Nhasi tichakudzidzisa kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi chinonakidza, marudzi akasiyana ehurumende mu Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reToltecs, nehukuru hwemauto echiuto, kuwedzera kune mamwe maitiro etsika yavo nezvimwe zvinhu.
Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reToltec rakanga rakaita sei?
Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reToltec raive nesimba uye kutonga kunoitwa nevatungamiriri vemauto. Kutonga kwemauto kwakakonzerwa nehondo dzakasiyana-siyana idzo vanhu vaifanira kutarisana nadzo kuti vadzivirire nyika dzavo. Kunetsana kunogara kuchiitwa kweiyi tsika yeMesoamerican kwakakonzera kukura kwenzvimbo.
Kazhinji, vanhu veToltec vaizivikanwa nekuti ivo pakutanga vaive nomads, vaiita tsika dzekutendeseka, kuteerera uye kuvimbika. Ukuwo, varume ndivo vaiva nebasa rokuriritira mhuri dzavo, asi vakadzi vaiva nebasa repamba. Zvisinei, unhu hwake hwainyanya kuzivikanwa hwakanga huri hushingi.
Sevarwi vakanaka, vakakwanisa kuratidza unyanzvi hwavo hwehutungamiri, izvo zvakabvumira varwi vairayira hondo kuronga uye kugadza hurumende yezvematongerwe enyika. Hupirisita hwaiteverwa nesimba rehondo uye pazasi pacho paiva nemapoka aidiwa zvishoma, akadai semhizha nevarombo.
Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reToltecs: chimiro chesimba
Chimiro chehurumende yetsika iyi yaive yehumambo uye yehondo. Mukuwedzera, rairatidzirwa nechimiro charo choubati ushe hwaMwari, ndiko kuti, vatongi vapamusoro-soro vaiita zvisarudzo zvavo vachitungamirirwa nemirau nemirau zvorudzidziso rwakanga ruripo. Rudzi urwu rwaiva vanhu vainamata vanamwari vakawanda, saka vaitungamirirwa nevamwari vose vavaitenda mavari.
Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reToltec raitungamirirwa nemutungamiri wepamusoro-soro, aive mutungamiriri wemauto akatanhamara akanga ashanda pamwe chete muhondo dzakawanda. Uyu mukuru wehurumende akanga ari rudzi rwamambo uyo vanhu vairemekedza kwaari uye, pane dzimwe nguva, kutya nzira yaaishandisa nayo simba, aitsigirwa nevaprista.
Madzimambo mazhinjisa kana kuti vatongi
Mutsika yeToltec, pakanga paine madzimambo akasiyana-siyana kana vatongi vaiona kuti humambo hwakagara kwemakore anopfuura mazana matatu. Zvimwe zvezvainyanya kukosha ndezvi:
– Chalchiutlantzin (667-719 AD).
– Ixtlicuechahuac (719-771 AD).
– Huetzin (771-823 AD).
– Totepeuh (823-875 AD).
- Nacaxxoc (875-927 AD).
–Mitl (927-976 AD).
– Xiuhtzatzin (mambokadzi) (976-980 AD).
– Tecpancaltzin (980-1031 AD).
– Tōpīltzin (1031-1052), akafa mugore 2 Tecpatl.
Pandaza yataurwa, mutongi ainyanya kukosha aiva Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcóatl, anozivikanwa zviri nani saTopiltzin. Basa rake rinosiyaniswa nekukwanisa kwarinoita kuburitsa kubudirira kweToltecs uye nenzira iyo inobatanidza tsika netsika dzevanhu ava veMesoamerican.
Quetzalcóatl aiva mwanakomana waTecpatl (mumwe wemadzishe ekutanga evaToltec, airemekedzwa semunhu wengano). Akanga ane basa rekugadzirisa zvematongerwo enyika maToltec, mazano ake nemitemo yakatonga kwenguva yakareba. Zita remurwi uyu rakanga rine hukama namwari wavainamata uye raireva “nyoka ine minhenga”.
Madzimambo mazhinjisa kana kuti vatongi
Mutsika yeToltec, pakanga paine madzimambo akasiyana-siyana kana vatongi vaiona kuti humambo hwakagara kwemakore anopfuura mazana matatu. Zvimwe zvezvainyanya kukosha ndezvi:
– Chalchiutlantzin (667-719 AD).
– Ixtlicuechahuac (719-771 AD).
– Huetzin (771-823 AD).
– Totepeuh (823-875 AD).
- Nacaxxoc (875-927 AD).
–Mitl (927-976 AD).
– Xiuhtzatzin (mambokadzi) (976-980 AD).
– Tecpancaltzin (980-1031 AD).
– Tōpīltzin (1031-1052), akafa mugore 2 Tecpatl.
Pandaza yataurwa, mutongi ainyanya kukosha aiva Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcóatl, anozivikanwa zviri nani saTopiltzin. Basa rake rinosiyaniswa nekukwanisa kwarinoita kuburitsa kubudirira kweToltecs uye nenzira iyo inobatanidza tsika netsika dzevanhu ava veMesoamerican.
Quetzalcóatl aiva mwanakomana waTecpatl (mumwe wemadzishe ekutanga evaToltec, airemekedzwa semunhu wengano). Akanga ane basa rekugadzirisa zvematongerwo enyika maToltec, mazano ake nemitemo yakatonga kwenguva yakareba. Zita remurwi uyu rakanga rine hukama namwari wavainamata uye raireva “nyoka ine minhenga”.
humac
Kune rumwe rutivi, shanduro inopesana yaTopiltzin yaiva Huemac, uyo aiva mutongi akamutsiva. Mutungamiriri uyu aionekwa semumwe wekupedzisira mutsika dzeToltec, asi kuita kwake kwakavharwa nesarudzo dzakaipa dzaakaita. Naizvozvo, guta rakasangana nematambudziko akasiyana-siyana muchimiro charo chakakonzera kupera kwaro.
Huemac uye mitero
Chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvekudonha kweToltecs yaive nzira iyo Huemac aiitisa kuunganidzwa kwemitero nemitero. Hudzvinyiriri hwaakashandisa simba nahwo uye kushandiswa kwemitemo kwakamutsa kuita kwevagari vepedyo, kusvika pakupambwa nekupambwa.
Mitemo
Mitemo yakava musimboti wetsika yeToltec mushure mekunge vava vanhu vakabudirira uye vakagara muTollan (Tula, ikozvino Mexico). Naizvozvo, iwaya akagamuchirwa nomukuru mukuru wehurumende (mambo), uyo akaashandisa kutsamba uye nokudaro anochengeta udzori hwavanhu.
Mambo, semusiki wemitemo, aivewo nesimba rekuranga avo vasina kutevedzera kuburikidza nekutyisidzira nekutyisidzira kwemauto. Chimwe chechirango chikuru chaibva mukusateerera chaiva chibayiro, munhu wacho aipiwa kuvamwari vaaitenda mavari.
Vaprista
Vapristi vaive munhu akakosha mukati mesangano rezvematongerwo enyika reToltec, zvakakosha kutsanangura kuti vaive vakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune inozivikanwa nhasi.
Kukosha kweboka revaprista kwakanga kuri nemhaka yokuti zvematongerwe enyika norudzidziso zvaifambidzana, sezvo vatongi vaidavira kuti vamwari vaivatungamirira muhondo dzavo nomuchisarudzo chavo chehurumende.
Nenzira iyi, vaprista vaitungamirira marudzi akasiyana-siyana aikundwa navakuru vehondo kubudikidza nehondo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, vakapa zano vakuru vavo maererano nemashoko avaigamuchira kubva kuna vamwari venguva yacho.
Kune rumwe rutivi, kubatanidzwa kwezvematongerwe enyika kwevapristi mutsika yeboka redzinza kwaisanganisira kushandiswa kwemabasa akasiyana-siyana evanhu, pamwe chete nekutarisira dzimba dzemauto. Vaivewo nesimba rekuzvidzivirira pakurwiswa nechisimba kwevavakidzani uye kukunda dzimwe nyika nechinangwa chekuwedzera humambo.
Basa guru rezvematongerwo enyika
VaToltec vainangidzira basa ravo rezvematongerwo enyika pamazano ehondo ayo vatongi nevatongi vaironga kukunda dzimwe nzvimbo. Kuwedzera kweava vanhu veMesoamerican uye nekusingaperi kwavo kwemazana matatu emakore kwaive nekuda kwemurwi wavo uye mweya wekudzivirira.
Vadzivisi vakuru vesangano rezvematongerwo enyika reToltec vaiva vaChichimecas, avo vaigara vachirwira hupfumi uye hupfumi hwevanhu. Nekune rumwe rutivi, vaToltec vakaita kuti hutongi hwavo huve hwechokwadi kuburikidza nekukunda vanhu vavakavakidzana navo uye kuisa mavari tsika dzavo dzose, kunyanya tsika dzechitendero.
Izvo zvinodikanwa kutaura kuti sarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika dzerudzi urwu dzakabatana zvakanyanya nekukura kwehupfumi. Vatungamiriri vakatora mukana wekutorwa kwenzvimbo itsva kusimudzira mabasa avo ekurima. Nokudaro, vakakwanisa kutengesa uye kuita purofiti kuvanhu vose, kunyanya kune avo vane hutungamiri hwepamusoro.
tsika nemagariro
Art; Unyanzvi hwake, hunoratidzwa mumifananidzo uye zvidhori zvemadziro, zvakabatana zvikuru nekuvaka. Vakamiririra vamwari vavo uye mavara mumifananidzo yematombo, murals, ceramics, mifananidzo uye mabasa emaoko.
Architecture: MaToltec pasina mubvunzo akaita shanduko dzakakosha kumitemo yekuvaka yaivepo muMesoamerica muzana ramakore repfumbamwe; Chimwe chazvo ndechokushandiswa kwezvivezwa zveanthropomorphic zvinotsigira sirin'i yekamuri ine musoro, nokudaro kuwana nzvimbo huru yemukati, sezvinoonekwa mutemberi yeTlahuizcalpantecuhtli El Señor del Alba.
Tula inofungidzirwa kuve yaive imba yevagari vanosvika zviuru makumi matatu, vaigara mumakomboni makuru ane nhurikidzwa imwe ane matenga akati sandara ainyanya kugadzirwa nematombo nevhu uye akapera muadobe. Kunze kwenzvimbo inogarwa yeTula, inoratidza chirongwa chegidhi chinotsanangura zvakajeka nharaunda dzakasiyana.
Pakati pezvinhu zvakakosha zvekuvaka, Pyramid B inomira pachena, ine zita rekuti atlanteans, 4.6m kureba iyo yaimbotsigira denga retemberi. Zvinoenderana nezvidzidzo, aya maAtlanteans akashongedzwa nemifananidzo uye minhenga ine jeweled.
Maronda ependi anoratidza kuti vaigona kukwezvwa kubereka murwi weToltec-Chichimec weMixcóatl (baba vaQuetzalcóatl) kana mwari wenyeredzi yemangwanani Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli.
Vakavakawo mbiru dzenyoka dzakapfava, musoro pasi uye muswe kumusoro, zvakatsigira rukuvhute rwaiva rutivi rwomukova weimba huru.
Munharaunda yepamba, vaive nemakirasi matatu akasiyana edzimba dzedzimba, boka redzimba, makamuri emakamuri uye dzimba dzekugara.
Gastronomy: Maererano nenhevedzano yeongororo yakaitwa muTepetitlán, imwe nzvimbo yekumaruwa yeTula, Hidalgo, mazvikokota Guadalupe Mastache naRobert Cobean vakasarudza kuti amaranth yaikosha kusimudzira tsika dzechiToltec, sezvo yaidzivirira madzinza aya kuti asave nenzara munguva yekusanaya kwemvura. .
Parizvino, amaranth inobereka "alegrías", musanganiswa wechigadzirwa ichi neuchi, nzungu uye mazambiringa akaomeswa; Amaranth, huautli kana alegría, iro zita raanozivikanwa naro nhasi, raive munguva dzekare Spanish chirimwa chakanyanya mutsika dzakasiyana munyika, kusanganisira iyo yakavambwa muTula, Hidalgo, sezvakataurwa nehumbowo hwekuchera matongo uye data ethnohistoric kubva kwako. tsika.
Nekudivi rake, Nadia Vélez Saldaña, nyanzvi yezvinocherwa mumatongo inyanzvi papaleobotany uye nhengo yeboka reTula archaeological zone research, akatsanangura kuti mbeu iyi haina kukosha kuvagari veHidalgo chete, asiwo muMesoamerica yose, nekuti yaive nyore kuita. -shandisa chirimwa kurima, kuwedzera pakuva nepamusoro-soro yekuramba mwaka yakaoma uye yechando:
Amaranth inonyanya kupikisa uye inokura mumhando dzose dzevhu rakagadzirwa, saka, pasina zviyo, huautli ndiyo yakavhara zvinodiwa zvekudya zvevanhu.
Nadia Velez Saldana
Chimwe chimiro che amaranth ndiko kukwanisa kwayo kuchengetwa muhari dzevhu kwenguva yakareba, pasina kuora.
Izvi, pamwe chete nehuwandu hwekudya kwekudya, zvakatungamirira, mune mamwe matanho, kusimbiswa sechirimwa chinonyanya kukosha muTula, zvakanyanya kudarika chibage, chaizvoizvo, chimwe chezvipo izvo mapurovhinzi e'Ajacuba neJilotépec.
Pakati peiyo Tula yakabatanidzwa pamagumo ePostclassic (pakati pe1200 ne1521), vakapa Triple Alliance, kuwedzera kune chibage nebhinzi, yaive chaiyo amaranth, iyo inoratidza kuti chirimwa ichi chaive chirimwa chakakosha munguva ino.
Amaranth yaishandiswa kwete sechikafu chete, asiwo mupiro netsika; Mupfungwa iyi, Vélez Saldaña akataura kuti kushandiswa kwezviyo kwakanyorwa naBernardino de Sahagún nevamwe vanyori venhoroondo, vanotsanangura kushandiswa kwayo mune dzimwe mhemberero uko zvidhori zvakaitwa neakasungwa amaranth zvaishandiswa.
Iyo tsika yehuautli nhamba dzakagadzirwa nehunyanzvi hunoshandiswa nhasi kugadzira pipi yeamaranth, muongorori akadaro. Vakagocha amaranth ndokuisanganisa nehuchi hwemagüey kuti vawane chinamira chinoumbika kuti vaumbe zvimiro zveanthropomorphic zvevamwe vanamwari, izvo zvaishandiswa mumitambo.
Pakupedzisira, Vélez Saldaña akaratidza kuti, sezviri pachena, kukosha kwayo kwetsika kungadai kwakave kwakakonzera kurambidzwa kwayo mushure mokukunda, kurima kwayo kwakaderera kusvikira kwave kuda kunyangarika kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo munguva yekoloni, saka sangano rezvematongerwo enyika reToltecs rakaramba.