Low emission zones (LEZs) dzakasandura mafambiro emudhorobha uye hupenyu hwemazuva ese hwemamiriyoni evagari vemuSpain neEurope. Pfungwa iyi, iyo inowanzo mutsa mibvunzo uye zvinonetsa pakati pevatyairi nevagari vemaguta makuru nemadiki, iri pamwoyo wemutemo wezvino nharaunda uye chishandiso chakakosha mukurwisa kusvibiswa uye kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.
Nekupinda musimba kwemitemo yenyika nenharaunda, Makanzuru akawanda anomanikidzwa kushandisa nzvimbo idzi dzakaganhurirwa kusvibisa motokari. Kunzwisisa chaizvo zvavari, mashandiro avanoita, mota dzipi dzingazvishandisa, uye zvirango zvipi zvinogona kuguma nekusazvitevedzera ndicho chinhu chakakosha kujairana nekufamba kwemaguta uye kudzivirira zvisingafadzi zvinoshamisa.
Ndedzipi nzvimbo dzine utsi hwepasi uye nei dzichiitwa?
Low emission zones (LEZs) ndizvo nzvimbo dzemudhorobha dzakaganhurwa uko kupinda kunorambidzwa zvachose kana kuti zvishoma, kutenderera uye kupaka motokari zvichienderana nemwero wadzo wekusvibiswa kwemhepo. Chinangwa chikuru chenzvimbo idzi ndechekuvandudza kunaka kwemweya uye chengetedza hutano hwevanhu, tichienda kune imwe nhanho yekufamba uye kubatsira kudzikisira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.
Kuitwa kweLEZs haisi sarudzo yega nemaguta, asi inopindura kuClimate Change uye Energy Transition Law., yakabvumidzwa muSpain muna 2021, izvo zvinoda kusikwa kwenzvimbo idzi mumataundi ese ane vagari vanopfuura zviuru makumi mashanu, pamwe neavo vane vanopfuura zviuru makumi maviri vanodarika mimwe miganho yekusvibisa. Chiyero ichi chinoenderana nemirairo yeEurope uye chinotevera muitiro uri kukura muEurope yose, uko maguta anopfuura mazana matatu nemakumi maviri atove neLEZ inoshanda kana kuti ari mushishi yekuashandisa.
MaLEZ anoshanda sei? Mitemo uye maitiro makuru
Kushanda kweLEZ kunosiyana zvichienderana neguta, asi kune maitiro akajairika uye nhungamiro yakajairika yakagadzwa nemitemo yenyika:
- Geographical delimitation: Manisiparata ega ega anotsanangura iyo chaiyo perimeter yeLEZ yayo, iyo inofanirwa kucherechedzwa zvakajeka uchishandisa yakatwasuka, yakavhenekerwa mapaneru kana yakakosha pasi mamaki.
- Access control: Kupinda munzvimbo idzi kunowanzo kutariswa nemakamera anoverenga marezinesi emotokari kuti aone, munguva chaiyo, kuti anozadzisa zvinodikanwa zvekupinda.
- Kudzorwa nemabheji ezvakatipoteredza: Kutenderera kunotenderwa kana kuganhurirwa zvichienderana neiyo DGT (General Directorate of Traffic) yezvakatipoteredza label pamotokari, iyo inorongwa maererano nekubuda kwayo.
- Kunze uye nguva yakatarwa: Mamwe maguta anoisa zvirambidzo chete panguva dzakati (semuenzaniso, muBarcelona, Muvhuro kusvika Chishanu, kubva 7 am kusvika 20 p.m.), uye anogona kumisa kunze kwemapoka akadai sevagari, vanhu vane kuderedzwa kwekufamba, mota dze emergency, masevhisi akakosha, kana mabasa enhoroondo.
Muchidimbu, kufamba-famba neZBE zvinoreva kuziva mirairo yenzvimbo yega yega zvakadzama kudzivirira mafaindi uye kufamba-famba nerunyararo rwakakwana rwepfungwa..
Kunyora kwezvakatipoteredza uye kupatsanurwa kwemotokari
Ibwe repakona rekuwana kana kusawana ZBE ndiyo DGT yezvakatipoteredza label, iri kushanda kubva muna Kubvumbi 2016.Iyi sisitimu inoisa mota zvinoenderana nedanho radzo rekusvibisa zvichibva painjini tekinoroji uye gore rekunyoresa, yakatarisana zvakanyanya neNOx uye PM10 emissions:
- Blue Label (ZERO): Mota dzemagetsi dzakakwana, ma plug-in mahybrids ane renji yemagetsi inodarika makiromita makumi mana, kana mota dzemafuta. Kunyanya kushanda zvakanaka kwezvakatipoteredza.
- Bhuruu neGreen Label (ECO): Non-plug-in hybrids, plug-in mota dzemagetsi dzine huwandu husingasviki 40 km, compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), uye LPG mota.
- Green Label (C): Motokari dzinofambiswa nepeturu uye mota dzakareruka dzekutengesa dzakanyoreswa kubva 2006 uye mota dzedhiziri dzakanyoreswa kubva 2014.
- Yero Label (B): Motokari dzinofambiswa nepeturu uye mota dzakareruka dzekutengesa dzakanyoreswa kubva 2000 uye mota dzedhiziri dzakanyoreswa kubva 2006.
- hapana label: Mota dzakagadzirwa makore iwayo asati apfuura (peturu isati yasvika 2000, dhiziri pamberi pa2006). Aya ndiwo akanyanya kukanganiswa uye, kazhinji, haakwanise kuwana maLEZ.
Iyo DGT inokurudzira kuti vashandisi vaise chinonamirwa chezvakatipoteredza padivi rekurudyi remberi kwemhepo., inoonekwa kubva kunze, uye kune nzira dzinoverengeka dzekuchikumbira (Post Office, maworkshops ane mvumo, maneja ekutonga, iyo DGT pachayo, kana masangano ezvikepe). Kuti unzwisise zviri nani kuti chikamu ichi chinokanganisa sei kufamba kwemagetsi, unogona kubvunza Ichi chinyorwa pamusoro pehupenyu hwebheteri yemotokari yemagetsi.
Ndedzipi mota dzinogona kuwana LEZ?
Kutemerwa kwekuwana maLEZ ibasa rekanzuru yega yega uye rinogona kusiyana zvakanyanya, asi mune zvakajairika:
- Mota dzine ZERO uye ECO mavara: Vane rusununguko rwakakwana rwekuwana, kufamba, uye kupaka mukati menzvimbo, sezvo vachionekwa sevasina kusvibisa.
- Mota dzine C kana B: Kupinda kunotenderwa munzvimbo zhinji, asi kunogona kudzikiswa panguva dzekusvibiswa kwakanyanya kana kupaka. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakadzivirirwa, dzakaita seMadrid's Centro District, kupaka kunobvumidzwa chete mumagaraji ekupaka kana kunorambidzwa pane mamwe maawa.
- Mota dzisina zita rezvakatipoteredza: Ivo havakwanisi kuwana kana kutenderera mukati meLEZs, kunze kwakanyatso siyana (vanhu vane kufamba kwakaderedzwa, mota dzenhoroondo, masevhisi enjodzi, nezvimwewo).
Mota dzekutengesa, mota dzekutakura, mota dzekutakura veruzhinji uye midhudhudhu zvinogona kunge zviri pasi pemitemo yakatarwa., saka zvakakosha kubvunza zvinoenderana nemutemo weguta.
Maguta eSpanish ane LEZs: Madrid neBarcelona semuenzaniso wakakurumbira
Maguta mazhinji eSpain akatoita nzvimbo dzakaderera-emission., nevamwe vakawanda vari mushishi yekuvatsanangura kuti vatevedzere mitemo yenyika. Madrid neBarcelona zvinonyanya kucherechedzwa, mapiyona mukuvandudza uye kuita kwenzvimbo idzi:
Madrid
- ZBE Madrid: Inovhara chikamu chikuru cheguta uye inomisa zvirambidzo zvinofambira mberi zvichibva pane iyo mota yemamiriro ekunze label. Iyo Special Dziviriro Yakaderera Emission Zones (ZBEDEP) muPlaza Elíptica neCentro District vane mirairo yakaoma, kunyanya kumota dzinosvibisa zvakanyanya.
- Kuti uwane iyo ZBEDEP Centro District: Motokari dzine C neB chete dzinokwanisa kupaka munzvimbo dzekupaka uye hadzigone kupaka mumugwagwa. Mota dzisina ma tag dzinorambidzwa.
- Kusiyanisa: Marori, mavan, midhudhudhu, uye mopeds akanyoreswa uye anogara muMadrid (kusvika 2025), vanhu vane kufamba kwakadzikira, uye mota dzenhoroondo.
- Midhudhudhu: Avo vane B, C, ECO kana ZERO mavara vanogona kutenderera uye kupaka vakasununguka kunze kwenzvimbo dzakachengetedzwa uye nenguva dzakatarwa.
Barcelona nenzvimbo yayo metropolitan
- Barcelona rounds: LEZ inobata makanzuru akawanda munzvimbo yemetropolitan uye inovhurwa chete kubva Muvhuro kusvika Chishanu, kubva 07:00 a.m. kusvika 20:00 p.m.
- Kusvika kunorambidzwa: Mota dzisina kunyorwa uye midhudhudhu dzakanyoreswa pamberi pe2003, uye zvifambiso zvevoruzhinji zvakanyoreswa pamberi pe2006 kana 2007. Emergency uye akakosha masevhisi, pamwe nevanhu vakanyoreswa vane kuderedzwa kwekufamba, havabhadharwe.
- Kunze kwemaawa aya kana kunze kwemupendero, chero mota inogona kutenderera zvisinei nerekodhi yezvakatipoteredza.
Mienzaniso yeLEZ muEurope nedzimwe nyika
Spain haisi yega mushanduko iyi: kusikwa kweLEZ chinhu chiri kukura muEuropean Union uye munyika dzakaita seUnited Kingdom, France, neItari. Mamwe emareferensi makuru epasi rese ndeaya:
- London: Iyo Low Emission Zone (LEZ) inovhara ingangoita yese metropolitan nharaunda. Kubva 2019, kwave zvakare neUltra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) ine zvakatooma zvinodiwa. Mota dzisingazadzise zviyero izvi dzinobhadhariswa mari zhinji kana kurambidzwa kupinda.
- Paris: Iyo "Restricted Traffic Zone" yave ichishanda kubvira 2015. Mutemo weClimate uye Resilience Act unopa LEZs mumaguta ose eFrance ane vagari vanopfuura 150.000 uye purogiramu yenyika yekuenderera mberi kwekurambidzwa kwemotokari dzinosvibisa.
- Itari: Maguta mazhinji ane LEZ, uye mamwe, akadai seMilan nePalermo, anosanganisa zvirambidzo nematairi emudhorobha.
- Mamwe maguta: Pakazosvika 2020, Oxford yakashuvira kuve yekutanga kuUK ZEZ (Zero Emissions Zone). Nzvimbo dzakafanana dziripo muDenmark, Finland, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, neIreland.
Mhedzisiro pakufamba kwemadhorobha uye kugadzirisa mugari
LEZs dzinoenda kure kupfuura kudzikamisa kushandiswa kwemotokari dzakavanzika: dziri kushandura kufamba uye kumisikidzwa kwemaguta. Mhedzisiro yayo mikuru uye zvazvinoreva zvinosanganisira:
- Kurudziro yezvifambiso zvinoendeka: Kufamba, kuchovha bhasikoro, scooter, uye zvifambiso zvevoruzhinji zviri kuramba zvichizivikanwa, zvichitsigirwa nezvivakwa zvakagadzirirwa kufamba uye cyclability.
- Tsigiro yekufamba-famba uye micromobility: Iyo "15-maminetsi eguta" pfungwa inosimudzira kuswedera kweakakosha masevhisi kudzimba, kuderedza kushandiswa kwemotokari dzega.
- Kuwedzera kugovera mota uye inoshanda manejimendi yezvikepe: MaLEZ anosimudzira masisitimu emabhasikoro uye ekugovanisa mota uye kuchinjika kwemakambani ekutumira kumotokari dzisina kusvibisa.
- Kukosha kweiyo label yezvakatipoteredza: MuSpain, kupatsanurwa kwezvakatipoteredza kwakagadzira ecosystem yese yezvishandiso (rezenisi ndiro cheki, mamepu anodyidzana, nezvimwewo) kutarisa mamiriro ekuwana munguva chaiyo.
Zvirango, zvidzoreso uye zviratidzo zveLEZs
Kutadza kutevedzera mirau yekuwana maLEZ kunosanganisira miripo yemari inosiyana zvichienderana nekanzuru., kazhinji kutenderedza 200 euros, pamwe nekuderedzwa kunobvira kwekutanga kubhadhara. Mazoni akanyorwa zvakajeka uye kazhinji ane makamera ekutarisa anoona mota dzakatenderwa nerezinesi rezinesi.
Mamwe maguta, akadai seMadrid, anogadza nguva yambiro panguva iyo vatyairi vanenge vasati vapihwa zvirango, asi vanoziviswa nezvekutyorwa, zvichibatsira kugadziridzwa zvishoma nezvishoma nevagari.
Rubatsiro rweruzhinji uye zvirongwa zvekuchinjika kune inogoneka kufamba
Iwo manejimendi, achiziva kuoma kwekujairana neLEZs, Vanopa mitsara yerubatsiro kuitira kuti makanzuru, makambani uye vanhu vagone kujairana zviri nyore kune zvitsva zvinodiwa zvekufamba.Mipiro iyi inoitirwa mapurojekiti ekuvandudza, kunyorwa kwezvirongwa zvehunyanzvi, kutorwa kwemotokari dzisina kusvibisa zvishoma, uye kusimudzirwa kwezvivakwa zvedzimwe nzira dzekufambisa.
Chinangwa ndechekuderedza kuratidzwa uye kusagadzikana kwemagariro nehupfumi masisitimu kune shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, uye kunatsiridza kusimba kwemaguta mukukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.
Kufamba uye kusimba kwemadhorobha: pfungwa dzakakosha dzakabatana neLEZs
- Walkability: Urban design inokurudzira kufamba.
- Cyclability: Nzvimbo uye zvivakwa zvemabhasikoro uye mota dzekufamba nemunhu.
- Micromobility: Kushandisa nzira dzakadai sema scooters, mabhasikoro emagetsi madiki, nezvimwe, kwenzendo pfupi.
- Kushanda uye kwekupedzisira-mamaira kufamba: Masisitimu anofambisa zvakanaka kuendesa zvinhu uye hutano hwekufamba kwemadhorobha.
- Sustainability uye simba remudhorobha: Kushandura maguta kuita nzvimbo dzakachena, dzine hutano, uye dzakasimba.
MaLEZ aripo kuti agare uye chinhu chakakosha mune ramangwana remaguta edu. Kunzwisisa kwakaringana uye kushandiswa kwemirairo iyi haingobatsire kudzivirira zvirango chete asi inogona zvakare kuve mukana wekushanduka uchienda kune yakachena, inoshanda zvakanyanya, uye inofambika zvakanaka nharaunda, zvichibatsira zvese hutano hwemunhu uye kugara pamwe chete. Kugara uine ruzivo uye kugadzirisa kuchave kwakakosha kuti ufambe wakasununguka mumepu nyowani yemadhorobha yemaguta makuru uye epakati nepakati eSpanish neEurope.