasungwa kuti vape zvipo zvakasiyana muzita rake kuti vawedzere humambo hwake hukuru nekuda kwekudzivirirwa kwehumwari hwezuva rechishanu.
Nokuda kweizvi, shoko rokuti Tlachinolli ATL rakagadzirwa, iro rinoshandura seMinda yakapiswa mumvura kana hondo yemaruva.Mukurwisana uku, vasungwa vehondo vakanga vakagadzirirwa sezvipo zveropa zveTonatiuh.
Mhemberero kana tsika inozivikanwa seHuey Teocalli yakaitwa panobviswa moyo wezvipo zvevanhu. Varwi vacho vaiva veboka rinozivikanwa seVarume veZuva mumutauro wedu wechiSpanish uye mumutauro wavo Quauhcalli rakanyorwa nokuti vakanga vari pabasa reTonatiuh.
Mufananidzo weTonatiuh muCodex Borgia
Tonatiuh raive zuva ravo rechishanu rengano dzeAztec uye raimiririra kufamba uye nekuda kwezita raro vakaisa izwi rekuti nahui olin pakarenda, iro rinoshandura sekufamba nhamba yechina uye nekuda kweaya mabhuku anonakidza zvinoonekwa muEarly Postclassic art yeiyi pre- Columbian civilization, Mesoamerica.
Kwaifungwa kuti hondo yavo yezuva nezuva ichifamba nomuchadenga kupa chiedza nokudziya kuboka redzinza reAztec yakadyiswa kupfurikidza nezvibairo zvavanoita zuva nezuva kuitira kuti Tonatiuh avadzivirirewo.
Nekuda kwezvidzidzo zvavakaita pamusoro pedenga, Tonatiuh akavhiringika neQuetzalcóatl maererano nekuratidzwa kwenyeredzi inopenya mambakwedza, iyo musainzi inozivikanwa seplanet Venus.
Iyo Spanish uye ngano yeTonatiuh
Panguva yekukunda kweSpain nyika dzeAztec muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, boka iri redzinza rakashamisika kuona mumwe wevaongorori vekwakabva kuSpain ainzi Pedro de Alvarado.
Eya, aive nebvudzi pakati pegoridhe nedzvuku uye hasha dzake dzaive dzehasha uye nechisimba uye maererano nehunhu hwake vagari vemumusha vaidavira kuti aive Tonatiuh pamunhu.
Kubva pane izvo zvinogona kucherechedzwa maererano nekuferefetwa uye tsananguro dzakaitwa panguva iyoyo munhoroondo, mukundi weSpanish ainzi Bernal Díaz del Castillo akataura kuna Alvarado kubva kurudzi rweMexica sekunge aive Zuva.
Castillo anotorondedzera musangano waizoitika naMoctezuma II uko Alvarado naHernán Cortés vaivepo, pamwe nevamwe varume, vari vanotevera:
"... nhume dzavaifamba navo dzakapa nhoroondo yemabasa avo kuMoctezuma uye akavabvunza kuti zviso zvipi uye chitarisiko ... vakapindura kuti Pedro de Alvarado aida zvikuru zvose mumeso uye mumunhu ..."
"... uyo aitaridzika seZuva uye aive Mutungamiriri ... kubva panguva iyoyo vakamupa izwi rokuti Tonatiuh iro rinoshandura seZuva kana Mwanakomana weZuva uye ndizvo zvavakamudana nokusingaperi ..."
Kana iwe wakawana chinyorwa ichi chinonakidza, ndinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire anotevera malink: