El protist kingdom ndiyo inozivikanwa seimwe ye humambo5 uye ine ese aya eukaryotes akaumbwa nemasero asingagone kuverengerwa semhuka, fungi kana zvirimwa. Huya udzidze zvakawanda nezvehumambo uhu nechinyorwa chinonakidza ichi!
Chii chinonzi Kingdom Protista?
El protist kingdom Iri iboka guru rechisikigo rinovanza zvisingaverengeki zvipenyu nemarudzi azvo akasiyana, ese ari akavanzika uye anonakidza, kunyangwe iri yekutanga kuwanikwa kwesainzi nezve zvakawanikwa muumambo uhwu, parizvino inozivikanwa kuti maprotist havasi verudzi rwemhuka. , kana kuti zvirimwa uye zvikuru sei musanganiswa weizvi.
Iyo ndeyeboka reParaphyletic, ndiko kuti, ivo havana madzitateguru akafanana, mune izvi zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana uye marudzi akasiyana-siyana asingawanzo akaiswa mumapoka, izvo zvinoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuzviratidza. Zvinonzi kuvepo kwehumambo uhwu kwakarongwa mugore ra1969, mudzidziso ye humambo 5 hwezvakasikwa, panguva iyoyo vainzi vepakutanga, vokutanga uye vainziwo zvisikwa zvokutanga.
Iyo Kingdom Protista inodaidzwa zvakare kuti Protoctista, yakazozivikanwa seyechitatu yehumambo hukuru hushanu huripo hwezvipenyu zvipenyu zveecosystem. mukati meshanu humambo hwezvakasikwa tinogona kuwana Kingdom Animalia kana yemhuka, Kingdom Plantae kana yemiriwo, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi kana fungi uye pakupedzisira tine Umambo Monera.
Parizvino humambo uhwu hune zvipenyu zvingangoita 120.000 zvemhando idzi dzakasiyana uye dzinonakidza, pakati padzo tinogona kuwana; protozoa, fungi, algae uye mamwe marudzi ezvisikwa zvipenyu, izvo zvisingazivikanwi uye zvishoma zvishoma.
MaProtist ane akasarudzika uye akakosha hunhu, pamwe nehupenyu hwavo kutenderera uye maitiro avo, ivo vakanyatsotsunga. Humambo uhu hunosanganisira zvipenyu zvese nemhando dze unicellular uye multicellular eukaryotes ine inoshanda uye anatomical maitiro, ayo anoonekwa epakati pakati pemhuka nezvirimwa.
MuHumambo hwevaProtist hapana zvakawanda zvakafanana, pakati pemarudzi akasiyana-siyana, vanopa maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekubereka, maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekudya, maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekufambisa uye maitiro akasiyana-siyana emagetsi.
Vanogona kuva neheterotrophic kana autotrophic metabolisms, zvichienderana nokuti vane chlorophyll yekuita photosynthesis, kana kuti zvinopesana, kana vasina, vanofanira kudya pane organic matter kuburikidza ne osmosis, kupinza kana phagocytosis. Nekudaro, maprotist pakutanga ari aerobic, ndiko kuti, vanoshandisa oxygen kuita maitiro avo emetabolic, kunze kweavo vanogara munharaunda.
Protists zvipenyu izvo, nekuda kwekuve kukuru kusingazivikanwe nevanhu vane zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinovanza zvisikwa, vanokwanisa kuenda vasingaonekwi, asi vanozadza nzvimbo zhinji papasi nehupenyu diki uye macroscopic, semuenzaniso pasi rakanyorova, munzvimbo yemvura. nemvura yakachena uye kunyange sezvipembenene zvemhuka.
Zviratidzo
Hunhu hweKingdom Protista hwatinogona kusimbisa ndeiyi inotevera:
- Iwo unicellular uye multicellular eukaryotic organisms, haana matishu emiti, akasiyana, kunze kwekubereka.
- Saizi yavo inosiyana zvakanyanya, vanogona kunge vane unicellular microscopic mafomu kana zvisikwa zvakawanda, zvine mamita akasiyana pakureba.
- Inogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana senge muvhu nyoro, mumvura yakachena, mukuora zvinhu, mugungwa uye pakati pezvimwe.
- MuHumambo hwevaProtist, ese anogona kudyisa mhando anogona kuratidzwa; Chii chinonzi phototrophs, autotrophs, uye heterotrophs?
- Vane mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemafambiro kuburikidza necilia, pseudopods uye flagella, nenzira imwechete kune marudzi asina kufamba kwakawanda. Mamwe emarudzi aya anorarama akasununguka, kusiyana nemamwe anogara muhukama hwesymbiotic, ndiko kuti, rudzi rwekubatana nevamwe, kana mukati mezvimwe zvipenyu, semuenzaniso maparasite, commensals kana mutualists.
- MuProtista Kingdom mune zvipenyu zvine kugona kunoshamisa kuumba zvimiro zvinopokana, izvo zvinonzi cysts, mumwaka apo mamiriro ekunze haavafadzi, senge pavanenge vasina mvura kana chikafu, vanofanirwa kushandisa matanho kuti vaenderere mberi. kupona, ndipo pavanenge vachimisikidza mamiriro ekunonoka, kureva kuti, vanomisa mabasa avo e metabolic, kusvika mwaka umo mamiriro ekunze anovandudza uye zvese zvakaringana pakurarama kwavo uye kubereka, zvakare mune idzo nguva dzisina kunaka kwavari. vanokwanisa kugadzira spores yehupenyu kutenderera iyo inozobvumira kupararira kwavo uye kuwanda.
- MaProtist ane nzira dzakasiyana dzekuberekana, inogona kuve asexual ne mitosis, bipartition, kupatsanurwa kwakawanda uye budding, sekuita bonde kuri kuita meiotic uye miotic kuberekana.
Kurongeka kweKingdom Protista
ari Hunhu hwezvisikwa zvipenyu ivo vakasiyana-siyana mavari, zvakanyanya kana tichitaura nezve maProtist, sezvo isu tichiwedzera kuti ivo vakasiyana uye vakaomesesa panguva imwe chete, ichi ndicho chikonzero nei kupatsanurwa kwavo kungave kumwe kwakaoma zvakanyanya mukushanduka kwe zvipenyu.
Kune masayendisiti mazhinji munhoroondo yevanhu akaedza kuita kupatsanurwa kwe protist kingdom, nguva dzose uchitsvaga imwe yakafanana nezvokwadi sezvinobvira.
Parizvino maclassification akaitwa ndeaya anotevera:
- Archaeplastida: Iwo matsvuku algae.
- Amoebozoa: Iwo maamoebas, molds, mucilaginous uye myxomycete.
- Stramenopiles; Ndivo brown algae, diatoms, cyanophyceae chlorophyceae.
- Excavata: Izvo zvipenyu zvakasvibiswa zveEuglenozoa nePercolozoa mapoka.
- Alveolata: Iwo ciliated zvipenyu, dinoflagellates uye apicomplexans.
- Opisthokonta: Iwo mametazoan ane mutsauko tishu uye mesomycetozoea.
- Rhizaria: Iwo ma foraminiferous, radiolarian uye cercozoan microorganisms.
Kukosha
Humambo hwevaProtist, kubva pakutanga hwaive nekukosha kukuru mumunda webiology uye taxonomy yesainzi nemapazi ayo.
Iye zvino ari wechitatu pavashanu humambo hwezvakasikwa uye inonzi Kingdom Protista, zvinoreva kuti yekare, inodanwawo izvozvo nekuda kwekukosha kwayo. Izwi rokuti Protoctista rinobva kuLatin muzvisikwa zvekutanga, zvakakosha zvikuru mukusimudzirwa kwevanhu vose.
Mune mamwe mazwi, maProtist akakosha zvikuru munharaunda yese, pamwe nepasirese remishonga, sezvo mazhinji ezvipenyu izvi ari honzeri yezvimwe zvirwere zvine njodzi uye zvinouraya vanhu vari panyika.
Semuyenzaniso, tinogona kudoma mamwe eaya anogadzira zvirwere zvine njodzi uye zvinouraya, senge:
- Trypanosoma cruzi: inokonzera chirwere cheChagas.
- Entamoeba histolytica: izvi zvinogadzira intestinal parasite.
- Balantidium coli: ndicho chikonzero che balantidian dysentery.
- Plasmodium vivax: izvi zvinokonzera marariya.
- Giardia lamblia: chikamu cheimwe intestinal parasite.
- Trichomonas vaginalis: chirwere chemukadzi.