El Suprematism ndeimwe yemafambiro akanyanya uye akachena yenhoroondo yose yeunyanzvi yezana remakore rechi20. Akazvarwa pakati pezvematongerwo enyika netsika dzeRussia isati yatanga chimurenga, akapesana zvakanyanya nekumiririrwa kwenyika inoonekwa, achisarudza mafomu asina chinhu ejometri uye mavara akati sandara senzira yekuenda kune chiitiko chemweya. Seri kwechitarisiko chiri nyore—masikweya, madenderedzwa, michinjikwa, uye marectangles akayangarara pamashure machena—pane dzidziso yakaoma kwazvo yerunako yaitsvaga chimwe chinhu kunze kwekusvika pa "hukuru hwekunzwa kwakachena."
Musiki wako, Kazimir Malevich akatora mufananidzo kusvika pa "ground zero" umo zvinhu, nzvimbo, uye vanhu vanonyangarika. Panzvimbo pazvo panoramba paine minda yemavara, kushushikana kwejometri, nenzvimbo chena inoratidza kusaguma. Kubva ipapo, Suprematism inobuda muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, inokurudzira vamwe vaimbi vakaita saEl Lissitzky, Popova, naRozanova, inobatanidzwa mukukurukurirana (uye kusawirirana) neConstructivism, uye inosiya chiratidzo chakakura pa zvisinganzwisisiki, Bauhaus, dhizaini yemifananidzo uye kunyange magadzirirwo emazuva ano.
Musiki wako, Kazimir Malevich akatora mufananidzo kusvika pa "ground zero" umo zvinhu, nzvimbo, uye vanhu vanonyangarika. Panzvimbo pazvo panoramba paine minda yemavara, kushushikana kwejometri, nenzvimbo chena inoratidza kusingaperi. Kubva ipapo, Suprematism inobuda muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana, ichikurudzira vamwe vaimbi vakaita saEl Lissitzky, Popova, naRozanova, vachitaurirana (uye vachipesana) neConstructivism, uye vachisiya chiratidzo chikuru paunyanzvi hwekufungidzira, Bauhaus, dhizaini yemifananidzo, uye kunyange zvivakwa zvemazuva ano.
Mamiriro enhoroondo uye kuberekwa kweSuprematism
Pakati pa1905 nekutanga kwema1920, Russia yakasangana nekuchinja-chinja, hondo, uye shanduko dzemagariro evanhu Zviitiko izvi zvakakanganisa zvese zvivakwa, kusanganisira zveunyanzvi. Mushure meBloody Sunday muna 1905 uye kusawirirana kwakatungamira kuChimurenga cha1917, nyika yakanga ichichinja zvikuru mune zvematongerwo enyika, tsika, uye mafungiro. Panguva imwe chete, yakanga ichivhura mukana wekuva neEuropean avant-garde nekuda kwezviratidziro zvakaita seizvo zvakarongwa muna 1908 nemagazini yeRussia inonzi The Golden Fleece, iyo yaive nemabasa aMatisse, Renoir, Braque, Cézanne, Van Gogh, Kees van Dongen, Sisley, naBonnard.
Mienzaniso iyi yakachinja zvikuru: Vanyori vekuRussia vakabatanidza Impressionism, Cubism, uye Fauvismuye vakatanga kugadzira yavo modernist paintMuna 1911, kuratidzwa kweboka re "Jack of Diamonds" kwakaratidza shanduko huru yekuenda kuzvinhu zvekufungidzira mukupenda nekuveza. Nguva pfupi yakatevera, mafambiro akaita seRussian Futurism ne URayonism kana kuti cubofuturism, iyo yaisanganisa kumhanya, kupatsanuka uye kuongorora chimiro.
Munzvimbo iyi yekuberekera, mufananidzo we Kazimir Malevich, mupendi akadzidziswa muchokwadi Asi ainetseka zvikuru nekukwanisa kweunyanzvi hwekufananidzira kupindura munguva itsva. Akatanga kupesvedzerwa nePost-Impressionism neNeo-Primitivism, akazotanga kudzidza nezveCubo-Futurism, kusvika anzwisisa kuti chimurenga chechokwadi chaifanira kupfuura kungochinja kana kuchinja zvinhu: chinhu chacho chaifanira kubviswa zvachose.
Malevich anobva aona kuti Ruvara nechimiro zvinogona kushanda sezvinhu zvinozvitongapasina chikonzero chekumiririra chero chinhu chinoonekwa. Sekureva kwake, ruvara runofanira kurega kuva chinhu chiri nyore chekutevedzera chokwadi uye kuva "munhu" mukati mehurongwa hwakazvimiririra, senge chinhu chipenyu chinobatanidzwa mukuvaka pamwe chete pasina kurasikirwa nehunhu hwacho.
Muna 1913, paaishanda pamifananidzo yemamwe mapurojekiti, Malevich akawana kuti Maumbirwo ejometri ekutanga anokubvumira kubatana nepfungwa yemukati yekuchena. Zvaaisakwanisa kuwana mukupenda zvinhu sezvazviri. Akabva atanga kunyora magwaro nekugadzira dzidziso yekuti hunyanzvi hwakakodzera zvemazuva ano hunofanira kusiyana nedingindira rechinyakare uye huzviratidze kuburikidza nemutauro usinganyatsooneki wakavakirwa pamhando idzi dziri nyore.
Opera "Kukunda Zuva" uye germ ye black square
Chimwe chezvinhu zvakachinja zveSuprematism iopera "Victory Over the Sun", yakatanga kuratidzwa muna 1913 paLunapark Theatre muSt. Petersburg.Yaiva mutambo weramangwana waisanganisa libretto naAlexei Kruchenykh, sumo naVelimir Khlebnikov, mimhanzi naMikhail Matyushin, uye dhizaini yeseti nezvipfeko naMalevich.
Chinangwa chevanyori chaive kusiya mitambo yechinyakare uye nemutauro wenhetembo wakajairikakuchitsiva nemutauro wechiRussia wakajeka uye une musoro, uye nemutambo wakanyanya. Malevich anogadzira zvipfeko zvakagadzirwa nezvinhu zviri nyore uye maumbirwo ejometri, zviri kure nechero chokwadi, nepo chiedza chinopenya chichiita kuti maoko, makumbo, kana misoro yevatambi zvinyangarike kwenguva pfupi, zvichigadzira mhedzisiro yakapwanyika uye inenge yave isina kusimba.
Keteni reproscenium reimba yeopera rakaratidza sikweya nhema hombe, yakaparadzanaMufananidzo uyu, uyo pakutanga waishanda sechinhu chekuona, wakazopedzisira wava chinhu chikuru chebasa rake remifananidzo rakazotevera: Malevich akafadzwa zvikuru nesimba rekufananidzira renzvimbo iyoyo zvekuti akaichinja kuita mufananidzo unozvimirira.
Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Zvinotora danho guru muunyanzvi husina chinangwaAnosiya chero mashoko aanotaura uye anotarisa pane zvakasikwa zvine mavara akasiyana-siyana, makona, uye nzvimbo dzemavara dzisingacharevi nzvimbo kana mifananidzo. Mumakore iwayo, mafungiro ake edzidziso aitsanangurwa mumagwaro netsamba, mamwe acho akanyorwa achipindura kushoropodzwa kwakasimba kwaakatanga kugamuchira kubva kunharaunda yedzidzo yeRussia.
Kuratidzwa kwe0,10 uye manifesto yeSuprematist
Chiitiko chechokwadi chekutanga kweSuprematism chakaitika muna 1915 nekuratidzwa kwacho "0,10. Kuratidzwa Kwekupedzisira Kwemifananidzo Yevaya Vari Kuuya", yakaitirwa muPetrograd (yaimbova St. Petersburg). Musoro wacho waireva, kune rumwe rutivi, pfungwa yekuti "nyika yekare" yakanga yava kupera uye zero poindi (0) yakanga yasvika, uye kune rumwe rutivi, nhamba yekutanga yevaimbi vakaronga kutora chikamu (10), kunyange zvazvo gumi nemana vakazoratidzwa pakupedzisira.
Muchiratidziro ichi, Malevich anopa mabasa makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe asina chinangwa, kugadzira kekutanga seti yakabatana yemifananidzo yeSuprematistPakati pavo, vakakurumbira Sikweya nhema pamashure machenainova mufananidzo wesangano idzva iri. Chidimbu chacho chakaturikwa pakona yepamusoro yekamuri, panzvimbo iyo mudzimba dzekuRussia makanga makachengeterwa mifananidzo yechitendero, zvichiratidza hupamhi hwayo hunenge hutsvene.
Kuna Malevich, chikwere ichocho chaive "chiratidzo chisina kuumbwa chenguva yangu"Chiratidzo chakatora nzvimbo kubva kuzvifananidzo zveOrthodox, chinoratidza kwete huMwari hwechiKristu asi huMwari hutsva hwekunze. Anorondedzerawo sekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe chromatic, kuratidzwa kwezvaanoti "hupfumi hwe geometric."
Gore iroro, uye pamwe chete nemudetembi Vladimir Mayakovsky, Malevich anonyora Suprematist Manifestokwaanotsanangura kufamba uku se "hukuru hwekunzwisisa kwakachena muunyanzvi hwekufananidzira." Sekureva kwake, hunyanzvi hunofanira kusunungurwa kubva pamutoro wekumiririra nyika inoonekwa uye kutevedzera zvinodiwa nenyaya, zvemagariro evanhu, kana zvesainzi. Chinangwa chinofanira kunge chiri pane zvakaitika mukati memuimbi nemuoni.
Muna 1916, shanduro yakakura yepfungwa idzi yakabuda pasi pemusoro wenyaya "Kubva kuCubism neFuturism kusvika kuSuprematism: Hunhu Hutsva muKupenda"Muchinyorwa ichi, Malevich anotaura kuti akazvishandura "kuva chimiro chakachena" uye kuti akabuda "kubva mukusavapo achienda kuzvisikwa," kureva kuti, kuSuprematism sehuchokwadi hutsva hwekupenda kusiri kwechinangwa, huchokwadi hunonzwisiswa kwete sekopi yezviripo, asi sechokwadi chekunzwa.
Uzivi uye chinangwa che suprematism
Dzidziso yeSuprematist yakavakirwa papfungwa huru: kusasaruraMalevich aitsvaga izwi iro, munyaya yeunyanzvi, raizoenzana nerinoreva "Mwari" muchitendero, kukwana kwehunyanzvi hwesainzi, kana "runako" muunyanzvi hwedzidzo. Anoti pfungwa idzi dzinotungamira nzira dzevanhu, asi dzinogara dziripo, pachadzo, kupfuura ruzivo rwezvinhu.
Zvake, Chitendero, sainzi, uye hunyanzvi zvinogovana kuti zvinotevera chimwe chinhu chisina chinangwa, chokwadi chepamusoro. izvo zvisingapedzwi nezvinhu chaizvo. Paakaona kuti chinhu chimwe chete chinogona kutsanangurwa nenzira dzakasiyana zvichienderana nemaonero (echitendero, esainzi, kana eunyanzvi), akagumisa kuti chinhu ichi chine nzira yekuvapo isina kuzvimiririra kubva kuvanhu. Hunhu hwezvinhu, "nzvimbo yazvo yekuvapo," hahusati hwanyatsonzwisiswa nesu.
Kuda kwakasimba, maererano naMalevich, kwaizova iko kutsvaga mifananidzo yenzvimbo iyoyo isina chinangwaSaka zita resangano racho pacharo, rinobva pashoko rechiLatini rokuti "suprematia" (hukuru, kutonga), richipfuura nepakati pemaFrench nePoland: hukuru hwekunzwa kwakachena pamusoro pekumiririrwa kwenyika yepanyama.
Kufungisisa uku kunosimbiswa mubhuku rake "Nyika isina chinangwa"Yakaburitswa neBauhaus muna 1927, anosimbirira kuti musiki wechokwadi anongoda chete kana mafomu ari mumufananidzo wavo asina kufanana nezvisikwa. Saka sikweya, denderedzwa, kana muchinjikwa zvinova kutakura manzwiro evanhu vese kwete zviratidzo zvezvinhu chaizvo.
Kuchinja kwemaonero ake kwakaita kuti hunyanzvi hwake huonekwe se kusaziva, kusaziva, kana kuti kusanzwisisa zvakanyanya nevakawanda venguva yake. Zvisinei, kuna Malevich, Suprematism yakanga isiri kuramba kusina maturo, asi kuedza kuvaka mutauro mutsva unokwanisa kuratidza manzwiro pasina kuvimba nemifananidzo inozivikanwa, chimwe chinhu chiri pedyo nemimhanzi yezviridzwa pane kupenda kwechinyakare.
Matanho eSuprematism: Dema, Ruvara, uye Chena
Nyanzvi dzinowanzo patsanura kushanduka kweSuprematism mu matanho makuru matatu, ese akatenderera mufananidzo wechikwere, chimiro chakakwana cheMalevich. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinopinda muchikamu chakasiyana che geometric abstraction.
Chikamu chekutanga ndeche nhanho yerimaMumakore aya, mimhanzi yakawanda yeSuprematist yaishandisa maumbirwo matema—masikweya, marectangle, michinjikwa, madenderedzwa—parutivi rwekumashure ruchena. Musiyano mukuru pakati pedema nechena wakasimbisa pfungwa ye "zero point" yekupenda: ruvara rwakaderedzwa kusvika padanho diki, uye chimiro chekupenda chaitsamira pa geometry chete.
Danho rechipiri nderokuti Suprematism muRuvaraMalevich akawedzera mavara, achisanganisira matsvuku, asiwo eyero, bhuruu, girini, uye maranjisi. Inoshanda se Red Square: mufananidzo wemukadzi mudiki muzvikamu zviviri (sikweya dzvuku pamucheto webeige) inoshanda sezviratidzo zverunako uye zvekufananidzira, zvichibatanidzwa kwaari nekuchinja-chinja uye kushanduka kwemagariro evanhu.
Muchikamu chino chinoshanduka-shanduka, mafomu anoita se kuyangarara, kutsveyama, uye kuyambuka munzvimbo yemufananidzo, zvichigadzira kunzwa kwekufamba pasina chikonzero chekumiririra chero chinhu chaicho. Ruvara haruchagumiri pakuzadza, asi runoratidza kushushikana kwekudzika, mapuraneti anofambira mberi kana kudzokera shure munzvimbo yepfungwa.
Chikamu chechitatu uye chekupedzisira chinomiririrwa ne ukuru hwevachena, ane muenzaniso unozivikanwa zvikuru ndewekuti Muchena chena (1918). I sikweya chena, yakatenderedzwa zvishoma, pamashure payo pakachenawo, asi ine toni yakasiyana. Mutsetse wacho haunyatsooneki; kupatsanurwa pakati pemufananidzo nepasi kunova kusingaonekwe, sekunge mufananidzo wacho wava kusvika pamuganhu wekuonekwa.
Nebasa iri, Malevich anotenda izvozvo Akatora kuedza kwake kwemifananidzo kusvika padanho rakakwirira kwazvoRuvara runodzikira, chimiro chinobatana nenzvimbo, uye mufananidzo wacho unenge wava kuda kudzima. Mumashoko ake, sikweya chena inova, chiratidzo chekuzviziva kwevanhu kana ikasiya zvachose zvinangwa zvekushandisa, uye chiratidzo chekusasarura.
Mabasa Main Suprematist aKazimir Malevich
Kunyange zvazvo Suprematism ichinyanya kuzivikanwa nezviratidzo zvishoma zvinozivikanwa, Malevich akagadzira mabasa makuru uye akasiyana-siyana nenzira iyi. Mazhinji acho akatorwa kubva kuRussia muma1920 kudzivirira kutorwa nevakuru veSoviet, izvo zvakabvumira kuchengetedzwa kwawo mumamiziyamu muEurope nemuUnited States.
Pakati pezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha, zvinotevera zvinoonekwa pachena, kutanga, Sikweya nhema pamashure machena (munenge muna 1915, State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg), yaiona gwaro rekuzvarwa reSuprematism. Kunyange hazvo vazhinji vakariramba se "mufananidzo usina chinhu" kana "hapana chinhu chakanyorwa semunhu," muimbi wacho pachake akasimbirira kuti harisi kureva kusavapo, asi kusavapo semamiriro ezvinhu ane zvibereko, nzvimbo yekugona apo zvekare zvakabviswa.
Anoteverwa nemabasa akadai sekuti Denderedzwa dema (1913), zvakare muState Russian Museum, iyo inoshandura kutsvaga kumwe chete kwekuchena mune imwe nzira huru, uye Maumbirwo eSuprematist: sikweya tsvuku uye sikweya nhema (MoMA, New York), uko hurukuro pakati pemavara nemifananidzo inokonzera kusawirirana kwakasimba kwazvo kwechimiro.
Zvimwe zvinhu zvakakosha ndeizvi Kuzvikudza (Kuzvikudza #58) (1916, Krasnodar Art Museum), dzakasiyana-siyana Suprematist nziyo yakachengetedzwa muSedelijk Museum muAmsterdam, uye zvambotaurwa Muchena chena (1918, MoMA, New York), piyona wekugadzira mifananidzo yemazuva ano ye monochrome.
Zvakakoshawo kurangarira mifananidzo yekare asi inokosha kuti unzwisise kushanduka kwayo, senge Muchina weKukuya Mabanga o Musoro wemurimiuko Cubo-Futurism uye kufarira vanhu vekumaruwa zvinotarisira zvimwe zvinhu zvepamutemo zvaizozogadziriswa muSuprematism. Mumifananidzo yakawanda kubva mumakore ake ekupedzisira, atodzokera kumifananidzo, Malevich akasaina basa rake nechivande nechikweya chidiki dema, sechiratidzo chenguva iyoyo uye chiratidzo chake chakanyanya kusimba.
Vamwe vaimbi veSuprematist neboka reSupremus
Kunyangwe Malevich ari zita racho hariparadzaniswi ne suprematismKufamba kwacho kwakanga kusiri kwemunhu mumwe chete. Denderedzwa revaimbi rakaumbwa rakaripoteredza, uye Vapendi vane mukurumbira avo vakagovana, kusvika pamwero mukuru kana mudiki, zvinangwa zvavo zvekucheneswa kwepamutemo uye kusunungurwa kwekupenda kubva pabasa ripi zvaro rekumiririra.
Pakati pezvinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndezvi: El Lissitzky, Lyubov Popova, Olga Rózanova, Ivan Puni, MijaÃl Menkov, Nikolai SuetÃn kana Nadezhda UdaltsovaVazhinji vavo vakatorawo chikamu mune mamwe mafambisirwo eRussian avant-garde uye vakashanda pamwe chete pamapurojekiti, mabhuku uye kuratidzwa.
Boka iri rakaumbwa muna 1918 Supremeiyo inoshanda senzvimbo yekukurukurirana kweuzivi neunyanzvi pamusoro pehukuru hweSuprematism uye kushandiswa kwayo kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepfungwa. Misangano iyi yakataura nezvenyaya dzakasiyana-siyana kubva parudzi rwenguva nenzvimbo kusvika pahukama hunogona kuitika pakati peunyanzvi nesainzi kana chitendero.
Vamwe vaimbi, vakaita se Lyubov PopovaVakaedza kusanganisa pfungwa dzeSuprematist dzakasimba nepfungwa dzeFuturism neCubism. Mumabasa akadai se Pictorial architecture (1918), kutaura nezvekuvaka kwezvivakwa kana kurongeka kwenzvimbo dzemaguta kuchiri kunzwisiswa, kunyangwe kwakaderedzwa kuita mapurani nemavhoriyamu anenge asina kujeka.
Vamwe, senge Olga RozanovaVakasvika paSuprematism mushure mekupfuura neCubism neFuturism. Kubhururuka kwendege (1916), semuenzaniso, pesvedzero yetsika yaMalevich inoonekwa zvakajeka mukushandiswa kwemifananidzo yakachena, asiwo imwe nyaya yenzvimbo inobva mumusoro wekubhururuka, ine mavara akajeka uye mimhanzi inoratidza kukwira nekufamba.
El Lissitzky: zambuko pakati peSuprematism, magadzirirwo ezvivakwa neBauhaus
Pakati pevateveri vese vaMalevich, El Lissitzky ndiye akabatsira zvikuru mukuparadzira Suprematism kunze kweRussiaAkafadzwa zvikuru nemabasa eSuprematist, akaona maari hunyanzvi hwakafanana nekuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika munguva yake: mutauro wakajeka wechimiro chitsva chenzanga.
Kubva muna 1919 zvichienda mberi, Lissitzky akagadzira hunyanzvi hwake hwakakurumbira hwekugadzira Zvivakwa zveProun (chidimbu che "Project for the Affirmation of the New"), chaanotsanangura senzvimbo yekuchinja pakati pekupenda nekuvaka. Mabasa aya musanganiswa wakaoma wezvimiro zvejometri zviri mudenga, asi zvinofungidzirwa sezvivakwa zvepanzvimbo, anenge mamodheru ezvivakwa zvemangwana kana nharaunda dzemaguta.
MuProun yake, Lissitzky Zvinotora nheyo dzeSuprematist dzodziendesa kune dzinovaka.Kubvisa zvinhu hakuchavi mugumo pachakwo uye kunotanga kufungwa nezvako maererano nehupenyu hunoshanda, kurongeka kwenzvimbo yekugara, uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu nemashoko anoonekwa.
Muna 1923, panguva yerwendo rwake kuburikidza neGermany, akaisa dzimba dzekuratidzira hunyanzvi dzisiri dzechinangwa muBerlin, Hanover, neDresden, uye inogara iine hukama hwepedyo nevanhu vakakosha veEuropean avant-garde vakaita saTheo van Dosburg, chinongedzo chekufamba kweDe Stijl. Network iyi yekuchinjana inobatsira pfungwa dzeSuprematist kusvika kuBauhaus nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeEuropean modernism.
Mabasa akadai seposita Rova machena ane red wedge (1919) inoratidza kuti Lissitzky Anoshandisa geometry yeSuprematist pakuparadzira zvematongerwo enyika.Katatu katsvuku kanopinda mudenderedzwa jena kuratidza kukunda kweBolshevik pamusoro peWhite Army panguva yeHondo yeVanhu vekuRussia. Muenzaniso wekutanga wedhizaini yemifananidzo umo chimiro nemavara zvinopa zvakananga uye zvine simba meseji yepfungwa.
Hukama uye musiyano uripo pakati pe suprematism ne constructivism
Muchirevo cheRussia avant-garde yekutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, Suprematism inogovera kutarisisa neimwe nzira huru: constructivismKunyange zvazvo vachiwanzovhiringidzika, maitiro avo epachivande akasiyana, anenge akasiyana.
Kunyange zvazvo Suprematism ichizivisa Unyanzvi hwehunyanzvi, husina basa rinoshanda kana mashoko ekubatsira vanhu.Kuvaka kwakatanga nechinangwa chekuisa hunyanzvi hwekugadzira kuti hubatsire nzanga itsva yechimurenga. Kune vanovaka, muimbi aifanira kungova mumwe mushandi, akabatana neindasitiri, fekitori, uye kugadzira zvinhu zvinobatsira: kubva pamaposta nemabhuku kusvika kufenicha, zvivakwa, nemichina.
Kuzvikudza, kune rumwe rutivi, kwakadzivirira rusununguko rwakakwana rwekuona runakoVanyori vavo vaisada kuratidza masirogani ezvematongerwo enyika kana kuratidza magamba evashandi; vaida kuvaka mutauro unozvitonga usingatsamiri pazvinangwa zvepfungwa. Rusununguko urwu rwakapesana zvakananga nekuchinja kwekubatsira kwaizoitwa nehurumende yeSoviet kubva muna 1921 zvichienda mberi.
Zvinoshamisa kuti, vazhinji vanoongorora zvekuvaka vakatora zvakakweretwa zvinhu zvepamutemo zveukuruVakaramba vachishandisa matekiniki akadai semagadzirirwo ejometri kana kushandisa ruvara rwakati sandara, asi vakaaendesa kune magadzirirwo ekongiri aishandira Hurumende. Lissitzky ndiye muenzaniso wakanakisa wekuchinja uku: akadzidziswa pasi pesimba raMalevich, akazopedzisira atsvaga kubatanidza pakati pekubvisa nekushanda.
Kufamba kwese kuri kuviri, chero zvodini, Vane simba guru paunyanzvi hwemazuva ano hwepasi roseKuburikidza naDe Stijl naBauhaus, misimboti yavo yekurerutsa, kujekesa, uye geometry ine musoro yakapinda muzvivakwa, dhizaini yemifananidzo, fenicha, uye zvakawanda zvekuronga maguta kwezana remakore rechi20.
Kupindura kwakakosha, kudzorwa kwemutemo uye kudzikira kwehutongi hwepamusoro
Kuonekwa kwemabasa akadai se Black square yakaburitsa dutu guru rechokwadi Munharaunda dzechiRussia dzinochengetedza tsika, yainzi "manomano akanyanya" emitambo yehunyanzvi yazvino, yakatsanangurwa se "nzvimbo isina kufa" kana "isina kutaurwa zvachose semunhu," uye Malevich akapomerwa mhosva yekuparadza tsika.
Nyanzvi yezvehunyanzvi Alexander Benois nevanyori vakaita saDmitri Merezhkovsky Vakaseka mutauro mutsva uyu, vachiuona sekupinda kwevanhu "vasina hunhu" munzvimbo tsvene yetsika dzakakwirira. Malevich akapindura netsamba refu kuna Benois, iye zvino anoonekwa segwaro rekutanga reuzivi hweSuprematist, umo anotaura kuti kutsvaga kwake kwaisava kungoda, asi chinhu chakakosha munhoroondo yeunyanzvi.
Mumakore ekutanga mushure meChimurenga cha1917, uye nekuda kwerutsigiro rwevanhu vakavhurika vakaita se Commissar weVanhu Anatoly LunacharskyVaya vainyanya kufarira zvinhu zvemazuva ano vaifara nerusununguko rwakati. Mutauro mutsva uyu waitoshandiswawo mukushongedza migwagwa uye mune dzimwe nhepfenyuro dzekuparadzira mashoko, chimwe chinhu icho munyori wenhoroondo yehupenyu Stachelhaus akazofunga kuti "chinosetsa munhoroondo yeunyanzvi," tichifunga nezvekusawirirana kwehurongwa hweSuprematism.
Kubva muna 1921 zvichienda mberi, nekushandiswa kwe Mutemo Mutsva wezvehupfumi (NEP)Hurumende inotanga kuda hunyanzvi hunonzwisisika kune vazhinji, hunokwanisa kuita mabasa akajeka edzidzo uye ekuparadzira mashoko. Suprematism, iyo yakanyatsodzivirira kusavapo kwechinangwa chekunze, inobva yava chipingamupinyi chepfungwa.
Sangano reVaimbi veRussia Yechimurenga, rakavambwa muna 1922, rinogumisa kuti, zvichipiwa huwandu hwakanyanya hwevanhu vasina ruzivo rwekuverenga nekunyora, Tinofanira kudzokera kuchokwadiHunyanzvi husina kujeka hwakazoonekwa sehumbowo hwemabhurugwa, hune mukurumbira, uye husinganzwisisike kune vashandi. Hurumende yeHurumende yeHunhu hweUnyanzvi (GINChUk), iyo Malevich akatungamira, yakavharwa muna 1926, uye kuburitswa kwemagwaro ake edzidziso kwakarambidzwa.
Makore ekupedzisira aMalevich uye kudzvinyirirwa kwesangano
Muna 1927, Malevich akaenda kuGermany nechinangwa chekuenda kuGermany. tsvaga mukana wekushandira pamwe neBauhausKunyangwe chikoro chakayemura mupiro wake uye chakatoburitsa bhuku rake Nyika isina chinangwa Mukati menyaya dzake dzekunyora, akabvuma musumo kuti maonero ake akasiyana panyaya huru: Bauhaus yaida kubatanidza hunyanzvi, hunyanzvi uye mashandiro, nepo Malevich akaramba achidzivirira kusabatsira sechinhu chakakosha cheunyanzvi.
Panguva yekuratidzwa kwemabasa ake muBerlin, Malevich anodzokera kuUSSR nekukurumidzaachisiya chikamu chikuru chemifananidzo yake kuMadokero, uko yaizoramba yakachengeteka. Vamwe vanyori venhoroondo dzezveunyanzvi vanoti kuchinja kukuru kwebasa rake mushure mekudzoka kwake kunogona kutsanangurwa sekuyedza "kuvaka patsva" mifananidzo yaakanga asiya kunze kwenyika kubva mundangariro.
Kubva ipapo, Inoparadzana nepfungwa yekuti munhu mukuru ndiye anonyanya kukoshesa zvinhu zvakanyanya Anodzokera kumhando yekufananidzira yekupenda, achisanganisa Impressionism yekupedzisira nekudzokorora kweCubo-Futurism yebasa rake rekutanga. Anodzokorora dingindira revarombo nevanhu, asi simba reSuprematist rinoonekwa mumitsara yakachena yekunyora kwake uye mubhokisi dema raanosaina zvinyoro nyoro mune mamwe mabasa.
Mumakore ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake, Malevich akatanga kufarira mutauro wemifananidzo weRenaissance yeItalyAkaedza nziyo dzekare dzaienderana nehupenyu hwake hwekare. Akafa muna 1935 muLeningrad aine makore 56 ekuberekwa, akabatwa nekenza, mushure mekusarurwa nehurumende yeSoviet uye achionekwa semunhu "asina tsika".
La Kudzvinyirirwa kweSuprematism muSoviet Historyography yepamutemo Zvakanga zvakazara kwemakumi emakore. Kunyangwe muna 1984, katarogu ine simba pamusoro peunyanzvi hweRussia hwemuzana remakore rechi20 yakabvisa zita rake zvachose, ichideredza kukosha kweavant-garde yema1910 nema20. Zvakatoitika kusvika panguva yeperestroika, nekuratidzwa kwekare kwakafanana nekwakaitwa muSt. Petersburg muna 1988, apo chimiro chake necheSuprematism zvakatanga kugadziriswa muRussia.
Simba uye nhaka yeSuprematism
Kunyangwe aive ne hupenyu hupfupi senzira inoshanda Pakati pemakore angangoita 1913 na1923, Suprematism yakasiya chiratidzo chikuru munhoroondo yeunyanzvi nekugadzira kwezana remakore rechi20. Kusagadzikana kwayo kwakakurudzira vaimbi nevanodzidzisa dzidziso muEurope yese uye kwakava nzvimbo inokosha yekunzwisisa kupatsanurwa kwe geometric.
Mumunda wekupenda, Suprematism iri padivi kana Sonia naRobert Delaunay seimwe yenzira huru dzekugadzira zvinhu zvisina hunhu. Kunyange zvazvo Kandinsky akasimbisa chikamu chemweya kuburikidza nemarudzi ezvisikwa uye mavara anoratidza, Malevich akasarudza geometry yakanyanyisa uye kuderedza mutauro wekuona zvakanyanya.
Pfungwa dzake dzakanyatsopesvedzera mafambiro akaita se StijlVachitungamirirwa naPiet Mondrian naTheo van Doesburg, vakatora hunyanzvi hwavo hwekugadzira mifananidzo vachitarisa kurongeka kwemitsara nemavara epakutanga. Bauhauskunyanya kuburikidza nevanhu vakaita saLissitzky, uyo akashanda sebhiriji pakati pevanonyanya kukoshesa zveRussia nechikoro cheGerman.
Pamwero wakakura, Suprematism yakabatsira kuisa hwaro hwe mafambiro akazotevera akadai se minimalism uye abstract expressionismPfungwa yekuderedza basa iri kuita zvinhu zvinokosha, yekuongorora "zero degree" yekupenda, inoonekwazve muvanyori vakawanda vehafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi20, kubva kuna Ad Reinhardt kusvika kuna Barnett Newman kana Mark Rothko, mumwe nemumwe nenzira yake.
Kunze kwekupenda, simba reSuprematist rinoonekwa mu magadzirirwo ezvivakwa, dhizaini yemifananidzo, dhizaini yemaindasitiri uye dhizaini yekunyoraKuongorora hukama hwenzvimbo kuburikidza nemafomu akareruka, kutsvaga kujeka uye kuchengetedza mari yekushandisa, uye kushandiswa pachena kwekusava nechinhu (chena) sechinhu chinoshanda chekuumba zvinhu zvinhu zvicharatidza chikamu chakanaka chekugadzira kwemazuva ano.
Nhasi, Suprematism ichiripo chinhu chakakosha chekunzwisisa abstraction sechishandiso chekufunga nemazisoMifananidzo yake ingaita seinovhiringidza pakutanga kuiona, asi kuseri kwezvikwere izvozvo, madenderedzwa, uye michinjikwa kune kuratidzwa kwakadzama kwemukana wekuti hunyanzvi hunopfuura nyika yezvinhu uye huchibatana nechimwe chinhu chepasi rose uye chisingaperi. Chishuvo ichi, kunyange zvazvo chichifadza zvikuru, chinotsanangura chikonzero nei nhaka yaMalevich nevateveri vake ichiramba ichikurudzira zvizvarwa zvevanyori, vagadziri, uye vanyori vedzidziso, uye chikonzero nei mabasa ake achiramba achitora nzvimbo huru mumamiziyamu nemuunganidzwa pasi rese.
