Yakagara pakati penzira yeCauca River, muColombia, iyo Quimbaya Culture akaita hupenyu munzvimbo yesango, makomo marefu uye mipata yakamanikana uye uchiri kushamisa nyika nezvimedu zvemupfuri wegoridhe Sangana nevaroyi vegoridhe vekare!
Quimbaya Culture
Iyo Quimbaya budiriro kana kɪmbaɪa, yaive yekare tsika yekuSouth America, iyo tarenda mukushandiswa kwegoridhe inozivikanwa uye inofarirwa nanhasi.
Inozivikanwa nekushanda mugoridhe nehukuru hwehunyanzvi hwekuita uye magadzirirwo akadzama, zvimedu zvinogadzirwa kubva kune tumbaga alloy, ine makumi matatu muzana yemhangura, ichipa yakakosha mithunzi yemuvara kune imwe neimwe yezvidimbu.
Izita quimbaya, pari zvino ishoko rinowanzoreva zvinhu nemabasa anogadzirwa munzvimbo yaigara tsika iyi, kunyangwe zvisingabvi kurudzi rumwe chete kana panguva imwe chete.
Nzvimbo
Pakati petsika dzepre-Columbian dzekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweColombia, tinowana tsika yeQuimbaya yaigara munzvimbo idzo nhasi dzinoenderana nemadhipatimendi emazuva ano eQuindío, Caldas neRisaralda muColombia, munzvimbo dzakatenderedza mupata weCauca River.
Hapana data yakanyorwa pavakatanga kugara munzvimbo iyoyo, zvisinei, zvinofungidzirwa kuti yaive yakapoteredza XNUMXst century BC.
Historia
Kusimukira kwetsika dzerudzi urwu kwakapatsanurwa kuita nguva mbiri dzinonzi Early kana Classic uye Late. Vanhu veQuimbaya vakasvika pakukwirira kwavo panguva inozivikanwa seClassic, ichiva chikamu chechiratidzo chetsika yavo chakagadzirwa panguva iyi. Iyo inozivikanwa sePoporo Quimbaya, inoratidzwa paBogotá Gold Museum.
Classical nguva
Iyo inozivikanwawo sePakutanga, yakatanga pakati pe500 BC ne600 AD. Humwe hunhu hukuru hwenguva yechinyakare isarudzo yemararamiro ekurima, ichi chiri hwaro hwehupfumi hwayo uye nzira yekurarama nayo.
Pamusoro pezvo, kuongorora nekusimudzirwa kwemamwe mabasa emawoko kunotanga, kuratidza kufarira uye hunyanzvi mukukwenenzverwa kwezvidimbu zveceramic nekugadzirisa nekukanda simbi.
Munguva ino basa reQuimbaya mupfuri wegoridhe rinosvika pakukura kwayo kukuru, kukwenenzvera kwezvidimbu kunosvika kwakasiyana-siyana, kubva kunhamba dzevanhu dzakanamirwa kune chokwadi kana stylized, kumhuka uye zvipembenene zvaibatanidzwa nehupenyu hwehupenyu hwechisikigo hwakadai semashavishavi.
Zvinosimbiswa kuti, pane imwe nguva muClassic, zvichida muzana remakore rechinomwe, veQuimbayas vakambomira mubasa ravo reunyanzvi, zvisinei, kune gare gare zvidimbu zveunyanzvi zvinoratidza kuti tsika iyi inotora mhizha negoridhe.
Mushure mekumbomira muzviitwa zveunyanzvi, masampuli ekugadzira goridhe uye zvimwe zvinhu zvehunyanzvi, anorerekera kumaumbirwo ejometri uye kushongedzwa kwechirongwa. izvo zvinonyanya kukosha uye zviri nyore zvinomiririra zvenhamba. Munguva iyi, kuruka kwekotoni kunokura, kugadzira uye kuita hunyanzvi hunyanzvi, nekuwedzera, masitaera akasiyana anogona kuonekwa muzvidimbu zveceramic mudunhu reCauca.
nguva yekupedzisira
Danho iri rinotora kubva pa800 kusvika kuma1600 mushure maKristu. Munguva ino yetsika yeQuimbaya, kutengeserana kwemaoko kwakaramba kuchiitika uye kugadzirwa kwegoridhe kazhinji.
Zvizhinji zvezvimedu zveunyanzvi ndezveanthropomorphic, zvinoratidzira varume nevakadzi vakagara vakavhara maziso, kazhinji nekutaura kwakadzikama, pamwe nemichero uye maumbirwo epoporos, midziyo inozivikanwa kwazvo uko maaborigines vaichengeta lime.
Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvezvinhu zvekuchera matongo zvinoratidza kuti budiriro yavo yetsika yakanga yafambira mberi, vachizvironga nenharaunda dzakaparadzana pasi pesimba re cacique.
Ceramics, kutengeserana, basa regoridhe nehondo zvakachengetwa sezviitwa zvikuru, pasina kuregeredza hupenyu hwechitendero, hwaive nekukosha kwakakosha muhupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva.
Munguva yekupedzisira, kukundwa kweSpanish kwenzvimbo yakagarwa neQuimbaya kwakatanga, izvi zvakapoteredza gore ra1539, vakakwanisa kuisa vanhu veAboriginal muuranda, pasi pejoko reEncomenderos, avo vakavaronga sechibharo. .
Kunenge muna 1542, kumukira kwekutanga kwevaAboriginal kwakaitika munzvimbo idzi uye makore angangoita gumi nemashanu gare gare, yechipiri yakaitika, iyo yaive yakakosha pane ese ari maviri.
Zvisinei, kumukira kwose kuri kuviri kwakakundwa, uko kwakaparira kuderera kusingadzivisiki muiri boka redzinza, zvokuti pakasvika gore ra1559, inopfuura makumi mashanu muzana yemadzishe yakanga yatsakatika. Vanhu vakasara vakaiswa pasi pekumanikidzwa kushanda uye kushungurudzwa nekushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri uye zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvakaunzwa nevaEurope zvakakurumidza kuderera.
Gare gare hondo yePinaos nevakundi, yakaguma yapedza zvachose vanhu veQuimbaya.
Kusvika muna 1628, zvinyorwa zvekupedzisira kuverengwa kwevanhu ava zvinoratidza kuti, pazviuru makumi maviri zvematunhu aivepo muna 1539, vashoma vanopfuura makumi matanhatu chete vakasara. Nemamwe mashoko, pakazosvika zana remakore rechiXNUMX tsika iyi yakanga yoda kunyangarika zvachose.
Zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa zvakawanikwa kubva mutsika iyi chikamu chezvipo zvekuvigwa, izvo zvinowanikwa mukati megomba sarcophagi, yakavakwa nehunde, chimwe chinhu chinowanzoitika sezvo goridhe yaive simbi inoera yaishanda sepasipoti kuhupenyu hwepashure perufu.
Social sangano
Zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa panguva yekukunda uye kutonga kwekoloni zvinoratidza kuti pakazosvika gore ra1540 vagari veko vakapfuura zviuru makumi mashanu zvevanhu. Yakarongeka mune inodaidzwa kuti cacicazgo sechimiro chehurumende, munhu wepakati aive cacique akatungamira mapoka evagari vemo vangangoita mazana maviri.
Imwe neimwe cacicazgo yaive nekuzvimiririra munzira yekutungamira, kuita sarudzo uye kutonga, zvakare sezvaitarisirwa, yainakidzwa nemabhenefiti anoyevedza uye neropafadzo, sekuve nekushandisa uye kushandisa zvigadzirwa uye zvinhu zvakatsinhaniswa, kurerukirwa, nezvimwe.
Mutsika nemagariro aya, kusiyana nevazhinji mukondinendi, vakadzi vaive nekukosha uye kutora chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kana Cacique afa, mudzimai wake mukuru achagara nhaka nzvimbo yemutungamiri wenharaunda, mikana iyo mwanakomana wedangwe aive nayo uye sechisarudzo chekupedzisira muzukuru.
Mune sampuli dzakasiyana uye zvidimbu zveunyanzvi, mufananidzo wevakadzi unomiririrwa, ugere pamwero wakafanana nevarume, kusanganisira Cacique.
Vanhu vemunharaunda ndivo vaitungamira mabasa ekuti vabatsirikane, sekurima kwevhu, simbi nekugadzira goridhe, kuvaka nezvimwe. Nekune rimwe divi, madzimai aiona nezvemabasa emumba, kurera vana, zviumbwa zvedhaka uye dzimwe nguva vaiita basa rekuunganidza nekugaya munyu.
Polygyny yakanga iri nguva zhinji uye yakajairika, tsika mutsika iyi, apo murume aigona kuroora anopfuura mukadzi mumwe panguva imwe chete, kazhinji akasarudzwa pakati pehama dzake.
Panyaya yevaQuimbaya, muwanano yerudzi urwu mumwe wevakadzi aive nechinzvimbo chepamusoro uye akabata murairo, uyezve, mumwe chete wevanakomana vake ndiye aive mugari wenhaka. Dzimba dzekwaQuimbaya dzakanga dzisina kunyanyopamhama, dzakagadzirwa nevhu nemashizha enzimbe.
Chitendero
Upenyu hwenzanga mumativi ose hwakachengeta ukama hwapedyo noumudzimu hwavo. Vaiva navanamwari vanoverengeka vokudzidzisa, vaiita zvibayiro nemimwe miitiro kudzivisa ngwavaira nenjodzi.
Chivanhu ichi chaive nechitendero chekuti kune humwe hupenyu huri nani pane uhwu, mushure mekufa, vaive nechivimbo chekuti kuti vasvike kwacho vaifanira kuve nehupfumi hwaizoiswa muguva ravo panguva yekuvigwa kwavo. Tinogona kugumisa ipapo kuti rutivi rwomudzimu norworudzidziso nokuda kwavo rwaikosha.
Kuvanhu veko ava, mvura chaive chinhu chine masimba mazhinji, kunyanya kurapa mamiriro nezvirwere, saka yaive tsika yekuramba vachigeza kana vaine hurwere.
Economy
Vagara munzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze anopisa, veQuimbaya vakava nemukana wekudyara nekukohwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvigadzirwa, zvakadai se: chibage, yucca, avocados, guava, pejibaye, pramu, nezvimwewo.
Mufarinya nechibage ndiwo ndiwo waive hwaro hwekudya kwavo sedzimwe tsika zhinji dzechiAboriginal, zvisinei, vaive vavhimi nevabati vehove, pamusoro pekuunganidza zvese zvavaipihwa nezvisikwa uye vaigona kutora mukana nazvo.
Vaizviona sevavhimi vakanaka, saka vaidya tsuro, mhembwe, ma<em>opossum, tapir, armadillos, makava, uye mhuka dzemhuka. Nekuda kwekuwanda kwenzizi munharaunda yavo, vakagadzira magwa nemagwagwa kuti vafambe nemumvura yaro, saka vaivewo varedzi vakanaka kwazvo, vachitora mukana wehove dzavaiwana.
Nezve chiitiko chemugodhi, chinhu chikuru kwavari chaive chegoridhe, vachigadzira nzira dzepamusoro uye dzinoshanda dzesimbi kuti dzigadzirise, zvinoonekwa zvimedu zvine hunyanzvi, zvinoyevedza uye zvine kupera kwakanaka.
Asi nzvimbo dzakagara maQuimbayas dzakanga dzisina migodhi yakawanda yakakodzera kuongororwa uye kushandiswa nenzira inogara iripo uye yakanyanyisa, saka goridhe rakaunzwa nerwizi rakashandiswa.
Kunyange kana zvichifungidzirwa kuti kunaka kwegoridhe kwaive kwakanakisa, nekuti kazhinji yaishanda sesimbi yakakosha yemutemo. munhaurirano dzebhizimisi.
Nekudaro, kwete chete kugona kwavo kwehunyanzvi hwekuita basa remupfuri wegoridhe kunomira pachena, sezvo ivo vakazvitsaurira ivo pachavo kugadzirwa kwemafuta ekuvhenekesa, kubviswa kwemunyu kubva munzizi nekugadzirwa kwemachira, magumbeze ekotoni ari chimwe chezvigadzirwa zvavo zvikuru.
Vakazvitsaurira kutengeserana, vachitora mukana wemhando yezvidimbu zvavo zvedonje, ceramics, goridhe uye mamwe masimbi kuchinjana nemaguta akasiyana nematunhu.
Tsika, tsika nemagariro
Tsika dzeQuimbaya dzekunyama dzaive dzakasiyana siyana, kunyangwe zvimedu zvavo zvevapfuri vegoridhe zviri chikonzero nei vazhinji vachivaziva, vaive nehumwe hunyanzvi uye hupfumi hunovaita tsika inonakidza:
makuva nemariro
VaQuimbayas vakateerera zvakanyanya kumitambo yemariro uye kutsanangurwa kwemakuva, ayo ane akasiyana siyana, akasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, zvichienderana nezvakatsanangurwa pamhemberero yemufi.
Kuisa zvipiriso zvakasiyana-siyana zvaizoperekedza mufi yakanga iri tsika isina kuchinja, nokuti maererano nezvavaitenda kare, mufi aifanira kuzvitakura kuenda kuupenyu hunotevera. Zvipo izvi zvaisanganisira zvinhu zvegoridhe, zvimwe zvinhu zvemufi, chikafu, zvombo, nezvimwe zvinhu zvinoera kutsika iyoyo.
mupfuri wendarama
Zviitiko zvakawanda zvakagadziridzwa munharaunda idzi nenzira ine hunyanzvi uye inoshanda, asi pamwe inonyanya kuzivikanwa yakaitwa neQuimbayas ndeyekuchera goridhe kunoshamisa uye kweumbozha. Chidimbu chimwe nechimwe chakasiyana, chakanaka uye chinoratidza maitiro asina kunaka.
Metallurgy system yavakagadzira yekubatanidza goridhe nemhangura yaive yepamusoro, ichivabvumira kutora mukana wekushomeka kwegoridhe mudunhu ravo.
Nzira dzekunyungudusa dzakashandiswa dzichiri kumiririra chakavanzika sezvo nzira yekunyunguduka nekusanganisa kuchengetedza dhigirii chaiyo yezvinhu zvese pasina kukuvadza kuchena kunoda tembiricha ingangoita chiuru madhigirii.
Musanganiswa wesimbi mbiri idzi unozivikanwa se tumbaga, zvichiita kuti zvive zvakajeka, zvakasimba uye zvimedu zvinoyevedza. Ivo vanotariswa pakati peakanyanya kukosha masampuli egoridhe paAmerican kondinendi nechikonzero. Iyo quimbayas yakashanda simbi muchikamu chekirasi vachishandisa nzira mbiri huru:
- Hammering: inosanganisira kurova zvidimbu zvesimbi nesando zvinombodziiswa kusvika kutsvuku zvinopisa zvozotonhodzwa mumvura. Kudzokorora nzira yacho kusvikira hupamhi hunodiwa uye chimiro chinowanikwa.
- Lost-wax casting: inoumbwa nekugadzira zviumbwa zvevhu, marasha uye wakisi, uko simbi yakanyungudutswa inodururwa uye inotora chimiro cheforoma.
Pakati pezvimedu zvakakurumbira uye zvakakurumbira ndeye poporos. Iyi pre-Columbian artic piece kubva kuquimbayas yaive rudzi rwechirongo chaishandiswa mune dzimwe tsika dzechitendero nemhemberero kuchengetedza lime, raishandiswa mukugadziriswa kwemashizha ecoca, anozivikanwa semambeo.
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kuda kuziva zvinomiririra chakavanzika chetsika yeQuimbaya zvinhu zvinonyatsozivikanwa zvinonzi Otún Shiri.
Zita rayo rinokonzerwa nekuti chidimbu chekutanga chakawanikwa panyika padyo nemahombekombe eRwizi rweOtún, mudunhu reRisaralda, Colombia. Zvimwe zvidimbu zvakaita seizvi zvakawanikwa pamahombekombe eCauca uye Grande de la Magdalena.
Iyo inozivikanwawo seye pre-Columbian ndege, zvinhu izvi zvakagadzirwa negoridhe kana bhuronzi uye zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakabva mugore re1000 shure kwaKristu. Zvinhu zviduku zvakarebesa, zvakaita sechirukwa, zvine mhando yemapapiro kumativi nekuseri.
Shiri dzeOtún dzinoyera kureba kwemamillimita makumi matatu neshanu, mamirimita makumi matatu kufara uye mamirimita gumi kukwira. Kusvika iye zvino havana basa rinooneka kana basa, zvisinei, zvisiri pamutemo vanoonekwa sema talismans, anomiririra chimiro chehove ine hukama nemvura, mapapiro eshiri ine chinhu chemhepo uye ruvara rwejaguar ine hukama nyika..
Pamusoro pekumiririra kwezvinhu mvura, mhepo uye pasi, kushandiswa kwegoridhe, simbi inofungidzirwa kuti ine hukama nevamwari vechitendero chavo uye nehumambo, inonongedza kune ringaite basa remashiripiti-rechitendero iro mufananidzo uyu waigona kuita. mutsika. Quimbaya.
Petroglyphs
Vagari vemo vakagadzira mifananidzo uye petroglyphs, mazhinji acho anogona kuonekwa nhasi mu Natural Park yeLas Piedras Marcadas kana kuti kungoti La Marcada, mutaundi reDosquebradas Risaralda, Colombia.
Hapana anoziva zera chairo rematombo aya, kana zvimwe zvakawanda zvinozivikanwa maererano nezvinorehwa nezvinyorwa zvawo. Aya matombo e<em>granite akaoma zvikuru uye ane mifananidzo yakasiyana-siyana yakavezwa, kusanganisira spirals, nyeredzi, mapoka enyeredzi, mapuraneti nezvimwe zviratidzo zvisingazivikanwe, zvinogona kunge zviri mameseji kubva kuvamwari vavo.
Zvisinei, zvishoma zvinozivikanwa pamusoro pavo uye vazhinji vanoti zviratidzo zvakasiyana zvinogona kureva mapoka enyeredzi akasiyana uye ane hukama neimwe nzira kune Shiri dzeOtún.
Vamwe vanofunga kuti Parque de las Piedras Marcadas haina kugamuchira kutariswa kwakakodzera kweavo vanodzidza tsika dzekare dzeColombia, avo vanonzi vanonyanya kufarira sampuli dzegoridhe nevhu, asi kwete mune lithic art.
Cerámica
Pane zvimwe zvinhu muzvisikwa zvake zvinoratidza hukama uye pesvedzero yemamwe madzinza mutsika dzeQuimbaya.
Panyaya yekeramics, yakakosha uye yakakosha hunyanzvi mukukura nekusimudzirwa kwemataundi aya, kune samples uye zvimedu zveceramics emhando dzakasiyana siyana, ane shongedzo dzakasiyana. Iko kushongedzwa kwakaitwa nekushandisa hunyanzvi hwakasiyana pachidimbu checeramic, senge:
- Monochrome kupenda kugadzirisa mavara uye pigments nemoto.
- Negative, bicolor uye polychrome pendi
- Kuvapo kwepolish
- Midziyo ine madziro matete.
- Vavariro dzakafanana nezvisikwa zvipenyu.
- Zvishongedzo zvakaenzanisirwa zvakananga pazvidimbu zveceramic.
- Incised decoration, kunyora paivhu rinowanzo nyoro.
- Geometric dhizaini inoumbwa nemitsara, mapoinzi uye madenderedzwa.
Zvimedu zvemonochrome ceramic zvidimbu zvaive zvechigarire kushandiswa mudzimba kazhinji, pane zvinopesana, iyo yakashongedzwa yekeramics yakachengeterwa mhemberero.
Textiles
Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, kugadzira magumbeze nekotoni yaive imwe yemabasa makuru ehupfumi hwetsika yeQuimbaya, saka kuunganidza donje remusango kwaive chinhu chakakosha chezuva kune chikamu chevanhu.
Asi kwete magumbeze chete aigadzirwa, zvipfeko zvedonje, zvakadhayiwa uye zvakashongedzwa zvaive zvakajairika pakati pevarume nevakadzi veQuimbaya, zvisinei, pakanga paine dzimwe nharaunda dzavaida kupfeka hembe shoma.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, faibha yakagadzirwa kubva pamakwati emiti yakashandiswawo kutsiva donje mukugadzira zvipfeko.
Weapons
Kufanana nedzimwe tsika dzakawanda dzemukondinendi yedu, kuvapo kwenharaunda dzakasiyana dzine vatungamiri vadzo kwaigona kuunza kunetsana nekunetsana, tsika dzeQuimbaya ndozvakaitawo.
Kana hondo yave pedyo tsika idzi dzaive netsika dzadzo, gadziriro uye zveshuwa zvombo zvekurwa. Pakati pevaQuimbaya, zvakanga zvakajairika kugadzira tiradera, mapfumo, tsvimbo, zvipfuramabwe, uta, miseve nemiseve, kuti vatarisane nemhandu dzavo.
Humwe hunyanzvi hwekubata vavengi vavo hwaisanganisira kuchera makomba makuru mumigwagwa, kuisa masipikisi akagadzirwa nematanda pasi, zvichikonzera kukanganisa kukuru kune avo vaiwira mairi.
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