Iyo Oort Cloud irin'i inoumbwa nemamiriyoni emarara epasi anokonzerwa nekudhumhana kwemapuraneti. Munyaya inotevera tichaziva zvese nezvazvo Chii chinonzi Oort Cloud? uye zvese zvine chekuita nerudzi urwu rwechiitiko chinopa izvo zvatinoziva seComets.
Chii chinonzi Oort Cloud?
La Oort Cloud, rudzi rwechibharumu chiri chinhambwe chiri kure zvikuru kubva pakutenderera kwePluto, uko makometsi anobva pane dzimwe nguva atinogona kuona paanopfuura nomudenga.
Zvinonzi izvi zvinofanirwa kunge zvakaumbwa nezviuru zve "marara" kubva kune solar system pachayo, zvakare nemitumbi mishoma yakabuda mu solar system nekuda kwekudhumhana neinonzi Proto-Planets, iwo miviri inozove izvo zvakaumba mapuraneti ese.
Mimwe mitumbi inoda kudzingwa mugore iri iro, kana rasvika kuZuva, rinopisa kusvika pakupisa kwakanyanya uye chando chiri pamusoro payo chinobuda, zvichikonzera izvo zvinozivikanwa sekuti. dutu rezuva.
Chikonzero nei ma comets aya achisvetukira mukati meSolar System haisati yanyatsojeka, zvisinei, mafungu egalactic akatombotariswa, kunyangwe chii chinogona kunzi "Twin Star" yeZuva, iyo inogona. kunzi Nemesis, sezvo kupfuura kwayo pedyo nesolar system pachayo ndiko kunokonzera inonzi nevesainzi vazhinji "Showers of Comets" inova iyo inotsanangura kuvepo kweCataclysms paPlanet Earth.
Historia
Makometi anosvika pakukoshesa hukuru hwakasiyana-siyana mumatenderedzwa emakometi, kuwedzera kune mamwe maitiro uye eccentricities. Munguva dzakapfuura, ma comets ese akaiswa mumapoka makuru maviri ayo anoenderana nenguva yavo yekutenderera, ayo ari:
- Nguva Yakareba Comets: Nenguva dzinopfuura makore 200.
- The Short Period Comets: Nenguva dzisingasviki makore 200.
Panyaya yemakometi akareba, ane 2 maitiro ayo anonyanya kuzivikanwa: Yekutanga ndeyekuti nzira dzavo dzinowanzouya pamwe chete mumapoka makuru. Chechipiri ndechokuti kupindira munharaunda yemapuraneti kunowanzoita isotropic, zvinoreva kuti haina hutungamiri hunodiwa.
Kunze kweizvi, inenge 50% yevose kwenguva refu comets inova iyo inonzi retrogrades, iyo inowanzoenderana nekugoverwa kwavo kusina kuitika.
Yakava rudzi rwekutenda kwese kwese kuti comets dzinobva muchadenga chenyeredzi kana kuti dzinowanzotenderera dziri kure kure munyeredzi uye kuti shanduko yesimba rinokwevera pasi ndiyo inogona kukonzera kuti dzimwe dzadzo dzivharwe nenyeredzi dzakafanana. Zvisinei, pakasvika gore ra1950 nyanzvi yoruzivo rwemitumbi yomudenga yakakurumbira yemavambo echiDutch yakanzi Jan Oort Iye ndiye akazivisa zvinotevera:
- Kwaisazova kunobvira kucherekedza rudzi rupi norupi rwekometi yaizoratidzira kuti yakabva muchadenga chenyeredzi.
- Makometi anopinda musolar system angatambura nekuvhiringidzika kubva kumapuraneti ese, kunyanya Jupiter, nekuti kune huwandu hukuru hwepamusoro penguva refu. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nhamba huru yadzo dzakapinda mugadziriro yezuva kekutanga, sezvo dai zvisina kudaro nzira dzadzo dzaizotove dzakagadziridzwa nekuda kwekuvhiringidzwa kwesimba rinokwevera remapuraneti makuru zvikuru.
- Nzira dzemakometsi ese akararama kwenguva refu dzakasvika pakuva nemhando yemhando yakasarudzika maererano neaphelion yadzo inosvika ku50.000 AU.
- Kwakabva ma comets kwakanga kusiri kubva kune imwe nzira yekuda.
Kutanga nedzidziso idzi, zvakatotaurwa kuti mavambo ekometi anobva kune gore rakakura kunze kwekuvharirwa kwesolar system pachayo. Akadaro Cloud, nekufamba kwemakore, akazodaidzwa kunzi the Oort Cloud. Maererano nehuwandu, inofungidzirwa kuti kune 1 bhiriyoni comets, pasinei nokuti iyo yakachena isina-concrete fungidziro; nekuti pakange pasina munhu anokwanisa kuona Oort Cloud iyi, ndoda zvinhu zvese zvakaitenderedza.
Zvinhu izvi zvaizouya pakuumbwa mukati mezvikamu zvekutanga zvekusikwa kweSolar System huru iri pedyo neZuva, zvisinei, zvaizosvika pakuburitswa munzira yekuvharirwa kwesolar system nemhedzisiro yakafanana yegiravhiti. masimba. Zvese izvo zvinhu zvisina kupukunyuka kubva mukutenderera kwegore rakataurwa chikamu charo.
Zvimwe zvinhu zvezvakataurwa naOort Cloud, nekuda kwekusimbirira kunoitwa neimwe nyeredzi iri pedyo, zvinozopedzisira zvadzingwa mugore zvichinanga kuZuva, uko zvinofamba rwendo rwemamiriyoni emakore kusvika rimwe zuva kana orbit yachinjwa. nekuda kwesimba regiravhiti remapuraneti makuru aya, semuenzaniso:
- Jupita
- Saturn
Kuitira kuti dzimwe dzacho dzive dzatinoziva tose sema<em>comets enguva refu, pasinei nokuti mamwe acho paanopfuura nomumukoto we<em>solar system anorasika nokuda kwokuvapo kwawo kwose mudenga pasina kudzokera shure.
Zviratidzo
Iyo Oort Cloud inogona kutsigira chikamu chakakosha cheiyi huwandu hwesolar system, inogona kunge yakakura kupfuura iyo yePlanet Jupiter, zvisinei nekuti idzidziso shoma. Pane tsika yekufunga kuti iyi inogona kunge iri rudzi rwebharumu inovhara zvachose gadziriro yose yezuva uye kuti dzidziso yakanyatsokodzera ndeyokuti inogadzirwa nemarara akawanda mumhepo yezuva.
Zvamazvirokwazvo, mukati mokutanga kwaro Zuva rakanga riri nerudzi rwegore regasi uyewo neguruva, umo kusaguma kukuru kwamapuraneti kwakatanga kuumbwa uye kupfurikidza nokuungana kweizvi, mapuraneti ose akatanga. .
Chikamu chemapuraneti aya ose chakauya kuzotambura shanduko huru padanho re orbital semhedzisiro yekusangana kwavo nemimwe miviri mikuru inozivikanwa seproto-mapuraneti uye nenzira yekuti vakakwanisa kuwana yavo. nzira refu dzinenge dzakaita separabolic uye dzakazopedzisira "dzaunganidzwa" mukati meOort Cloud, paavhareji yekupatsanurwa kwe1 light year apo inoramba ichitonga maererano nenyeredzi dziya dziri pedyo zvisinei nekusimba kwesimba rinokwevera rezuva.
Makometi achigara muOort Cloud
Nhamba yacho inotsamira pakuenderana kunoitwa iyo ese maOort Cloud comets anowanzo kuendeswa munzvimbo yepakati. Maererano nenhamba inoonekwa yekometi refu, vazhinji vanoongorora nyeredzi zvino vanoverenga kuti ine mabhiriyoni matanhatu emakometi; idzo dzakakura zvikuru muhukuru kupfuura solar system.
Chikamu chechitanhatu chete chavo ndicho chegore rine simba uye rekunze iro Oort akaritsanangura; mamwe ari mukati mayo, ayo akanyanya kukora kupfuura zvatinofungidzira. Kana imwe fungidziro irinani yaizoshandiswa kuhuremu hwekometi, ingangoita mamirioni makumi mana ezviuru zveMetric Tons, izvo zvaizoita kuti huwandu hwese hwemakometsi ese ari muOort Cloud hukure zvakapetwa ka40.0000 pane iyo yePlanet Earth. .
Oort Cloud comets inogona kuvhiringidzwa nehukuru hwenyeredzi dziri kupfuura. Kutaura zvazviri, nyeredzi dzose dziri muMilky Way's disk dzinogoverana kufamba kwakafanana kutenderedza pakati peboka renyeredzi, asi dzinofambawo dzichienderana kune imwe neimwe. Nyeredzi dzinosvika kubva kunzira dzakangoitika, saka shanduko yekumhanya dzimwe nguva yakanaka uye dzimwe nguva yakaipa.
Muongorori wemuchadenga uyu ainzi Oort ndiye aifunga kuti comets yakatanga mukati measteroid belt uye yakadzingwa nemapuraneti makuru munguva yekusikwa kwesolar system. Zvisineyi, makometi akawanda akaomeswa nechando, semhando yebhora guru rechando chakasviba; mukati mebhandi reasteroid hazvibviri kuti zvimedu zveaizi zvitsigire nekuda kwekupisa kwakanyanya.
Kuvapo kwayo kunotorwa kubva kupi?
Mugore ra1932, nyanzvi yoruzivo rwemitumbi yomudenga yaizivikanwa zvikuru inonzi Erns Öpik yakasvika pakutaura kuti nyeredzi dzinowanzotenderera kwenguva refu dzakavambwa mukati megore guru zvikuru rinopfuura ganhuriro dzose dzegadziriro yezuva. Mugore ra1950, mumwe muongorori wenyeredzi ane mukurumbira ainzi Jan Oort ndiye munhu akazvimiririra akanyora dzidziso inonyanyozivikanwa, izvo zvinoguma negakava.
Jan Oort ndiye akasimbisa kuti meteorites ese haana kuumbwa mukutenderera kwazvino, nekuda kwezviitiko zvenyeredzi zvinotungamira pamusoro payo, izvo anovimbisa kuti nzira dzadzo uye zvese izvi zvinofanirwa kunge zvakaunganidzwa mukati megore guru. Nekuda kwevarume vaviri ava vanozivikanwa mune zvenyeredzi, akadaro Oort Cloud inowana zita rayo.
Nyanzvi yenyeredzi Oort ndiye akaferefeta pakati pemhando mbiri dzecomets. Ekutanga ndeaya ane orbit ari pasi pegumi AU uye yechipiri ndeaya ane nguva yakareba orbits anenge ari isotropic, kazhinji anodarika 2 AU achitosvika 10.
Nerimwewo divi ndiye munhu aiona zvose izvi zvichibva kumativi ose egonyeti. Ndizvo zvakamubvumira kufunga kuti, kana vaibva kumativi ose, gore "Zvinogoneka" rinofanirwa kusvika pakuva nemhando yechimiro chedenderedzwa.
Chii chiripo uye iro Oort Cloud rinotenderera?
Zvinoenderana nedzidziso dzekwakabva gore iri rinonzi Oort Cloud, riri mukati mekuumbwa kwezvinova zuva redu uye zvakare kubva mukuvhundutsa kukuru kwakavapo uye kubva kune zvimwe chete zvinhu zvakadzingwa nekuvhundutsa kumwechete uku. . Zvinhu zvese zvinoriumba zvakaumbwa pedyo nekwakabva Zuva.
Zvisineyi, giravhiti ratidzo dzemapuraneti makuru pachadzo dzakauya kuzokanganisa nzira dzawo, dzichiadzingira kunzvimbo dziri kure nekwaari chaizvo. Mukati meiyi gore guru reOort tinogona kusiyanisa zvikamu zviviri zvinoti:
The Inner Oort Cloud
Iyo inokwevera zvakanyanya kune Zuva.Inodaidzwa zvakare kuti "Hills Cloud", iyo ine chimiro chedhisiki. Izvi zvinosvika pakati pe2.000 ne20.000 AU.
The Outer Oort Cloud
Izvi zvinobva zvaita denderedzwa muchimiro, izvo zvinonyanya kudyidzana nedzimwe nyeredzi uye neicho chinonzi galactic tide, chinouya kuzogadzirisa kutenderera kwemapuraneti ese, zvichiita kuti awedzere kutenderera. Izvi zvinowanzoyera pakati pe20.000 ne50.000 AU. Tinogona kusimbisa kuti zvechokwadi ndiwo muganho wesimba rinokwevera weZuva.
Iyo Oort Cloud inova seti, iyo inosanganisira mapuraneti ese ari chikamu chesolar system, kusanganisira mapuraneti madiki, meteorites ese, comets, uye kunyange nhamba huru yemabhiriyoni emitumbi yekudenga ine 1,3 km muhupamhi.
Kunyangwe paine huwandu hwakakosha hwemitumbi yekudenga, kupatsanurwa pakati peumwe neumwe wavo kunogona kufungidzirwa kuva makumi emamiriyoni emakiromita.
Huremu huripo muhuwandu hwahungave huri chinhu chisingazivikanwi kune vanoongorora nyeredzi, zvisinei, kuita rudzi rwekufungidzira, kutora inozivikanwa "Halley's Comet" semuenzaniso, zvave zvichibvira kuverenga zvakawanda kana zvishoma munenge 3. × 10 ^ 25 kg, zvichireva kuti yakakura nekashanu pane iyo yePlanet Earth.
Mhedzisiro yemvura muOort Cloud uye Panyika
Nenzira imwechete iyo mwedzi unouya kuzoshandisa rudzi rwesimba pamakungwa ose epasi, zvichiita kuti mafungu asimuke, zvave zvichitaurwa kuti rudzi urwu rwechiitiko chinowanzoitika galactically. Kuparadzana kuripo pakati pechinhu chimwe nerukudzo kune chimwe ndiko kunoderedza simba regiravhiti rekuti chimwe chinogona kufurira chimwe.
Kuti tinzwisise chiitiko ichi, tinogona kusimbisa simba regiravhiti iro rinoshandisa pairi Kufamba kwepasi, zvose Mwedzi neZuva.Zvose maererano nenzvimbo iyo Mwedzi uri maererano neZuva nePlaneti Pasi, saka masaisai anogona kusiyana maererano nehukuru hwawo. Kurongeka nenyeredzi huru dzvuku (Zuva), kuchapesvedzera giravhiti papasi nenzira yekuti izvi ndizvo zvinoita kuti masaisai akwire zvakanyanya.
Zvino, munyaya ye Oort Cloud, tinogona kutsanangura kuti inogona kumiririra zvikamu zvose zvemvura zvepasi zvakadai semakungwa uye munyaya yeMilky Way ndiyo inogona kumiririra Mwedzi. Izvi zvinozivikanwa setidal effect, inova ndiyo inokonzeresa deformation mukati megwara renyeredzi.
Nguva dzose uchifunga kuti simba rinokwevera reZuva rinowanzoreruka kana richienda kure naro, izvo zvakati simba shoma ndiro rinowanzodikanwa kuti rikwanise kukanganisa mafambiro emamwe masimba emudenga, izvo zvinodzivirira kutumirwa zvakare. kuzuva.
Cycles of Extinction of Species paPlaneti Yedu
Chinhu chimwe icho masayendisiti ese akakwanisa kuratidza ndechekuti nguva nenguva, kunyanya makore emamiriyoni makumi maviri nematanhatu ega ega, kune mhando yepateni inozvidzokorora. Zvinouya pakubata nenhamba yakati kuti yezvipenyu zviri kutsakatika munguva idzi. Kunyangwe zvisingaite kunyatso simbisa kuti sei rudzi urwu rwechiitiko chinoitika. Imwe fungidziro inogona kuverengerwa mafungu eMilky Way paOort Cloud iyi.
Kana tikafunga kuti Zuva riri kutenderera galaxy uye kuti iyo inonzi "Galactic Plane" inowanzopfuura nepakati payo neimwe nzira diki, kutenderera uku kwekutsakatika kunogona kutsanangurwa.
Zvakaverengerwa kuti pakati pemakore 20 kusvika 25 miriyoni, nyeredzi huru tsvuku (Zuva) inouya kuzopfuura nepakati peiyo iri ndege yenyeredzi. Kana izvi kazhinji zvikaitika, simba regiravhiti iro raizoshandisa pane yakataurwa ndege raizokwana kukanganisa zvachose gore reOort. Izvo zvakatorwa mundangariro kuti izvi zvaizozunguza nekuvhiringa mitumbi yese iri chikamu cheGore. Chikamu chikuru chazvo chaizodzoserwa kumashure kweZuva.
Imwe nzira dzidziso
Dzimwe nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzakauya kuzofunga kuti Zuva ratove pedyo zvakanyanya nendege yegalaksi uye zvimwe zvinofungwa maererano neizvi zvinowanzoratidza kuti mhirizhonga inogona kubva kune iyo inonzi "Spiral Arms" yeGirazi huru. Ichokwadi kuti kune huwandu hukuru hwema molecular makore, zvisinei, iwo azerewo neayo anonzi Blue Giants.
Idzi inyeredzi huru uye, kunze kwehukuru hwadzo hukuru, dzine hupenyu hupfupi zvikuru kupfuura zvamazuva ose, nokuti dzinokurumidza kupedza mafuta adzo enyukireya. Imwe neimwe nhamba yemakore dzimwe dzenyeredzi hombe dzebhuruu dzinowanzoputika, izvo zvinopa chikonzero kune inonzi inonzi Supernovae. Izvi ndizvo zvinotsanangura kuti sei Oort Cloud inozununguswa pane dzakawanda nguva uye inoibata neimwe nzira.
Zvisinei nekuti zvakamira sei, zviitiko izvi hazvigone kunzwisiswa neziso rakashama, zvisinei, Planet Earth inoramba iri rudzi rwe 1 tsanga yejecha mukati me infinity yemasystem. Kubva kunyeredzi yedu kuenda kuMwedzi kana masatellite eMars, zvasvika pakukanganisa mavambo azvo, upenyu uye kuvapo kwose kwezvinhu izvo pasi rakatakura. Zvinhu zvakawanda zviri kuitika iye zvino mugadziriro yezuva, kunyange kupfuura kunzwisisa kwedu.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UizINpihzM
