Muchikamu chino iwe uchaziva Hunhu hweRuva reOrchid uye Zvinoreva. Hunhu hwekutanga ndehwekuti kune dzinenge 25.000 kusvika 30.000 mhando, ine botanical mhuri Orchidaceae ine nhamba huru yezvipenyu. Humwe hunhu ndehwekuti vanozvarwa kubva kunzvimbo dzine mwero kuenda kunzvimbo dzinopisa, kune maOrchids akakura uye mamwe ma microscopic. Ndinokukoka iwe kuti uwane nyika yemaruva akanaka eOrchid.
Ruva reOrchid
Orchids akatenderedza anopfuura 25.000 marudzi akasiyana emhuri yeOrchidaceae, inova ndiyo yakanyanya kuwanda mumhando mukati mechirimwa. Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvipenyu zvinotungamirira kumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, kugadzirisa kumamiriro ekunze uye marudzi ezvirimwa, pakati pezvimwe. Pasinei nekusiyana kukuru uku, kuva vemhuri imwechete yebhotani zvinoreva kuti, kubva pakuona kwetaxonomic, vane maitiro akafanana pakati pavo.
Kuziva Maruva eOrchid akasiyana kwakafanana nekutora rwendo kuburikidza nemusikirwo, kudzidza nezve nzira dzawo dzakasiyana dzekuchinjisa uye kushanduka kune mukume, maitiro ebhotani, maitiro avo ehupenyu kune chiedza, hunyoro hwezvakatipoteredza, chikafu, uye kudzidza nzira dzakasiyana dzekubereka nekuparadzira. nembeu, vegetative uye zvakare ne in vitro tsika.
Kunyange zvazvo kune mhatsa huru yemaorchids, ndiwo miti isinganyanyozivikanwa nevanhu vakawanda. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuti kana pachitaurwa nezveRuva reOrchid, rinowanzo fungwa nezveOrchids anozivikanwa nezita rawo rekuti Flor de Mayo, ari erudzi rweCattleya sp. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti ndiyo inonyanya kutengeswa uye inorimwa genus nevateveri vezvirimwa zveOrchid.
Orchids inogona kukura munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, munzvimbo yepasi, pamiti nokuti i-epiphytes, Orchids inozivikanwa kukura pamatombo. Izvo hazvisi zvidyarwa zveparasitic, nokuti hazvidyi pamvura yemuiti wavo, zvinongogara pazviri kuti zvibatane nemidzi yavo. Ivo ihama dzeamaryllidaceae uye liliaceae, zvisinei, maruva avo akawana metamorphosis inoshamisa pamusoro pemamiriyoni emakore.
Zviratidzo
Orchids, sezvakamboratidzwa, ine tsika yepasi, epiphytes uye kunyange vanokwira. Ndidzo miti isingaperi inotumbuka kamwe chete kana kaviri pagore. Zvinoenderana nehupenyu hweepiphytic Orchids, iwo akaiswa mamiriro ekupona kwemuti wemuenzi. Varimi vezvirimwa izvi vanotaura nezveOrchids yakaunganidzwa muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, ichiri mhenyu uye ichitumbuka.
Orchids ane tsika yepasi ane madzinde senge rhizomes kana corms uye, kune rumwe rutivi, epiphytes ane mashizha awo akagadziridzwa kuita pseudobulbs umo anounganidza chikafu nemvura. Aya mapseudobulbs akafukidzwa nemashizha emashizha, ari membranes anosvava nekufamba kwenguva.
rudzi rwekukura
Izvi zvinomera zvinogona kuva nemhando mbiri dzekukura, dzinoti: kuumba madzinde akawanda, iyo sympodial rudzi kukura kana kuva Orchid ine dzinde rimwe chete kana monopodial rudzi kukura, mumhando iyi yekukura kunoitika muapical bud kubva kune mashizha matsva nemaruva. vanozvarwa uye chirimwa chinowedzera pakureba, semuenzaniso the Phalenopsis y vandas. Inonyanya kuzivikanwa kukura kwe sympodial, inova apo mapseudobulbs anocherechedzwa, kwaanochengetera chikafu nemvura kuitira kuchengetedza kwavo, semuenzaniso. cattleyas.
Sezvacherechedzwa, mapseudobulbs ndiwo mashizha akagadziridzwa eOrchids, anokura akatwasuka uye pakati pepseudobulb yega yega, madzinde matsva anokura akatwasuka. Pazasi chaipo pepseudobulb, mamwe mapseudobulbs anozvarwa kubva panobva mashizha matsva nemidzi (kuumba chirimwa chitsva).
Aya mapseudobulbs anoita semadziva emvura uye zvinovaka muviri zvesimba rechirimwa uye kuumbwa kwemaruva, kunyangwe charasa mashizha. Pakati pemaorchids ane sympodial kukura ndeye Oncidium, Dendrobium uye sezvatoratidzwa cattleyas. Monopodial orchids ine dzinde rimwe chete rinokura paaxis yaro nguva dzose.
Mumiti ye monopodial, nguva imwe neimwe tsinde inokura, inoumba mafundo kubva kune mashizha matsva nemidzi inoberekwa, iyo inotungamirirwa pasi. Sezvo node itsva dzichiumba midzi nemashizha matsva, mashizha ekare anofa, ayo ari mashizha ezasi. Kamwe pagore inflorescence yayo inobuda kubva mairi maruva ayo anogona kutumbuka, dzimwe nguva kaviri kana kutenderera. Iyo genera iyo rudzi urwu rwekukura rwunocherechedzwa ndirwo ascocentrum, Phalaenopsis y Vanda.
Estate
Epiphytic Orchids ine midzi yakasvibira yemhepo yakareba kwazvo inorembera kubva pamatavi emiti. Mabasa emidzi ye epiphytic Orchids kugadzirisa chirimwa pamatavi emiti uyewo kutora kudya kunodiwa nezvirimwa pakudya kwazvo. Epidermis yemhando iyi yemidzi inodaidzwa kuti "velamen" iyo ine mitsetse yemasero akafa kana akura uye ane makobvu maseru madziro ane lignin.
Iyo "velamen" is spongy white sheath inodzivirira midzi uye inodzivirira kupera mvura. Iyo "velamen" iputi yematehwe inotenderedza midzi, kana izere nemvura inove yakajeka kubvumira basa rephotosynthesis. "Kenduru" inowanikwa mumidzi yepiphytic uye mune dzimwe midzi yepasi. Midzi yepasi yeOrchids ine machubhu.
Mashizha
Mashizha eOrchids akareruka aine mupendero wese, anosimuka kubva pamazinde, angave ari emhepo kana emhando yerhizome. Kurongeka kwavo kwakachinjana, nehove, basal kana kukura pamwe chete nedzinde. Mashizha dzimwe nguva anogona kuderedzwa kuita sheaths, anogona kunge ane parallel uye sheathing venation. Maorikiti anogara munzvimbo dzine mwaka yakaoma anokura aine mashizha ane nyama umo anochengeta mvura nekudya.
orchid maruva
Maruva eOrchid akasiyana zvakanyanya pakati pejenari uye ndiyo inhengo yakasarudzika yezvirimwa izvi. Zvisinei, mune zvose zvakafanana chimiro kana mufananidzo wemaruva unochengetedzwa. Maruva ayo, semiti yese monocotyledonous, perianth yayo ndeye trimer. Maruva ayo ane 3 ekunze sepals: maviri lateral sepals uye imwe dorsal sepal; 3 mapeti emukati: a labellum (akagadziridzwa petal yehukuru hukuru uye yakasimba ruvara) uye maviri lateral petals.
Mukuwedzera, maruva aya anopa chiitiko che "resupination", izvi zvinoonekwa nekuzununguka kwenhengo iyi maererano nechinzvimbo chayo chepakutanga. Uku kumonyorora kunoitirwa kuti kunyanye kukwezva kune vanokurisa vako. Kazhinji, iyo labellum inovhara kuchengetedza nhengo dzepabonde dze orchids. Iwo ekunze sepals akafanana neanopfuura kana akaturikidzana petals.
Iwo maviri dorsal sepals anowanzo kubatanidzwa mune imwechete chinhu chinonzi "synsepals". Muchikamu chemukati cheruva, mapeti akaparadzaniswa kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, anogona kuva emarudzi akasiyana uye anogonawo kuva nemavara kana mavara ehukuru hwakasiyana. Yechitatu yakagadziridzwa petal kana labellum yakakura kupfuura maviri eparutivi uye, ine zvimiro zvakasiyana. Iyi labellum chimiro che orchids.
Iyo labellum inogona kuve yakashongedzwa, mune iyi kesi ingadai iine pakati lobe uye maviri lateral iwo. Uyezve, zvikamu zviviri zvinogona kunge zvakasiyana zvakasiyana uye zvinoratidza basal se "hypochile" uye distal "epichile". Mune iyi hunhu petal yeOrchids zvinokwanisika kuona akajeka zvikamu, crests, keels, uye calluses.
Mune mamwe genera iyo labellum inogadzira spur inodzokera kumashure kana pasi uye mune nectari. Iyo spur inogona kunge iine chimiro chakareba uye chakatetepa sekuonekwa mukati orchidsuye Gymnadenia, kunyange kutaridzika senge oval sac, sezvinoonekwa mu (Coeloglossum viride) Mune dzimwe mhando iyi petal yakagadziridzwa haina nekita kana nectari inogona kucherechedzwa uye isingabatanidzwe mune labellum.
Iyo androecium (chirume chenhengo yebonde), muRuva reOrchid, kazhinji inoumbwa neimwe kana maviri stamen, kashoma katatu. Kana iri stameni imwe chete, inogadzirwa kubva pakati pechidzitiro chemadzitateguru chekunze chekuberekesa uye kazhinji iine ma staminodes maviri anozvarwa kubva kune lateral stamen yemidziyo yemadzitateguru yemukati yekuberekesa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko vane maviri kana matatu akaorera stamens sezvinoonekwa mune Subfamilies Apostasioideae kana Cypripedioideae.
Kana dzine mazitameni maviri akaorera, aya anobva kune maviri ekupedzisira stameni echikadzi chemukati chekuberekesa chekare, uye saizvozvowo, kana pane matatu akaorera, anobva kune maviri lateral stamens yemukati androecium uye kubva pakati stameni yekunze. androecium. Nzira yekuberekesa inobatanidzwa nemaitiro uye chiseko. Zvose manyorerwo uye chiseko zvakagadziridzwa zvakanyanya uye zvinogadzira chimiro chinonzi "column", "gynostemus" kana "gynostegio".
Muchikamu che "gynosternal" chinozivikanwa se "clinandro" kana "androclino", iyo thecae yeanthers inowanikwa. Maumbirwo emukume ayo ane granular, akaunganidzwa kubva paviri kusvika kusere muhombe kana kuti wakaoma unonzi pollinia. Mune iyi pollinia "caudicle" inowanikwa, iyo yakatetepa inokwana yakafanana nefilament, yakabatanidzwa kuburikidza nehutu hunonamatira, hunopa zita re "retinacula" kana "viscidium", iri pamusoro pe "rostellum", inova It. kunobva pakusemwa kwakafanana nekwakarebesa lobe uye kunogona kuonekwa pamusoro pechikamu chinogamuchirika cherusarura.
Iyo pollinary (chimiro chinounganidza pollinia, caudicules neretinacula), inotarisira kufambisa mukume panguva yekumesa. Saizvozvowo, anthers ndiyo inogumira chikamu che stamens, iri longitudinal dehiscence uye chinhu chayo chemubatanidzwa chinogadziridzwa mu "operculum" inodzivirira anther kusvika panguva yekumesa.
Iyo yevakadzi yekubereka sisitimu kana gynoecium inoumbwa neatatu carpels akabatanidzwa pamwechete, ovary yeOrchids yakaderera, ine imwe locule kana matatu locules, uye nekuwedzera mamirioni emaovule akarongwa muovary cavity, kureva, yeparietal placentation uye, zvakare. yeAxillary placentation, zvichida.
Maruva mazhinji eOrchid anoburitsa nekita, iwo maOrchids asina nectaries ari autogamous kana apomictic, ayo anoburitsa mhodzi pasina kuita mukume. MaOrchids anobudisa Nectar anopa manectari kana nhengo dzawo panogadzirwa nekita yeruva, mumhando nenzvimbo dzakasiyana. Mune rimwe genera iyo nectary iri mu spur ye labellum, mune imwe inowanikwa mu apices ye sepals, kana zvakare muzvikamu zvemukati zvegynoecium.
Mhando dze inflorescences
Inflorescences yemiti iyi yakasiyana, kunyange mukati meOrchid mhando dzemhando imwechete. Nekuda kweizvozvo, nzvimbo yemaruva, iyo inogona kuve isingaverengeke, kana kungova neruva rimwe chete, ine terminal kana axial nzvimbo. Kazhinji, Orchids ane inflorescences ane maruva maviri kana kupfuura, akaumbwa netsinde inonzi pendulum, inokura kubva kune imwe maruva axis uye yakareba zvishoma. Uye dzinde duku rinonzi rachis, kunova ndiko kune maruva.
Mune akawanda emhando dzeOrchid, maruva anowanikwa mune yakatwasuka uye yakareba raceme, uko maruva akarongedzerwa akasununguka akatenderedza rachis, sezvinoonekwa mugenus. Cymbidium. Mune raceme-like inflorescence, maruva ega ega akabatanidzwa kune maruva axis anozivikanwa se pedicel. Mamwe marudzi, maruva avo anouya zvakananga kubva kune rachis, munyaya iyi inflorescence imhando yespike, muenzaniso wegenera nemhando iyi ye inflorescence. Peristylus y neuwiedia.
Kutumbuka munyaya yeOrchids yejenasi bulbophyllum, rachis yaro inobvumirana uye inoratidzika kuti maruva ayo anobva panzvimbo imwe chete uye inflorescence inoratidzika seamburera kana parasol. Uyezve, marudzi Oncidium y Renanthera, vane panicle-type inflorescences, nokuti kurongeka kwemaruva avo kune branched.
Zvibereko neMbeu
Muchero wacho une loculicidal nyama capsule, iyo kana yaibva inovhura ma carpels ayo. Mukati memuchero uyu wakashata mune mamirioni embeu (kusvika mamirioni mana). Mbeu dzacho hadzina kugadzirwa zvakanaka uye dzisina cotyledons (embryonic layers dzavanotsvaga nadzo chikafu), kana endosperm (painochengeterwa nyama dzinovaka muviri, mafuta kana albumen), nekuda kweizvi dzinofanirwa kudyiswa nekunze organic zvinhu zvekumera kwavo.
Kumeresa maOrchids munzvimbo yavo yechisikigo, nekupindira kwefungus, iyo inobatana nemidzi yeOrchids, ichigadzira symbiosis. Mumamiriro ezvinhu echisikigo, kumera nembeu kwakaoma zvikuru, nokuti mamiriro ose akakodzera anofanira kunge aripo panguva imwe chete. Nekuti, ichi ndicho chikonzero nei maOrchids aine mhodzi dzakawanda.
Mbeu iduku zvikuru, inenge saizi yemusoro wepini. Inopa membranous integument isingapi phytomelanin, inongove nekunze kwekunze kwakasimba uye matumbu emukati akaputsika. Mbeu idzi dzinogona kuita mapapiro uye dzinoparadzirwa nemhepo. Mbeu dzine "embryo" diki uye hadzina endosperm nekuti inorasika panguva yekukura kwe "embryo".
Meaning of Orchids
Kuti utange kutaura nezve zvinoreva orchids, iwe unofanirwa kutanga nekwakabva zita ravo nekuti, kubva mairi, izvi zvinomera zvinomera zvinosanganiswa nehuviri, zvepabonde uye kunyange kubereka. Izvi zvakadaro sezvo vaunganidzi veMaruva aya akanaka eOrchid vanobva kwakasiyana magariro netsika, vanoashandisa.
Zvinoreva zita rako
Kwakabva izwi rekuti Orchid rinobva muchiGiriki (órjis “testicle”) uye (idéa “fomu”). Pamusana pemachubhu emhando dzejenasi orchids, inova terrestrial Orchid ine machubhu maviri akafanana nemachende. Kwakabva zita reOrchids kwakashumwa kekutanga mubasa De Causis Plantarum yaTheophrastus, muzivi wechiGiriki, yakanyorwa makore 375 Kristu asati auya, sezvinobvira.
Zvazvinoreva uye zvinotendwa zvekare
Maererano nevabereki kuti vasarudze zvepabonde zvemwana vakadya midzi yeOrchids. Izvi sezviri pachena zvaiitwa muGreece yekare, zvinoitika kuti kana baba vakadya midzi mikuru yechirimwa cheorchid, mwana aitarisirwa aiva murume uye, panzvimbo pacho, kana amai vakadya midzi miduku yechirimwa chiri kutaurwa, vakabata pamuviri. .
Mutsika dzeAsia dzakadai seChina, Maruva eOrchid akarimwa kubva Kristu asati avapo, kumaChinese, Orchids ane chirevo chekuvimbika, kutendeseka, runako, ushamwari uye musiyano. Nekuda kwavo, vaAztec vekare vakawana chirimwa cheOrchid kunobva vanila ndokuisanganisa nechokoreti nekuti chinwiwa ichocho chaivapa simba uye simba.
Mutsika dzeEurope munguva dzeVictorian, miti yeOrchid inozivikanwa yakabva kunzvimbo dzinopisa dzeNyika Itsva (American continent), uye dzaive dzakanyanya uye dzisingawanzo kuenzaniswa nemaruva anozivikanwa. Kare ikako kuunganidza maOrchids kwaive chiratidzo chechimiro chemagariro. Chero ani aidzipa, aipfuudza kuburikidza nechipo ichi rudo uye chido kune munhu wachakagadzirirwa uye, iyo isingawanzoitiki Orchid, yakakura uye yakadzama manzwiro avo.
Esoteric uye zvemweya zvinoreva
Kana iwe uine nzvimbo mumba mako yekufungisisa kana kuva nenguva yakanaka yekuzorora nekuverenga kana zvimwe zviitiko zvinofadza. Iwe unogona kutenga mamwe Orchids kana kana vakakupa imwe, zvinokurudzirwa kushongedza nzvimbo ino nemaruva aya uye woiisa munzvimbo ine chiedza chezuva. Kana zvikaitika kuti Maruva eOrchid anosvava, sezviri pachena zvinoreva kuti iwe uchiri kufanirwa kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvakatemwa kana kuti iwe wakasiya.
Kana, kune rumwe rutivi, chirimwa cheOrchid chichikura uye chikava nesimba uye kubudirira, zvinoreva kuti uri munzira yakarurama uye kukunda zvipingamupinyi, kuzadzisa zvinangwa zvako, zvishoma nezvishoma kusvikira wasvika kune chinangwa. Saizvozvowo, zvinokurudzirwa kuti Orchid ifungidzirwe sewachi, uye kuti pakati peusiku nemasikati inogona kuiswa panzvimbo imwe chete.
Mumushonga wekare weChinese, chirimwa cheOrchid chaishandiswa kugadzira mishonga yekubvisa zviratidzo zvekukosora uye zvimwe zvirwere zvepulmonary, pamwe nekurapa matambudziko eitsvo, kugaya uye kushomeka kwekuona.
Zvinoreva maOrchids zvichienderana neruvara rwawo
Orchids ane maruva epinki anoreva hukadzi, mufaro, mufaro uye anowanzopiwa sezvipo zvekuyeuka makore ekuroorana, kunyanya 14th uye 28th yemakore ekuroorana. Panzvimbo pezvo, ma<em>orchid epepuru anopiwa kune vaya vanoyemurwa uye vanoremekedzwa. Zvinoreva kuyemurwa uye kuremekedzwa.
Red Orchids ine zvakawanda zvazvinoreva, zvakadai sesimba, kusatya, chido uye chido. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chiri chimwe chezvipo zveOrchids zvakanyanya paZuva raValentine. White Orchids inomiririra yakanaka adventure, runako, kubudirira uye kusava nemhosva. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya pamaruva ekugadzirwa kwemhemberero dzekubhabhatidzwa, uye inogamuchirwa kune vacheche vachangoberekwa. Pamwe chete nemitambo yemuchato.
Kana iwe uchida kushuvira munhu rombo rakanaka, mufaro wakawanda uye chishuvo chekubudirira kwechigadzirwa chitsva, ipapo ipa Yellow Orchids, iyo kunze kwekuve nezvirevo izvi, zvinorevawo ushamwari. Nekuda kwezvinoreva orenji Orchids, zvakakodzera kuvapa sechipo kuratidza kushingaira uye kusatya, chipo chakakodzera kushuvira kuti mharidzo iende zvakanaka uye unotya.
Zvinoreva zvegirinhi Orchids, hutano, hupenyu hurefu, hunhu uye rombo rakanaka. Kana iwe uchida kushuvira mumwe munhu waunoonga hupenyu hurefu uye budiriro, zvinogoneka kuvapa Orchids ane Green Flowers. Vamwe vanhu vanopa Orchids ane Blue Flowers (dhayi), kuratidza kuti yakanga yakasiyana uye yakasiyana. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti hapana bhuruu Orchid Maruva mune zvakasikwa.
Historia
Maruva eOrchid ave achidiwa nekuchengetwa nevanhu kubva kare. Maererano nemagwaro ekare akanyorwa muChina makore anopfuura 1.500 apfuura, kurimwa kwemiti yeOrchid yakanga yatotaurwa nezvayo. Pakati pemakore 551-479 BC, Confucius akataura nezvekurimwa kwemiti yeOrchid, muzvinyorwa izvozvo airatidza kuti vekuMabvazuva ndivo vakatanga kunetseka nezvekurima zvirimwa izvi.
Makore mazhinji vafambi vekuMadokero vasati vaziva nezveMaruva eOrchid, mifananidzo yeMaruva eOrchid inotoonekwa mumifananidzo yeChinese neyeJapan. Zita remhuri iyi yezvirimwa rakaiswa nemuzivi wechiGreek Theophrastes (350-283 BC), kubva kuGreek Opxis uye izwi rechiLatin Orchis, zvinoreva ma testicles.
Mubudiriro yekuMadokero, kunongedzerwa kune izvi zvinomera kekutanga mugore ra1552 mugwaro reAztec rakabudiswa naBaudiano. Mukunyora uku mhando Vanilla (vanilla pom pom), mugwaro iroro zvikamu zvechirimwa zvakadhirowewa. Mune iro gwaro Mhando dzeplantarum, rakabudiswa muna 1745, naCarlo Linneus akaronga mapoka masere eOrchids.
Mukondinendi yeEurope, maOrchid anomutsa kufarira panguva iyo Orchid kubva muunganidzwa waCharles Wager, wakaunzwa kubva kuNyika Itsva kubva kunzvimbo dzinopisa, dzinonzi. bletia pepuru (pasina. bletia verecunda) uye, akanga ari muchitokisi kuChelsea Botanic Garden. Kubva panguva iyoyo zvichienda mberi, varimi vezvirimwa vakaratidza kufarira kukuru kudzidza kurima maorchids uye, mukuva neorchidarium yavo kana orchid gadheni, nzvimbo yekurima, izvo zvaidiwa maererano nechimiro chehorticulturist, kazhinji yeChirungu elite.
Mugore ra1818, murume wokuEngland anonzi William Cattley akagamuchira boka rezvirimwa zvakaunganidzwa muBrazil, zvisingazivikanwi nenyanzvi dzemiti yeChirungu uye maruva ayo akaunza mufaro muLondon. Muzvinafundo wechiRungu weBotanist Lindley paakachigamuchira, akachironga seOrchid uye mukukudza VaCattley, rudzi rwakatanga. Mombe uye zita resainzi remarudzi Cattleya labiata.
Rudzi urwu rwechiitiko rwakatungamirira kuidi rokuti nguva imwe neimwe chirimwa cheorchid chakatumbuka, chakanga chiri chikonzero chokupemberera uye nhau dzakasvika pakubudiswa papeji yokutanga yamapepanhau eko. Panguva iyoyo, vaunganidzi vakave nyanzvi mukutsvaga kwezvirimwa zvitsva nemhuka, kuzadzisa zvinodiwa nevatengi vekuEurope. Vaiwanzova vanhu vanobva kuFrance neGreat Britain, vakaenda kunyika yeAmerica uye, pasina kuyera migumisiro, vakapamba masango ekondinendi ino.
Kutengeswa kunotyisa uku kwemaorchids ekunze kwenyika, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvirimwa nemhuka zvisingawanzoitiki, zvinoisa marudzi mazhinji munjodzi yekutsakatika. Kuva nemhando idzo nhasi chasara ireferensi yebhaibheri. Nenzira yakanaka, nekusvika kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX, "orchidiomania" yevateresi veEurope yakaderera, nekuda kwekudhura kwekuchengetedza rudzi urwu rwemiti. Pakati peizvi, nokuti zvidyarwa zvinobva munzvimbo dzinodziya uye zvisinganyanyi kupikisa chando chechando, kupisa kwaifanira kuiswa mumaruva e-orchid, uye mari yavo yakanga yakakwirira.
Kare ikako, mari yemagetsi yaidhura zvikuru. Nekuda kweHondo Yenyika Yekutanga iyo yakakanganisa kuchengetedza kwakasiyana siyana kuunganidzwa kwezvirimwa uye pakati peiyi orchid magadheni evaunganidzi vega. Nekusvika kwekuora mwoyo kwakaitika muna 1929, vaunganidzi vazhinji veOrchid vakakanganisika mune zvehupfumi uye kuunganidza kwavo kwakapfuudzwa mumaoko eBotanical Gardens nevekutengesa horticulturist.
Ecological aspects
Mhuri yeOrchidaceae imhuri yebotanical ine nhamba huru yemhando dzeOrchid, pakati pe25.000 kusvika 30.000 marudzi, akaiswa muzvikamu zvingangosvika mazana masere, zvinokura munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana panyika. Mhuri yeOrchidaceae inoparadzirwa zvakanyanya, Orchids inogona kuwanikwa kubva kuArctic Circle region kusvika Tierra del Fuego kuAntarctic neAustralia. Kusingakuri zvinomera izvi munzvimbo dzerenje nepamapango maviri.
Kuparadzirwa
Kugoverwa kwayo kwakapararira munzvimbo dzinopisa uye dzinopisa, munzvimbo yekupedzisira maokidhi akawanda ari epiphytes. Orchids inogona kucherechedzwa munzvimbo dziri pagungwa kusvika kumamita 5000 pamusoro pegungwa, munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana, ingave makomo, masango ane hunyoro, savannas, mahombekombe uye nezvimwe. Munharaunda umo ivhu rine chikafu chakaderera, maOrchids anoita semhando huru.
Mhando dzakawanda dzeOrchids dzinokura masango anopisa ari munzvimbo dzine makomo, ayo, nekuda kwenzvimbo dzawo, anoumba zvipingamupinyi zvechisikigo uye kupararira kwemarudzi emiti kunonyanya kuoma, saka nhamba yakawanda yezvipenyu zvinowanzoitika. Izvi zvinoguma, zvakajairika kuzviona munzvimbo dzakadai sezvitsuwa uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia.
Nyika dzinoshuma kusiyana kukuru kwemhando dzeOrchid dziripo ndeidzi: Mukondinendi yeSouth America, Colombia inoshuma huwandu hukuru hwemhando dzemhando dzeOrchid dzine 4.270 dzakatsanangurwa, ichiteverwa neEcuador ine dzinenge 3.500 dzemhando dzemhando. Iyo Brazilian Atlantic mass inoenderera mberi ne1.500 yakashumwa uye yakatsanangurwa mhuka. Ipapo kunouya makomo eCentral America, mukondinendi yeAmerica.
Pamakondinendi eAsia neAfrica, nhamba huru dzemarudzi dzinozivikanwa kuti dziripo mumakomo ari kumaodzanyemba kweHimalaya muChina neIndia, uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAfrica pachitsuwa cheMadagascar. Uku kupararira kwakakura kunoitika nekuda kwekugona kwayo kugadzirisa uye kuramba kukura munzvimbo dziri pedyo nemahombekombe; nzvimbo dzine makomo dzakadai se moorland ecosystems, masango ane hunyoro nezvimwe.
Iwo "lithophytic" zvirimwa, ndiko kuti, vanogona kugara pamatombo; epiphytes nokuti vanogara pamatavi emiti uyewo vane tsika dzepanyika. Ma<em>orchid akatonzi anogara munzvimbo dzepasi pevhu. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kunyange zvazvo vachigara pamiti, zvirimwa zvinongogara pamatavi emiti uye hazvitore muto. Mukuwedzera, pakukwirira ikoko vanogona kugamuchira zviri nani chiedza chezuva. Mamwe maOrchid anoyera mamirimita chete uye zvimwe zvirimwa zveOrchid, kune rumwe rutivi, zvine saizi yemuti kusvika kumamita matatu kureba.
Kuendesa mberi
Musango, Maruva eOrchid anotanga kuvhurika panguva imwe chete gore rega rega, kamwe chete pagore. Nekuti ivo vanogadziriswa nemamiriro ekunze, vangave ivo: sekuwedzera kana kuderera kwekushisa, kuchinja kwemwaka, maawa ezuva, kuwedzera kana kuderera kwehunyoro hwezvakatipoteredza.
Kune mhando dzine maruva anovhura kwezuva rimwe chete, semuenzaniso Orchid yemhando sobralia nevamwe vane maruva anogara akavhurika kwemwedzi inosvika mitatu, semuenzaniso genera Paphiopedilum y Phalaenopsis. Ukuwo, mahybrid orchids anotumbuka kunyange kanopfuura kaviri pagore. Zvizhinji zvacho zvinoda mushonga wekumesa kuti mukume wemaruva awo uitike.
Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti anenge ese maOrchids akatenderedza 97% anoda mukume kuti akwanise kuendesa mbesa dzemukume kumapistils emamwe maruva uye, nekudaro, kubereka uye kunotevera kuumbwa kwemichero nemhodzi kunoitika. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pollen yemiti iyi iri mupollinia kana pollinarium.
Nekuti inodzivirirwa muchimiro ichi, mukume haugone kupararira kubva kune rimwe ruva kuenda kune rimwe Orchid Ruva, pacharo kana nemhepo. Nekuda kweizvi, zvirimwa izvi, kuti zvibereke pabonde, zvinoda rubatsiro rweOrchid pollinators, iyo inosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi, mamwe mapollinator inhunzi, umhutu, nyuchi, nyuchi, zvipembenene uye dzimwe shiri dzakadai sehummingbirds.
Hukama hweMaruva eOrchid nemhuka dzine mukume zvinoreva kuti mapollin aya anogara achisangana nemaruva uye kuti ari maari kwenguva yakati rebei. Izvi zvinodaro kuti anthers uye kunyadziswa kunogona kubatwa nekumwe kuenderera mberi, kuitira kuti pollen irambe yakanamatira kune mapollinator nenzira yakachengeteka uye nokudaro inosvika pakunyadzisa kwemamwe Maruva eOrchid.
Kubudirira kwekukumeswa kweMaruva eOrchid kunoenderana nekudyidzana pakati pemiti yeOrchid nezvinotakura mukume, nekuda kweizvi maruva ane dzimwe nzira dzekukwezva mhuka idzi dzinotakura uye kuti anokwezvwawo nemaruva emhando imwe chete, zvimwe zvezvigadzirwa izvi. uye michina ndeiyi: mukume wemaruva, nekita uye zviredzo. Dzinokwezvawo mapollinator nekuakwezva nekunhuhwirira uye nemavara, uye nekudaro zvakare nekuve nekunamira kana kunamira mukume.
Munguva yekushanduka kweumambo hwezvirimwa, nzira dzekushanduka-shanduka dzakagadzirwa kuti dzirarame nekushanduka kwezvakatipoteredza kunotambura nemasikirwo. Tichifunga izvi, kune zoophilic angiosperm zvirimwa, izvo zvinomera zvinoenderana nekudyidzana nemhuka kubereka. Saizvozvowo, chokwadi chekuti kune boka remhuka dzakajairana navo imhinduro yekubatana-shanduka inogadziriswa nehukama hwepedyo pakati pemhuka idzi nemiti.
Uku kushanduka-shanduka kunogona kuonekwa muukama hwepedyo huri pakati pemiti yeorchids nemhuka dzinoisvibisa, zvichiita zvokuti munhu haagoni kurarama pasina imwe. Hukama hwemukati hwekukumesa uhu imhinduro yekushanduka-shanduka, uye imwe inobatsira kune vese. Zvakanaka, mukume mune dzimwe nguva unogona kuwana muto weruva uye vanoendesa mukume kune rimwe ruva remhando imwe chete.
Zvisinei, dzimwe nguva maOrchids anonyengedza muvuri kuti aite kuti aise uye atakure mukume pamakumbo ake nemapapiro achienda kune mamwe maruva uye haawani mubairo. Muzviitiko zvakawanda izvi zvinoitika zvakasiyana. Nekuda kwekuti marudzi mazhinji eOrchid anopa chikafu kumhuka dzawo dzinotakura mukume, zvimwe zvezvikafu izvi ndezvi: nekita, mafuta kana mvere dzekudya. Saizvozvowo resins, wax uye essences.
Miti yacho inopa zvikafu izvi senzira yekubhadhara mapollinator ekubatsira mukutakura kwepollen uye kubudirira kusvibiswa kweOrchids, uye nenzira iyi inosimbisa maitiro evanotakura. Nekuda kwehukama hwepedyo pakati pezvinotakura mukume neMaruva aya eOrchid, zvakatungamira kune imwe dhigirii yehunyanzvi, yerudzi rumwe rwemukume kuti ive nechokwadi chekufambiswa kwemukume uye, kune chikamu chavo, maruva anonyanya kuenderana uye chimiro chemaruva. kunyanyoonekwa kurudzi rwetumbuyu.
Mukuona kweizvi, marudzi akasiyana-siyana emaruva ari muOrchids anocherechedzwa kuti ave anokwezva kune mamwe marudzi ezvipembenene zvinosvibisa, zvakadai se: nyuchi, nyuchi, moths, butterflies uye nhunzi. Uye dzimwe mhuka dzinotakura mukume dzakaita sezviremwaremwa, matatya neshiri. Mamwe maOrchid anokwezvawo mapollinator emarudzi ese uye mamwe kana akanyanyo nyanya kukwezva kune imwe kana mashoma mhando dzemhuka dzinotakura mukume.
Mibayiro yezvinotakura mukume inogona kuva nekita, zvinonhuwira zvemaruva, mukume, uye mamwe genera reOrchids senge cypripedium, inosvibisa iyo pollinator uye haipe chero mubairo, saizvozvowo, genera rakadai ophrys y cryptostylis, maruva avo anofanana kana kutevedzera chimiro uye kunhuhwirira kwezvipembenene zvechikadzi zvakadai senyuchi, nhunzi kana nyuchi uye apo varume vanotsvaka kusangana, Maruva eOrchids aya anosvibiswa nokuti anovavhiringidza nevakadzi vemarudzi avo, vachibudisa chiitiko chepseudocopulation.
Iyi nzira inoitika nerubatsiro rwelabellum, iyo inoshanda setambo yekumhara uye, nekuda kwechimiro chayo, ruvara uye magadzirirwo, mapurojekiti anooneka kana tactile masaini kuti atungamire pollinator. Iro maruva epollinia inonamatira kumuviri wepollinator, uye inowanzoiswa, mukuora mwoyo muchikamu chezasi chembiru, iyo inonyadzisa yerimwe ruva.
Shanduko yekukwezva iyo pollinator yayo inoonekwa murudzi rweCoryanthes, maruva erudzi urwu ane labellum ine chimiro chehomwe izere nemvura inobuda mushongwe yeruva uye, kana nyuchi ikadonha, inodonha. inonyura mumvura iyi inoita kuti ifambe nemumugero uye ichimanikidza chipembenene kugadzika pollinary mumuviri wayo. Uku kufambiswa kwemukume kuburikidza nemukume inzira inogoneka yekugonesa kuberekesa mazai akawanda.
Orchid mhando dzinozivikanwa dzisingawanzo kupfurwa uye dzinoramba dzichishanda uye dzichiratidza runako rwavo kwenguva yakareba. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kusvava kweperianth kwakaitika mushure mekusangana. Mune mhando yeOrchid inowanikwa kuMadagascar angraecum sesquipedale, yakadzidzwa zvakanyanya kune yayo chaiyo biology yekukume.
Iyi mhuka yakashanduka kuti igadzirise maitiro ayo ekumesa kune morphology ye lepidoptera mhando (shavishavi) Xanthopan morganii praedicta. orchid ruva angraecum sesquipedale inopa labellum muchimiro che spur 20 kusvika 35 centimita kureba uye shavishavi rinoriisa mukume rine proboscis yehurefu hwakafanana. Nyanzvi yezvakasikwa Charles Darwin mudzidziso yake yokushanduka-shanduka kwemarudzi, akafanotaura rudzi urwu rweukama pakati pezvinomera nezvinotakura mukume, nguva refu iyi mhuka isati yawanikwa.
kumera kwayo
Ma<em>orchid anobudisa mamiriyoni embeu duku idzo, nokuda kwehukuru hwadzo, tsanga dzadzo duku dzinoita seguruva. Muzvipenyu zvakawanda zvinoparadzirwa nemhepo uye kudya kwadzo kunoenderana nekumera kwe mycorrhizal fungus. mhuri duku Cypripedioideae y vanilloideae vanoumba michero ine nyama inovirisa panzvimbo yavanobva (in situ), uye nokuda kwemaitiro avo ekukwezva akadai sekunhuhwirira kunobva kuOrchid inowanzonzi Vanilla, shiri nemhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinokwezvwa uye dzinopedzisira dzava kuparadzira.
Mbeu dzinogadzirwa neOrchids dzinoumbwa ne "embryo" inoumbwa nemasero mashoma, anosvika zana kusvika mazana maviri, uye akakomberedzwa ne testa yakaoma kwazvo. Zvichienderana nemhando, muchero wega wega unogona kubereka pakati pe100 ne200 mbeu per capsule. Huremu hwemhodzi diki idzi hunosvika 13.000 kusvika 4.000.000 µg uye saizi yadzo inosvika 0,3 kusvika 14 millimita pakureba uye 0,25 kusvika 1,2 millimita muhupamhi. Mbeu dzeOrchid hadzina endosperms uye idiki "embryo" inorembera mukati mepachena uye mune mamwe genera ane pigmented membrane.
Iwo ane maumbirwo akasiyana-siyana, anoti elliptical, mapapiro, denderedzwa, seshinda, globular, uye fusiform. Mafomu ese aya anogoneka kuchinjika kunobatsira kusimudzira kubereka uye kuparadzirwa kwakafanira nemhepo yemhodzi diki dzeOrchid. Chimwe chinhu chakasiyana cheOrchids ndechekuti kumera kwembeu dzadzo kunoitwa nenzira yakasiyana kubva kune yeangiosperms mazhinji, nekuda kwehukuru hudiki hwema embryo emiti iyi.
Izvi zvinoitika nekuda kwehukuru hudiki hwemhodzi uye saka chimiro chadzo uye anatomy idiki uye iri nyore. Ichi ndicho chikonzero mazai avo anomera uye kukura uye kuita masero akawanda anonzi "protocorm". Iyo "protocorms" ine chimiro muchimiro chemidzi, inozivikanwa se "rhizoids" iyo dzimwe nguva inozadzisa basa rephotosynthesis. Nekudaro, kuti "proto-like" inyatso kukura uye kukura seanoyamwa, inofanirwa kudyidzana nefungus uye kumisa mubatanidzwa wesymbiotic.
Uhu hukama hwekubatsirana, muhukama hwesymbiotic fungus inopa shuga kune protocorm, pamusoro peavo vese vasingaite photosynthesis process, nekuda kwekushaikwa kwechlorophyll. Iyo fungus inopa shuga, mushure mokuitora kubva kune substrate iyo Orchid chirimwa chinogadziriswa, ingava pasi kana bazi remuti.
Kune chikamu chayo, protocorm inopa fungus nemamwe mavhithamini uye nzvimbo yekugara. Ndichiri kugara mu symbiosis, fungus inogara pakati peprotocorm uye substrate. Kana Orchid ikatanga kukura nekukura, inotogadzira yayo chikafu uye hukama hwesymbiotic hunosvika kumagumo.
Orchid Evolution uye Phylogeny
Kuve mhuri yeOrchidaceae yakanyanya kusiana mugenera nemhando, zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezvekwakabva Orchids, nekuda kwekushaikwa kwefossil rekodhi yemiti iyi, yakakwana kuronda nhoroondo yavo nekushanduka-shanduka. Mukutsvaga kwayakabva, muna 2007 kuwanikwa muDominican Republic kwemukume weOrchid kwakashumwa, iyo yakaonekwa se. Meliorchis Caribea.
Iyo orchid pollinator Meliorchis caribea yakawanikwa yakachengetedzwa muamber uye yakanamirwa kumesoscutellum (oral apparatus) yerudzi rwenyuchi. dominican proplebeia, yakatotsakatika. Zvisaririra zvakawanikwa zvinobva kuMiocene, uye zvinogona kunge zvakatangira kubva pamakore gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi maviri emakore. Kuwanikwa uku inhanho huru yekumberi pakudzidza kwakabva miti yeOrchid uye zvakare humbowo hwenhoroondo hwehukama pakati pemhuri iyi yezvirimwa nemapollinator azvo.
Kuwanikwa uku kwakabatsirawo, pamwe chete nezvidzidzo zvecladistic pakuongorora morphology yayo, kuti sezviri pachena tateguru wemazuva ano eOrchids aivepo muUpper Cretaceous, makore angangoita 76 kusvika 84 miriyoni apfuura. Iyo monophyly, kureva, hukama hweOrchids kune mumwe chete tateguru, inotsigirwa ne morphology yechirimwa ichi uye zvakare nezvidzidzo zvakaitwa pakutevedzana kwayo kweDNA, kwakaitwa nevaongorori vakati wandei, vakaita saDresler pakati pa1981 na1993. ; Kupfeka uye Chase muna 1995; Burns-Balogh naFunk muna 1986; Judd et al. 1993; Chase et al. 2000; Fay et al. 2000, uye Freudenstein et al. 2004.
Tsvagiridzo inoenderera ichitsanangura hukama hwefilogenetic mukati memhuri yeOrchidaceae, iyo yakawanikwa kuburikidza necladistic zvidzidzo zvemorphology yezvirimwa izvi uye kutevedzana kwavo kweDNA, iyo yakachengetedzwa. Parizvino pane tsvakiridzo yakawanda iri kuitwa.
Tichitarisa kune zvidzidzo zve phylogeny zvemaorchids, aya akanyanya kufambira mberi sezvo achibvumira kuvaka patsva nyika dzemadzitateguru uye kudzidza nekutarisisa kwemavara akati wandei uye asingawanzoonekwa anochinja. Sekuziva kwekukumesa kwakasarudzika. Kukunda kwenzvimbo dzepiphytic uye basa reiyo acid metabolism yecrassulaceae (CAM).
Iyo CAM kana acid metabolism yecrassulaceae inzira yekuita photosynthesis yakaonekwa mune taxonomy yezvimwe zvirimwa, kunyanya mune izvo zvinomera zvinogara munzvimbo dzine mvura uye carbon dioxide zvirambidzo, izvo zvinowanzoitika mu canopy yemasango anopisa. denga ndiro jira remashizha nematavi anoumba miti yakavakidzana uye yakakwirira yemasango, iyo inofukidza nzvimbo huru, pasi peizvi, nzvimbo yacho yakaoma uye inodziya).
Mhuka nemiti inogara pasi pechitubu ichi ndeye arboreal, uye pane kurambidzwa kuwanikwa kwemvura, mumucheka wemasango aya mvura ndeyemwaka kana pakati. Photosynthesis ndeyemhando yeC3, ndiyo chikamu chemadzitateguru emhuri yeOrchidaceae, uye metabolism inoitwa neEpidendroideae subfamily, inova clade (kuunganidza pamwe nemadzitateguru nevazukuru) nekusiyana kukuru kwemarudzi epiphytic emarudzi ose. mhuri dzakasiyana dzebhotani dzemiti inozivikanwa. Iyoyo sezviri pachena yakanga ine chokuita nemhindumupindu inokurumidza zvikuru yezvipenyu zvakawanda yakaitika munguva yeTertiary.
Tsvagiridzo yakaitwa nenyanzvi dzezvemuviri yakawana kuti hukama hwepedyo pakati peCAM metabolism uye zvirimwa zvine epiphytic maitiro zvakaratidzwa. Zviripachena mavara aya akashanduka pamwe chete kweanenge 65 miriyoni emakore. Sezvo nharaunda yepasi yakashandurwa, nekuoma zvishoma nezvishoma uye kuderera kwehuwandu hweCarbon Dioxide mumhepo munguva yeTertiary.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EkrgJ6RBysk
Maererano nezvidzidzo izvi, musiyano mukuru wezvipenyu mukati memhuri yeOrchidaceae inogona kunge yakakonzerwa nekukunda kwemaitiro epiphytic uye, nekuwana rudzi rweCAM rwemetabolism, iyo yakabatanidzwa nemhando iyi yehupenyu hwepiphytic, iyo inobvumira kuti iite. photosynthesis nekushandiswa kwemvura kushoma. Kubva pakuva Orchids ine tsika yepasi kusvika pakuwana epiphytic tsika, kunze kwekutsanangura iyo CAM metabolic kugona, inodawo mamwe maitiro ekugadzirisa.
Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa, iyo yakanaka uye midiki midzi yeOrchids inovabatsira kukwira uye kuzvigadzirisa ivo pachavo mu substrate sematavi emiti ane zvishoma kugadzikana. Iyo morphology yemidzi yaro, iyo inonaka uye ine canopy, imhinduro inoshanduka yekurarama kwenguva yakareba pasina mvura uye kukwanisa kunamatira kune substrate ine zvishoma kana kusava nemvura yekuchengetedza simba.
Chekupedzisira, huwandu hwemarudzi epiphytic hunowanzo hushoma, nekuda kweizvi, hunoda nzira yakasarudzika yekukumesa kuti ikwanise kutakura mukume kubva kune imwe chirimwa kuenda kune imwe yemhando imwe chete. Kuwana izvi physiological modations uye kugadziridzwa nemhando dzakasiyana dzeOrchids ndizvo zvakaita kuti zvikwanise kuwana huwandu hukuru hwemhando dzakasiyana dzemhuri yeOrchidaceae uye kuti ingangoita 70% yemhando dzemhuri iyi zvirimwa zvepiphytic.
Maererano nevatsvakurudzi vakasiyana, genera remhuri yeApostasioideae, vangave ivo. Kuramba kutenda y neuwiedia Ivo ihama dzevamwe vedzinza remhuri yeOrchidaceae. Vatsvakurudzi vanoratidza kuti vose varume nevakadzi zvakananga neuwiedia, chengetedza mavara emadzitateguru akati wandei, mamwe acho kuvepo kwema stamens maviri mumaruva ejenasi. Kuramba kutenda kana mastameni matatu mumaruva ejenasi Neuwiedia, kuti muzviitiko zvose zviri zviviri zvakati zvakanamirwa kune sitaira nembeu dzemukume, zvakasununguka kubva kune mumwe uye hazvina kunamira.
Ukuwo, mune rimwe dzinza reOrchids, mukume unonamira uye tsanga dzemukume dzinobatanidzwa pakati padzo padzinobviswa kana kuti dzasunungurwa kubva pamazimbe. Pakati pemhuri diki dzeOrchids dzine mukume unonamira dzinogona kunzi Cypripedioideae neVanilloideae, ari maviri basal clades. Iyo subfamily Cypripedioideae, uko genera cypripedium y Paphiopedilum, Izvi zvinonzi monophyletic.
The genera iyo inoumba iyo yose ine mamwe mavara akasarudzika, semuenzaniso, iyo labellum yakaita sesaga (inotaridzika sechikamu chepamberi cheshangu) uye anther inogadziridzwa kuita staminode yakafanana nenhovo uye ine maviri anoshanda stameni. Iyo subfamily Vanilloideae, pakati pegenera rayo ndeiyi: Vanilla, Pogonia uye Cleistes, maruva ayo ane stamen inoshanda uye haana pollinia.
Dzimwe mhuri diki dzinocherechedzwa: tsanga dzemukume dzakaunganidzwa kuti dzigadzire pollinia, dzine imwechete inoshanda stameni, uye stamen filament yakanyatsobatanidzwa nemaitiro. Iyi clade inounza pamwechete marudzi ese emhuri yeOrchidaceae, ine mukume wakaungana mupollinia, maruva awo ane imwechete inoshanda stamen, ndicho chikonzero ichinzi monadras. Zvakare, iwo maviri lateral stamens anoshandurwa kuita matete staminodes kana kuashaya zvachose.
Muzvidzidzo zvakaitwa muna 1999 na2000, vanotaura kune maOrchids akaonekwa semonandras se monophyletic. Nekudaro, mune zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaitwa pakati pa2000, 2004 na2006, vakaita ongororo yemamorekuru vachigumisa kuti kudzikira kwematerminal stamens kwakaitika munguva mbiri dzekushanduka kwemhuri. Kana uchidzidza maOrchids anonzi monandras ane polynya, mhuri mbiri huru dzinosiyaniswa Epidendroideae uye Orchidoideae (kutenderera Spiranthoideae).
The genera of the subfamily Epidendroideae anoratidza apomorphy (inova itsva biological uye evolutionary hunhu, neruremekedzo phylogenetically pedyo tateguru), vane beaked anther nokuti yakakombama pamusoro pembiru. Nekune rimwe divi, genera nemhando dzeOrchidoideae subfamily dzese dzine apomorphy yekuva neacute anther apex, madzinde akapfava uye mashizha ane convolute vernation.
Mutero
Muna 1985, maererano nenyanzvi dzezvemiti dzakadai saDahlgren nevabatsiri, vakaziva mhuri nhatu dzeOrchids, vachidziisa mumapoka maererano nenhamba ye<em>androecium anthers. Zvinoenderana nechikamu ichi yaive mhuri yeApostasiaceae ine vanhu vane maviri kana matatu anthers akabatanidzwa kune gynoecium.
Mhuri yeCypripediaceae, ine anthers maviri akabatanidzwa kune gynoecium, uye mhuri yeOrchidaceae, inova mhuri ine kusiyana kukuru kwezvipenyu uye inosiyaniswa nekuva neanther imwe yakanamatira kune gynoecium. Nekudaro, kupatsanurwa uku kwakarambwa nezvidzidzo zvemamorekuru, sezvo mhedzisiro yakaratidza kuti mhuri yeOrchidaceae yaifanira kuganhurwa zvakanyanya, kubva pane iyi hurongwa hutsva hwemhuri hwakaburitswa, sekureva phylogeny yakadzidzwa nekuburitswa naChase nechikwata chake mu. 2003. Imo 5 mhuri duku dzinotsanangurwa.
Apostasioideae
The Orchid subfamily Apostasioideae, maererano ne botanist taxonomists, ndiro boka rekare reOrchids. Aya ane maviri kana matatu stamens mumaruva avo, anoonekwa se "nguva dzose" uye akafanana neaya ejenasi hypoxia (Hypoxidaceae mhuri). Mashizha ayo anokura muurongwa hwemhepo pamatanda, anotambudzwa, anodzorera mashizha, kureva kuti, anopindurwa, kunze kweiyo genus. Kuramba kutenda.
Zvinoonekwa kuti ine bisporic embryo sac (Allium type), Yayo main chromosome number ndeye x= 24. Iyi subfamily inoumbwa nezvikamu zviviri. Kuramba kutenda y neuwiedia, ayo marudzi anenge 16 akaiswa mumapoka. Synonymy: Apostasiaceae Lindley, Neuwiediaceae Reveal & Hoogland.
Cypripedioideae
Iyi yechipiri subfamily yeOrchids idzinza rakazvimirira. Zvirimwa zvakaiswa muboka remhuri iyi Cypripedioideae zvinopa hunhu hwechinyakare, sekuva nemastameni maviri muMaruva eOrchid. Inounza pamwe marudzi mashanu: cypripedium, Mexipedium Paphiopedilum, Phragmipedium y Selenipedium, umo marudzi anenge 150 akaonekwa. Aya akarongwa mumarudzi mashanu emonotypic. Iwo akagoverwa muEurasia uye muAmerican continent.
Aya maOrchids anoadaidza nezita rinowanzozivikanwa rekuti "ladies slippers", kuenzanisa uku kunoitika nekuti labellum inoputika uye yakaputirwa zvakafanana neslipper, basa rayo ndere kubata tumbuyu, nenzira iyi chipembenene chinomanikidzwa nemusana ne staminode. , izvi zvinokubvumira kutora kana kuisa pollinia. Maoriki ane matinji maviri akaorera akaiswa padivi pembiru.
Vane infertile central stamen uye chimiro chavo chakagadziridzwa zvakafanana nenhovo inodzivirira kupinda kwakananga kwemapollinator kubva kumberi kweruva kusvika pakati. Iyo stamens yakavanzwa kuseri kwe staminode. Sacculiform yaro (sac-shaped) labellum yakashanduka kuti iteye tumbuyu kuitira mukume.
Madziro ayo emukati anotsvedza kunyangwe aine manera akafanana nemagadzirirwo emvere mukati memudhuri wemadziro. Izvi zvinotungamira chikamu chezasi che ventral stigma kune imwe yenzvimbo mbiri dziri pazasi pemuromo kune rimwe divi rekoramu. Synonymy: Cypripediaceae Lindley.
vanilloideae
MaOrchids eiyi subfamily Vanilloideae, iboka diki rejenara munowanikwa Vanilla, genus iyi ine marudzi anosvika makumi manomwe emaOrchids anokura sema liana. Mamwe marudzi gumi nemashanu uye 70 marudzi akaiswa muchikamu chemhuri iyi uye akagoverwa munzvimbo yese inonaya mvura inopisa uye inonaya mvura uye muUnited States.
orchidoideae
Iyi subfamily inosanganisira nhamba huru ye orchid genera ine machubhu kana succulent rhizomes. Mhando yerudzi rweOrchis nemaOrchids erudzi rweOphrys ane zita rekuti "Bee Orchids" ari muboka iri. Mumhuri iyi, 208 genera uye mamwe marudzi 3630 akaiswa mumhando dzinokura munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi, kunze kwenzvimbo dzakaoma zvikuru dzegwenga uye pamatanda epasi. Mazita akanyanya kusiyanisa eiyi Orchidoideae subfamily ndeaya: Cynorkis, diuris, Goodyera, habenaria, orchids, platanthera, Spiranthesuye Zeuxine.
epidendroidae
Iri imhuri ine genera rakawanda, kusvika parizvino anopfuura mazana mashanu genera uye akapoterera zviuru makumi maviri emarudzi akaiswa mumapoka akaberekerwa munzvimbo dzinopisa uye dzinopisa dzepasi uye muUnited States, yakafanana neiyo Orchidoideae subfamily, inosanganisirawo Renje reAustralia uko mamwe marudzi epasi pevhu orchids anokura uye anokura.
Iyo Epidendroideae subfamily inomiririrwa neiyo tropical epiphytes, inomiririrwa nemamwe einotevera genera: bulbophyllum, catasetum, Dendrobium, epidendrum, Encyclia, maxillaria, Oncidium, Pleurothallis y Vanda. Kusiyanisa pakati pe genera ye subfamily iyi inonyatsonetsa uye genera hombe haisi monophyletic. Iwo anonyanya kupisa epiphytic orchids, kunyanya ane pseudobulbs, kunewo terrestrial uye saprophytic marudzi, ayo anodya pane organic tsvina.
Mupiro wako kuhupfumi
Yokutanga, iyo ine ruzivo rwakarimwa Orchids vaiva Chinese anenge makore 500 Kristu asati asvika, ipapo maererano vaGiriki kubva V remakore, avo vekare budiriro kare akashandisa Orchid zvinomera sechishongo uye kuti kushandiswa kwemishonga. Nekuwanikwa kweAmerica, vekutanga vekuEurope vakasvika mukondinendi vakaonga kuti maAztec muMexico akashandisa Orchids semiti yemishonga uye kushandiswa sezvinonhuwira, zvekudya uye semiti yekushongedza.
Pamusoro pezvimwe zvirimwa zveOrchid, vanhu vekuMexico ava vaishandisa vanila zvakanyanya ndokuipa zita rekuti "tlilxóchitl" mumutauro wavo wechiNahuatl, rudzi urwu rwakatsanangurwa nevebotanist taxonomists vane zita resainzi rekuti. vanilla planifolia, vakaishandisa se spice yekuravira chokoreti.
Sechikamu chezvipo zvavakaunza kumadzimambo eEurope panguva yekuwanikwa kweAmerica, rudzi urwu vanilla planifolia Yakaunzwa kuEurope pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi XNUMX uye kubva ipapo zvichienda mberi yakarimwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzinopisa dzakadai seMadagascar. Parizvino, Madagascar ndiyo yekutanga kugadzira vanila, iyo inoshandiswa sezvinonhuwira kunhuhwirira uye kuravira dhizeti uye gastronomic ndiro munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi.
Kusiyana kukuru kwemarudzi akaiswa mukati memhuri yeOrchidaceae, anoshandiswa sechishongedzo nekuda kwekunaka kwemaruva avo, maitiro avo e-morphological, ruvara, ndicho chikonzero vane hupfumi hwepamusoro nekuda kwekutengeserana mumiti yavo. zvakakonzera kujekeswa kwemitemo yekudzivirira zvirimwa izvi nenzvimbo dzazvinomera. Pamusoro pezvo, simudzira kutengeserana uye kusikwa kwembesa dzakasanganiswa dziri kudiwa zvakanyanya nevanoyemura pasirese.
Mukuwedzera kune kushandiswa kwe Vanilla sp., kugadzira vanilla spice, mamwe mashoma emhando yeOrchids anoshandiswa sezvinonhuwira zvetii senge izvo zve genus. Jumellea kana zvirimwa zverudzi Vanilla kuravira fodya. zvirimwa zvemarudzi Anacamptis morio Machubhu ayo aishandiswa muTurkey kugadzira chinwiwa chinopisa chinonzi salep, icho chaingogara chichiitwa munyika iyoyo uye chainwiwa panguva yekutonhora kwechando. Parizvino iri muchikamu chemhando dzedziviriro dzisina njodzi.
Tsika yekurima maOrchids nekuda kwerunako rwemaruva awo yakatanga kushanduka zvishoma nezvishoma, ichibva pakuzvivaraidza kwevanhu vepamusoro vekuEurope kuenda pakutengesa. Orchids yakasvika mukondinendi yeEurope panguva dzenzendo dzakaitwa nevakunda veEurope kuenda kuNyika Itsva uye, kubva muna 1731, mienzaniso yekutanga yakatanga kuunzwa.
Nekudaro, nekuda kwemitengo yekuigadzirisa nekurima kubva muna 1821, yakasvika pakurimwa kuti ishandiswe mukutengesa mumagreenhouses ari padyo neGuta reLondon. Mugore ra1913 muSingapore kambani "Sun Kee" yakavhurwa nechinangwa chekuparadzira nekushambadzira maruva eOrchid akachekwa.
Munguva dzino nyika huru dzinokura orchids ndeidzi: United States, England, France, Taiwan, Japan, China, Thailand, Australia, Hawaii neSingapore, nyika uko kwave nekuwedzera kufarira mukurima nekutengesa orchids, nezvinangwa. ye: Gadzirai Maruva eOrchid akachekwa kuti ape musika wekutengesa maruva wepasi rose. Chinangwa chechipiri ndechekurima nekutengesa mhando dzakasiyana dzeOrchids dzehukuru hwakasiyana, kunyanya idzo dzave kuda kutumbuka, muzvitoro zvemukati zvemiti yekushongedza munyika dzakateerana.
Thailand yave imwe yenyika dzakanyanya kurima nekuparadzira Maruva eOrchid kuzadzisa kudiwa kwezvirimwa zveOrchid nemisika mikuru yemiti yekushongedza pasirese. Kuwana pundutso inosvika mamiriyoni makumi mana emadhora pagore yekutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwezvirimwa izvi zvakarimwa zveOrchid.
Pakusiyana kukuru kwe orchid genera pasi pano, vashoma chete ndivo genera rinonyanya kurimwa nokuda kwemaruva akachekwa kana semiti yekushongedza. Izvi zvinoreva kuti zvishoma zvinonyatsozivikanwa nezvehuwandu hukuru hweOrchids inokura muzvisikwa. Pakati peanorimwa zvakanyanya ndeaya: Cattleya, Dendrobium, Epidendrum, Paphiopedilum, Phalaenopsis, Vanda, Brassia, Cymbidium, Laelia, Miltonia, Oncidium, Encyclia y Coelogyne. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nekuda kwematanho ekuchengetedza, macultivars mazhinji ndeeOrchid mahybrids, anosvika 100.000 XNUMX mahybrids anowanikwa pakati pemhando mbiri kana kupfuura dzemhando dzakasiyana.
Kuberekesa uye Kuparadzira
Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa nzira yekubereka ndeye varimi ve orchid, vangave vari vaunganidzi kana vatengesi, ndiko kupatsanurwa kwezvirimwa kana madzinde. Dzinde muzvirimwa zvejenasi dendrobium, iyo pseudobulb yakareba uye inotaurwa nokuti yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvakawanda, muchikamu chega chega mapfundo anoumbwa umo zvinomera zvitsva (suckers) zvinoumbwa.
Midzi inotanga kumera mujinga memazimbe aya, kana masveta akura zvishoma unogona kucheka midzi midzi kuti iparadzanise kubva kumai chirimwa uye kuparadzira mbesa dzeOrchid nekuiisa kune chimwe chigaba kana kuti substrates. Iwo anonyanya kutengeswa orchid genera ndeaya: Cattleya, Laelia, Miltonia y Odontoglossum.
Aya genera anogona kubereka nekukamura rhizome-mhando dzinde, chikamu uye chikamu chega chega chinofanira kuva nemapseudobulbs matatu kusvika mana (mvura nekudya zvinochengetwa mune izvi kuchengetedza zvirimwa). Mapseudobulbs akarasa mashizha anonzi "back pseudobulbs" uye anowanzo shandiswa kubereka clones Cymbidium. Kuti vazviparadzire, vanoparadzaniswa nemuti uye vakadyarwa mune imwe yakakodzera substrate kuti midzi mitsva iumbe.
Orchid Propagation
Miti yeOrchid inobereka michero ine mhodzi dzakawanda, pakati pe13.000 ne4.000.000, saka kana ikaparadzirwa mune yakakodzera substrates uye yakanaka mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza, senge mycorrhizal fungi, vaizogadzira zvirimwa zvitsva zvine maitiro akasiyana mune imwe neimwe yemiti.
Nekudaro, nekuti imbeu dzine mashoma ekuchengetedza chikafu, zvinonetsa kuti dziparadzire nezviwanikwa zvavo, nekuda kweichi chikonzero, munzvimbo yavo yechisikigo, vanofanirwa kushamwaridzana nefungus kuti vabudirire kumera. Hukama uhu nefungus hunobatsira mhodzi nekuti hunodzipa chikafu chekukura nekumera uye fungus inogona kuva nenzvimbo yekugara.
symbiotic kubereka
Imwe nzira yekuberekesa orchids nembeu ndeyekuparadzira mbeu pamusoro uye kumativi emidzi yemiti yeorchid inokura muhari uye kuti substrate inochengetwa yakanyorova. Kana mamiriro akanaka akawanikwa, mbeu dzinomera mumavhiki anotevera uye dzinobudirira zvishoma nezvishoma. Mbeu dzakakura maruva kekutanga makore mashanu kusvika gumi mushure mekuberekwa. Iyi nzira yekubereka inonzi symbiotic.
Asymbiotic kubereka kana in vitro tsika
Kusvikira gore ra1922 ndiyo chete nzira yekuparadzira Orchids yaive nembeu. Zvichienderana neongororo yakabudiswa naPurofesa Lewis Knudson wepaCornell University, musayendisiti uyu akatsanangura nzira yokumeresa nayo mhodzi dzeorchid pasina kupindira kwefungus. Vakadaidza nzira iyi yekuparadzira asymbiotic kumera, vachishandisa nzira dzemicropropagation. Iyi nzira yekumera inobvumira mbesa dze orchid kuti dzikure mune yetsika tsika yepakati uye mumamiriro asina kubereka.
Kuwana kubudirira kupararira kweOrchids kuburikidza ne in vitro meristem tsika kana cloning. Iyi nzira inosanganisira kucheka muromo wemudzi kana kuguma kwepfuti, kuisa iyi yakatemwa pakati petsika yakagadzirirwa uye mumamiriro asina kuchena, ane asepsis yakakura. Paunenge uchiisa phytohormones aya meristems anoshandurwa kuita murwi wezvinyama zvisina mutsauko, kubva kune mitsva mitsva inomera.
Mbesa dzinobuda mumiti iyi dzinopatsanurwa kana kubviswa pamamwe madzinde oendeswa kunoongororwa machubhu kwadzinorimwa dzakazvimirira. Miti inoberekwa neiyi nzira yeasymbiotic kumera kana in vitro tsika ma clones echirimwa chaamai uye parizvino ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa nzira yekuparadzira mukuparadzira kwakakura kwerudzi rwakasiyana kana mahybrids asingabereki.
Orchid Care
Sezvinomera zvese zvakakura kure nenzvimbo yazvakabva, unofanirwa kuziva kuti mamiriro ekunze ari munzvimbo iyoyo, sechiedza chezuva, kunaya kwemvura, huwandu hwekudya. Uku kusahadzika kunogona kujekeswa nemurimi uye kunyangwe kune Orchids inoparadzirwa mu vitro, kana nekupatsanurwa kwezvirimwa. Zvimwe zvinoratidza kutarisira ndezvinotevera.
- Zvinoda chiedza chezuva chisina kunanga (muzvarirwo vanogara pasi pemiti), kuitira izvi shandisa nursery netting kusefa mwenje kana kuigadzika pedyo nehwindo.
- Inokurudzirwa kunwisa kamwechete pavhiki, kuchengetedza hunyoro, kuisa ndiro pasi pehari iyo Orchid inodyarwa, uzadze nemvura kwechinguva uye woibvisa kudzivirira midzi kubva pakuora. Kaviri pasvondo mvura inogona kushandiswa nekupfapfaidza mashizha, kunova uko maOrchids anotora mvura mumasikirwo, kunyanya mangwanani.
- Kunyanya isa mafetireza ane mafomula ekugadzirisa, nepo maOrchids ari muchikamu chezvinomera uye paanenge achitumbuka, isa mafetireza ane maruva mafomula, kuwanda kamwe pamwedzi kana sezvakaratidzwa pachigadzirwa label. Rangarira kushandisa dosi rataurwa uye zviri nani kuisa mafetireza mashoma, pane kudarika fetereza.
- Kuti muti uwedzere maruva akawanda, kana maruva akaoma, akacheka pamusoro pechitatu chetatu chemaruva uye mumaruva anotevera maruva ayo achava akasimba.
- Orchids inokurudzirwa kuiswa apo midzi inotanga kubuda kubva pasi pehari, izvi zvinoreva kuti kune ivhu shoma rasara uye nzvimbo shoma dzemidzi. Inozivikanwa kuchinja kune imwe hari isina kukura kupfuura chirimwa nokuti inokura zviri nani muhari duku.
Nursery yeOrchids
Kana iwe uine yakawanda muunganidzwa weOrchids uye iyi hobby yakatanga kuve yakakosha uye nekudaro iwe unoda kuramba uchikura uye nekuchengetedza zvirimwa izvi kana kuda kurima kuti zvitengeswe, zvinokurudzirwa kuvaka nzvimbo yekuchengetera uye maruva. Zvinotarisirwa kutora:
- Vaka nzvimbo inonakidza uye inoshanda kurima Orchids, nechinangwa chekuchengetedza kufarira mukurima kwavo.
- Vakai nursery yakanaka pasina kudhura.
- Sarudza nzvimbo iyo isingawani mumvuri wakawanda kubva pamadziro kana miti, ine chiedza chakanaka uye mhepo.
- Zvishandiso zvinovakwa ne nursery zvinofanirwa kushingirira kumamiriro ezvakatipoteredza uye pamusoro pezvose kune hunyoro, fungi, ngura uye zvipembenene.
- Tichifunga nezvehurefu hwesirin'i uye machira emukoti kana meshes kuti ape mumvuri uye mapurasitiki ekudzora mvura inonaya, zvakakosha kugadzira nharaunda dzakasiyana mukati menzvimbo yekurera.
Pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, zvimwe zvakakosha zvinofanirwa kutariswawo kuitira kuti zvirimwa zvicharimwa zvikure zvakaringana nekutumbuka.
- Climate. Ichi chinhu chakakosha chekufunga nezvacho. Zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze uye nemhando dzeOrchids dzaunoda kukura nekubereka, nursery ichange yakavharwa zvachose kana kuvhurika, ine sirin'i yakakwirira kana yakaderera.
- Nzvimbo. Muchikamu chino, zvose zviri zviviri nzvimbo uye nzvimbo chaiyo yakasarudzwa mukati meiyo nzvimbo yakasarudzwa inotariswa. Kufanana nemateru, zvinomera zvenzvimbo, mitumbi yemvura nezvimwe.
- Nursery nzvimbo. Inoreva zviyero zvehurefu uye hupamhi hwechimiro chekireshi, izvi kutora nzvimbo yekireshi kune zvakanyanya kutengeserana zviyero zvezvivakwa zvekuvaka zvinotengeswa pamusika.
- Budget. Zvinokurudzirwa kuva mutongi akanaka wezviwanikwa zvinoonekwa, kuti nzvimbo yekurima Orchid miti inogona kudhura kana yakachipa zvakanyanya uye inounza bhenefiti yakafanana kune zvirimwa zvinorimwa.
- Mhando dzemiti. Varimi veOrchid vanowanzoda kuve nenzvimbo yekuberekesa nekuchengeta nhamba huru ye orchid genera. Nekudaro, kuwana kukura kwakakodzera kwese kwakaoma. Nechikonzero ichi, zvinokurudzirwa kuunganidza mune imwechete nursery genera yeOrchids ine zvakafanana kana zvakafanana zvinodiwa zvemamiriro ekunze.
Ndinovimba wakazvifarira uye uwane ruzivo rwawanga uchitsvaga, ndinokukoka iwe kuti uverengewo: