Planet Venus: Hunhu, Mamiriro uye nezvimwe

Kwemakore, pasi rave richibatanidzwa nerudo uye rudo. Vadiwa vanowanzo mirira kuti kwayedza vaone kupenya mudenga. Isu tinokudzidzisa zvese zvaunoda kuti uzive nezvenyika Venus yesolar system yedu, dzidza nezve maitiro ayo uye zvimwe zvakawanda

Chii chinonzi Venus?

Muboka ra Mapuraneti ezuva, Venus iri pachinzvimbo chechipiri, saka iri pamberi pepasi. Iyo inopfuura zvishoma makiromita 6000 muhukuru.

Kutenderera kwepuraneti Venus kunononoka uye kunoitwa kune rimwe divi kune rePasi. Kana vaida kuverenga nguva yekutenderera, maringe nemazuva epaNyika, zvaizotora mazuva mazana maviri nemakumi mana nematatu kuti ipedze kutenderera kwayo paakisi yayo yega.

Kuti iite kufamba kwayo kutenderera Zuva, pasi rino rinoshandisa mazuva 225, sezvo zuva rayo riri maawa 5832. Chimwe chinhu chinoda kuziva ndechekuti parinotenderera richienda kune Nyika, Zuva rinobuda kumadokero rogara kumabvazuva.

Kunyange zvazvo Venus isiri iyo puraneti iri panzvimbo yekutanga, mukati mezuva, tembiricha yaro yakakwira zvakanyanya, ichikwanisa kusvika kupfuura 480 ° C. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekuvapo kweiyo yakanyanya kuwanda kweCarbon Dioxide mumhepo yayo, zvichikonzera greenhouse effect.

Chimwe chikonzero chekupisa kwayo kwakanyanya ndechekuti kune huwandu hwakakura hweSulfuric Acid, muchimiro chemakore ane basa rekuteya kupisa, kurichengeta mukati memhepo.

Rusununguko rweVenus rwakapfuma uye rwakasiyana-siyana, unogona kuona kuti kune nzvimbo dzakakwirira, pamwe chete nemamwe makomo. Iyo haina huvepo hwemasatelliti echisikigo kana mwedzi inotenderera ichiitenderedza.

Iro Gomo reMaxwell, nzvimbo yepamusoro-soro papasi reVenus uye iri munzvimbo yeIshatar. Kune rimwe divi, mapani eAphrodite anowedzera 50% kubva kuequator.

maitiro epasi

Pasina kupinda zvakadzika murondedzero yeVenus, zvinotevera zvinogona kutaurwa:

• Kureba: 12104 km
• Huremu: 4,869x
• Vhoriyamu: 9,28x
• Density: 5,24g/

Inoverengwa senyika iri pachinhanho chechipiri maererano nekuwanda kwayo. Ndiyo iri padyo nePasi, iri makiromita 38 miriyoni chete kubva kure.

Iyo yekunze core inoumbwa nesimbi uye nickel munzvimbo yemvura inomiririra 30% yeradius yepasi.

Nyika Venus uye chimiro chayo

Chimiro chepasi Venus chine mukati mukati, ganda rekunze, nhovo, uye crust. Pazasi iwe unowana kupfupikiswa kweumwe neumwe wavo.

Nucleus yekunze

Ichi chikamu chepasi chinoumbwa neIron neNickel muchimiro chemvura. Inomiririra zvinopfuura 30% yepasi rose.

Mukati memukati

Iyo inewo kuvepo kwesimbi uye nickel zvicherwa, asi mune yakasimba mamiriro uye ivo vanounganidza kupfuura 15% yeradius yepasi Venus. Kunyangwe dzimwe fungidziro dzichiratidza kuti nekuti haina magineti, musimboti wayo wese imvura.

Nhoo

Iyo inoumbwa nehuwandu hukuru hwematombo ane matombo, ane huwandu hwakakura hwesilicates. Ivo vanogona zvakare kuwana kuvepo kwesimbi oxides, iyo inoverengera 53% yeradius yavo yese.

Cortex

Haisi makiromita makumi maviri kana isingasviki 20% yepasi rose. Silika dzakanyanya kufanana negranite, iron uye magnesium inogona kuwanikwa. Kazhinji kazhinji zvinhu zvekuwana mukudzingwa kwegomo rinoputika kubva kuPasi.

Geology yenyika Venus

Rusununguko rwepasi reVenus rwakafukidzwa nemakoronga makuru anokonzerwa nekukanganisa kwemameteorite munhoroondo yayo yese. Maumbirwo ekuputika kwemakomo ndiwo akanyanya kuwanda pamusoro payo. Inenge 90% yekuyamura ine matombo ane matombo anobva kugomo rinoputika.

Kubva pane zvese zvinoputika zvepasi reVenus, nzizi dzinotangira kuburikidza nekuyerera kwakawanda kwemabota. Kufamba mazana emakiromita, kusvika vasvika kunzvimbo dzakati sandara dzepasi.

Chigadzirwa chezviitiko zvekuputika kwemakomo, pakuzorora kwepasi Venus, deformations yenzvimbo yakagadzirwa yakafanana nemapakeki makuru. Izvo zvakaonekwa sekorona uye arachnoids.

Masayendisiti akafunga kuti korona ndeyechigadzirwa chelava inokwira inosundira goko kumusoro, ichigadzira rudzi rwekorona. Artemis, ndiyo korona huru uye ine dhayamita yemakiromita 2100.

Kune mapuraneti geologist, kutaura nezvekuyamura deformation yerudzi rwearachnoid kwakaoma. Nekuti havasati vanyatso kunyatsoziva kwakabva kuumbwa kwavo, asi ivo vanongofanana nepasi reVenus. Dzine zita radzo nekuda kwekufanana kwadzinoita nedandemutande redandemutande uye dzinokwanisa kurebesa makiromita anodarika mazana maviri kubva panzvimbo yadziri.

Territorial division yeVenus  

Rusununguko rweVenus runoumbwa nemateni maviri, ayo akajeka kubva kune mamwe mapani ayo. Aya ndiwo mapani eIshtar Terra, ari kuchamhembe kwepasi. Kudivi rezasi reVenus, une Aphrodite Terra uyo saizi yake inodarika iyo yapfuura.

Pakati pemapani eVenus, mamwe madhiri akatanga munzvimbo uye izvo zvinotevera zvinogona kutaurwa:

• Atalanta Planitia.
• Guinevere Planitia.
• Lavinia Planitia.

Atmosphere

Kuumbwa kwepuraneti Venus kunowanikwa muhuwandu hwekabhoni dhaimoni ine inopfuura 90%, nitrogen inowanikwa muchikamu chakaderera kwazvo, isingasviki 3%. Iyo yasara 7% yakakamurwa pakati pesarufa dioxide, argon, kabhoni monoxide, helium uye mhute yemvura.

Mhepo dziri mumhepo dzinopfuura nekure dzinotenderedzwa nepasi paaxisi yayo pachayo. Ichi ndicho chikonzero, kuitira kuti vadzoke vakatenderedza Venus mumazuva mana ePasi chete.

Kutenda kumhepo, kupisa kwayo kwepamusoro kunogona kuchengetwa nguva dzose. Zvakare kuita kuti zvikwanisike kuti kusiyana kwekushisa kuve kushoma pakati penzvimbo yechiedza uye yerima zone.

Nekuda kwekuwanda kwemhepo yemhepo, kana ichienzaniswa neyePasi, mhepo yemhepo iri pamusoro payo yakakura kudarika yePasi. Kudzvinyirirwa kwakadaro kwakapetwa ka90 uye vanogona kuzvienzanisa, sekunge vakaramba vakanyura mumvura, pakadzika kwemakiromita 1000.

Mitumbi yaigona kupinda mumhepo yepasi reVenus inogona kubva yangove yakazara uye nekukasira kupatsanurwa, nekuda kwekuita kwepamusoro pemhepo yemhepo.

kupenya kwevenus

Chimwe chimiro chemhepo yaro kuratidzira. Chiitiko ichi chinokonzeresa kudarika 50% yemwaranzi yeZuva inorova pasi kuti iratidzike. Ndicho chikonzero nei zvichikwanisika kuti kupenya kwayo kunogona kuonekwa, panguva yeusiku, kubva kuNyika.

Zvidzidzo zvesainzi zvinogona kuwanikwa, izvo zvinoratidza kuti zviuru zvemakore zvakapfuura, nyika yeVenus yaive nemamiriro ekunze akafanana neaPasi. Kwaivawo nemakungwa makuru, asi nekuda kwegreenhouse effect iwo akaputika.

Pamapuraneti ose anoumba solar system, Venus ndiyo ine mhepo inorema zvikuru. Ipo iyo yakakosha haidrojeni nehelium zvakabviswa nekuita kwemhepo yezuva, pamwe nekusava negiravhiti rinokwanisa kuchengetedza zvinhu izvi.

Nekuda kweiyo yakakwira geological chiitiko pamusoro peVenus, nekuvapo kwemakomo anoputika, tectonic plate mafambiro uye iyo yemvura musimboti, magasi aripo mumhepo yaro anogara achigadzirwa nekudzingwa.

Kunyanya kutenderera kwayo

Sezvaunotoziva iwe, yechipiri padyo orbit kuZuva ndiyo yepasi Venus. Mamwe mapuraneti anoumba solar system anotsanangura elliptical orbit, asi Venus ine hunhu hwekuti yakanyanya kutenderera.

Kana iri pedyo neZuva, inopfuura makiromita 107 miriyoni kure. Nepo nzvimbo yayo iri kure kwazvo kubva kuNyeredzi King iri pedyo ne110 mamiriyoni emakiromita. Sezvauri kuona, iyo radius inotsanangura yako Orbit inogara yakamira.

Nekuda kwepedyo neZuva, pachave nemikana iyo ichave iri pamberi payo. Chiitiko chakadaro chinonzi Transit yeVenus, inoitika neperiodicity shoma. Iyi mhando yechiitiko inozivikanwa kuti yakaitika muna 2012 uye inotarisirwa kuitika zvakare muna 2117.

Kufanana nemamwe mapuraneti, Venus inosangana nehukuru hwenyeredzi hwenguva yekutenderera. Chimwe nechimwe chazvo chine nguva yaro yakatarwa yezvakaitika uye ndeaya anotevera:

• Sidereal, kana nguva inofungidzirwa inotora kutenderera zuva.
• Synodic, inoonekwa senzvimbo yenguva iyo inogona kuonekwa pane imwe nguva, maererano neZuva.

Hukama pakati peVenus uye nhoroondo yevanhu

Kubva prehistory, munhu agara achifarira kuziva zvese zvinoitika mudenga. Uye chimwe chave chiri chishuwo chake chekusangana naVenus, yekuve muvakidzani wepedyo, mukuwedzera pakukwanisa kucherechedzwa zviri nyore, mukati mezuva nehusiku.

Pazasi pane zvimwe zvakacherechedzwa neVenus, yakagadzirwa kubva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana paPasi uye panguva dzakasiyana munhoroondo yevanhu.

Vakazviona sei munguva dzekare?

Munhau yose, munhu agara achitsvaka nzira dzokududzira nadzo zvinoitika mudenga. Mumwe nomumwe, kubva kutsika dzavo nezvitendero, anopa mapuraneti, uye kunyanya Venus, chirevo chemashiripiti-chinamato.

Africa

Sezvakaita vaRoma nevaGiriki, vagari veEgypt yekare vaiona Venus semapuraneti maviri akasiyana. Aya ndiwo maitirwo azvaive nemasangano kana zvaionekwa nekujeka kweZuva kana kuti zvakapesana kana zvaionekwa husiku.

Mucherechedzo wekutanga wepasi Venus mutsika dzeEgypt inogona kuwanikwa muguva raSenenmut, aive muchengeti waMambokadzi Thutmose II, muna 1473 BC. c.

America

Kune pre-Columbian tsika, yaive nehanya zvikuru munharaunda yechitendero uye kunzanga yese. Nokudaro, tsika yeToltec yakanga ine hukama hukuru neVenus, inofungidzirwa kuti ndiyo inonyanya kukosha yezvisikwa zvekudenga, izvo maMayans aiva netsitsi dzakawanda.

Pakati pezvivakwa zvakavakwa mukukudza uye kucherechedzwa kwepasi Venus, ndezvi:

• Caracol Observatory yeChichen Itza.
• temberi yeVenus
• Temberi 22, muCopan.
• Kuvaka mukukudza mwari Kukulkan weChichen Itza

Kudzidza kwekufamba kweVenus nemamwe mapuraneti kwaive kwakakosha zvikuru, nekuda kwenzvimbo ye mayan astronomy, izvo zvakapesvedzera zvakananga kukudziridzwa kwemibato yavo yezuva nezuva, pamwe chete nokurongwa kwehondo dzavo nemhemberero dzechitendero.

Kwakanga kuri kuda kwepasi Venus, kuti muDresden Codex yavo vanoitsaurira 100% pakuona kwayo. Ivo vaisanganisira maMayans, almanac uko kutenderera kwavo kwekufamba kunoratidzwa zvizere.

VaSpain pavakasvika mukondinendi yeAmerica, vakasiya vachinyora kukosha kukuru kwaive naVenus kune tsika dzenharaunda. Izvi zvinogona kutsigirwa munhoroondo dzaBernardino de Sahagún naDiego de Landa.

Asia

Munharaunda iyi yepasi, pane nyaya dzinoratidza kuti vaSumer nevaBhabhironi vaiyemura zvikuru mafambiro eVenus uye kuti izvi zvakakanganisa sei hupenyu hwezuva nezuva hwebudiriro yavo.

Nechekare mutsika iyi, vaive nemukana wekukwanisa kuona kuti chokwadi, kutaridzika kwega kwega kwepasi, mukati mezuva neusiku, kwaienderana nenyeredzi imwe chete.

Europe

Budiriro yechiGiriki yakanga ine pfungwa yokuti dzakanga dziri nyeredzi mbiri dzakasiyana dzaioneka imwe mambakwedza uye imwe pakuvira kwezuva. VaGiriki vanokwereta Pythagoras dzidziso yokuti kuoneka kwose kwaienderana nepuraneti imwe chete inonzi Venus.

KuvaRoma, avo vakachengetawo rondedzero yemapuraneti maviri akasiyana, vainongedzera kunyeredzi yavaicherekedza mambakwedza saLucifer uye seVesper, iyo vaigona kuona pakunyura kwezuva.

Zvinoonekwa muMiddle Ages

Chekutanga chesainzi chekutarisa kwaVenus chaive kutenda kuna Galileo Galilei. Izvi zvakacherechedza zvikamu zvaro, kunze kwekusiyana kwehukuru hwayo maererano nechikamu icho chinowanikwa. Zvichireva kuti kure kwayaive iri kubva pasi, yaive yakazara uye payaive padyo nePasi, yaive muchikamu chekukura.

Galileo akafungawo kuti Venus inopenya zvakanyanya kana 25% yepasi payo yakavhenekerwa.

Mugore ra1639, vazivi vemitumbi yomudenga Jeremiah Horrocks naWilliam Crabtree vakakwanisa kuona ndokuita chinyorwa chokutanga chenyeredzi chokufamba kweVenus. Inotevera yakanyorwa yaive mugore ra1761, nemunyori wejogirafi Mijaíl Lomonosov, uyo akapa ruzivo rwekuti Venus aive nemhepo.

Izvi zviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki, uye zvinowanzoitika mumwedzi waChikumi kana Zvita. Izvi zvinodaro nekuti mumwedzi iyi ndipo panodarika nyika inonzi Venus painoyambuka orbit yenyika yakatenderedza Zuva.

Nyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzinoverengeka dzezana ramakore re19 dzakaratidza kuti nguva yekutenderera kweVenus yaive maawa makumi maviri nemana. Asi fungidziro idzi dzakarambwa nenyanzvi yemitumbi yomudenga yokuItaly Giovanni Schiaparelli, uyo akaifungidzira munguva pfupi zvikuru.

Kufanana pakati pekutenderera kweVenus nenzvimbo yayo yepedyo nePasi zvakaita kuti chirevo ichi chisimbiswe. Mukuwedzera kune chokwadi chokuti zvinoratidzika kuti pasi rinoratidza rutivi rumwe chete, kana iwe une nzvimbo yakanakisisa yekucherechedza.

Kucherechedza kutenderera kwekufamba

Mugore ra1961 vakakwanisa kuona nguva yekutenderera kweVenus, panguva yekubatana kwakaitika gore iroro. Yakakwanisa kunyoreswa nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwavaive nahwo kunzvimbo dzeGoldstone radio astronomy oservatories kuUnited States, Jodrell Bank kuEngland nepanzvimbo yakadzika yekufambiswa kwemashoko muCrimea.

Kufamba kweVenus

Iyo inozivikanwa sekufamba kweVenus, chiitiko chemuchadenga chinoitika nekufamba kwenyeredzi iyi pakati peZuva neNyika. Nekuda kwekuti Venus irikure sei maererano nePasi uye nekuda kwehukuru hwayo. Vanongokwanisa kuona doti dema rinomira muZuva kwenguva yakati rebei, kusvika maawa masere.

Kunyangwe chiri chiitiko chisina kujairika, mafambiro eVenus anogona kufanotaurwa. Izvi zvinoitika chaizvo makore 243 ega ega, zvichiperekedzwa nemafambiro maviri akaparadzana makore masere. Nemusiyano weanopfuura zvishoma zana, kubva kune inotevera rwendo.

Kuongorora kwekufamba kweVenus kune kukosha kukuru kune zvinyorwa zvesainzi uye mipiro, izvo zvinotitendera kuti tigadzirise pfungwa, dzidziso uye fungidziro dzeZuva nemamwe mapuraneti anoumba solar system.

Planet Venus uye frequency yekufambisa

Nekuda kwekuderera kwekutenderera kweplanet Venus maererano nePasi, inowanzova pamusoro kana pasi peZuva, kana kurongeka kwepasi kuchiitika.

Mafambiro aya anoitika kana Venus yakanyatso kurongeka maererano neZuva Nechikonzero ichi, inomira pakati peZuva nepasi, kunyangwe kana dzakapatsanurwa nemaitiro adzo ekutenderera.

Kuwanda kwekuitika kwechiitiko ichi makore 243 ega ega. Nguva iyo Venus nePasi; dzakanyatsorongeka zvakare uye mazuva anoda kusvika zviuru makumi masere nepfumbamwe apfuura paNyika kuti chiitiko chakadaro chiitike.

Maitiro ekuitika kwezvifambiso, zvisinei nekugara kwemakore 243, ane misiyano maererano nenhamba uye nguva dzadzo nekufamba kwenguva.

Pazasi unogona kuona mamwe mafambiro akaitika uye ayo ave kuda kuitika.

• 1396 munaNovember 23.
• 1518, pakati paMay 25 ne26.
• 1526, yakaitika musi waMay 23.
• 1631 vakakwanisa kuichengeta musi waZvita 7.
• 1639 chiitiko chakaonekwa muna Zvita 4.
• 1761 yakaitika musi waJune 6.
• 1769, yakanyoreswa pakati paJune 3 ne4.
• 1874 musi waDecember 9.
• 1882 chiitiko chakaitika musi waDecember 6..
• 2004 vakakwanisa kuichengeta musi wa8 Chikumi.
• 2012 yakave nezuva rekuitika pakati paJune 5 ne6.
• 2117, inofungidzira kuitika kwayo muna Zvita 11..
• 2125 zvichida ne8 Zvita.
• 2247 musi waChikumi 11..
• 2255 zvakarongwa kuti zviitike musi wa9 Chikumi.
• 2360 kuitika kwayo kuchave musi waZvita 12 kana 13.
• 2368 musi waDecember 10..
• 2490 inogona kuitika munaJune 12..
• 2498 ichaitika musi waChikumi 10.

Kufamba kweVenus kwaionekwa sei munguva dzekare?

Kubva pakutanga, budiriro ine zvido zveruzivo rwepasi rose, vanga vachifarira kuziva mapuraneti uye kunyanya Venus. Aya ndiwo maitirwo akaitwa zvinyorwa zvekutanga zvekufamba kwavo, nemaIndia, maGiriki, maBhabhironi, maMaya, maEgipita nemaChina.

Pakutanga vaidavira kuti akanga ari mapuraneti maviri akasiyana, ayo aioneka mangwanani nemasikati. Aya ndiwo maitiro aanopihwa muzita reEósforo kana nyeredzi yemangwanani uye Hesperus kana nyeredzi yemanheru.

Iko hakuna humbowo hunotsigira kuti marekodhi uye kucherechedzwa kwekufambiswa kweVenus kwakaitwa mutsika idzi.

Izvo zvaive zvakare zvakakosha uye zvakakosha kune pre-Columbian tsika. Kunyanya kunyanya budiriro yevaMayans, vakakwanisa kutsanangura kutenderera kwese kwekufamba kweVenus. Zvakadaro, hapana zvitsigiro zvinoratidza ruzivo rwemafambisirwo.

Nhoroondo yekare yekufamba kweVenus

• Kuverengerwa kwenzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeVenus, nekufamba kwenguva, mukuwedzera pakuitika kwayo makore ega ega 130, ndeyekutenda kune nyanzvi yenyeredzi. Johannes kepler. Musayendisiti uyu akakwanisa kufanotaura zviitiko zvakaitika muna 1631 na1761.
• Yaiva nyanzvi yenyeredzi yeChirungu nenyanzvi yemasvomhu Jeremiah Horrocks akaita gadziridzo dzakati pakuverenga Venus nemakwara ayo. Kubva pane data yakawanikwa, akakwanisa kuona kuti kufamba kwaizoitika musi waZvita 4, 1639.
• Edmund Halley, uyo aive nyanzvi yezvemuchadenga wechiRungu, muna 1716 akagadzira nzira yekuyera nayo nhambwe iri pakati peVenus nePasi, iyo yavaigonawo kugadzira chikamu chenyeredzi cheEarth-Sun. Kuti zvingave zvinobatsira zvikuru mukufamba kwegore ra1761.
• Mupiro wekupedzisira wekudzidza mafambiro eVenus, yaive iyo yemapuraneti eextrasolar. Yakanga iri yekutenda kune zvakaonekwa nevesainzi, vachigadzira zviyero mukusiyana kwechiedza kubva kuZuva, apo Venus inomira munzira yayo.

Iyi nzira yechimurenga yakatanga muna 2004 uye yakakurumidza kushandiswa kudzidza dzimwe nyeredzi dziri muchadenga.

Zvaonekwa muzana remakore rechiXNUMX

Nekuvandudzwa kwenzira yekuyera Nyika - Venus chinhambwe nenyanzvi yenyeredzi Edmund Halley uye kushandisa mafambiro eVenus yaizoitika muna 1761. Makomisheni ekucherechedza akagadzirwa nekuvapo kwevazivi venyeredzi vane mukurumbira pasi rose, kunyora kubva ku70 nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana panyika.

Chiitiko ichi chakava chiitiko chekutanga chesainzi chepasi rose chekutarisa. Nzvimbo kubva kwaiitwa marekodhi uye kucherechedzwa kwekufamba kweVenus kwaive:

• Santa Helena
• Sumatra
• Siberia
• Vienna
• Rodrigues Islands (Mauritius)
• India

Pasinei nehurongwa hwakarongwa, mhedzisiro yavakawana haina kuzadzisa tarisiro. Izvi zvakakonzerwa nemamiriro ekunze aivepo panguva iyoyo, izvo zvaisatendera kuti nzvimbo chaiyo yeVenus ionekwe, uye kuoma kwekushandisa nzira yeHalley.

Mumwe weavo vakaita mipiro mikuru, kupfurikidza nefundo yepasi Venus, akanga ari nyanzvi yejogirafu yemavambo echiRussia Mijaíl Lomonosov. Musayendisiti uyu akakwanisa kuona kuti mwaranzi yezuva yakachinja sei kwaienda nekuda kwekuita kwerefraction.

Nekuda kwekuchinja kwechiedza chezuva, kune rimwe divi rekufamba kweVenus, vakafunga kuti pasi rino zvakare raive nemhepo.

Zvino kwaizouya kuumbwa kwezvikwata zvekucherechedza zveChikumi 3, 1769, paizoitika mafambiro anotevera eVenus.

Nokuda kwekucherechedza uye kurekodha kwechiitiko ichi chakasiyana, masayendisiti akasarudzwa uye ane mukurumbira uye vacherechedzi vakaungana zvakare, pakati pavo vaiva:

• James Cook, kaputeni wemauto emugungwa eChirungu, pamwe chete nemugadziri wemamepu ane mukurumbira. Chiitiko chepuraneti chakatevera, kubva kuFort Venus pachitsuwa cheTahiti.

Imwe nzvimbo yekutarisa yakavambwa muBaja California peninsula, apo zvinotevera zvakamira pachena:

• Jean Chappe d'Auteroche, ane mukurumbira French nyanzvi yenyeredzi.
• Vicente de Doz, nyanzvi yemasvomhu uye nyanzvi yenyeredzi yekuSpain ine mukurumbira.
• Salvador de Medina, kaputeni wefrigate weuto remugungwa reSpain.
• Joaquín Velázquez Cárdenas de León, muzivi wenyeredzi wokuSpain.

Nyanzvi yemitumbi yomudenga yokuGermany Johann Franz Encke, uyo pakasvika 1835 akanga ari mutungamiriri wenzvimbo yeBerlin inocherekedza. Achitsigirwa nezvinyorwa uye zvakaonekwa zvakawanikwa kubva mukufamba kwe1761 uye 1769, akakwanisa kuziva kukosha kwezuva parallax.

Planet Venus uye zvichangobva kuonekwa

Sezvo makore akapfuura uye mafambiro ekufambisa kweVenus, zvakava zvakakosha. Mamwe masayendisiti nenyika dzakabatana nekuona kwavo uye kunyoresa.

Nokuda kwechiitiko chakaitika pakati pemakore 1874 na1882 zvakatevedzana, zvikoro zvesainzi zvenyika dzakasiyana-siyana zvakatuma nyanzvi dzazvo dzakatanhamara.

Sangano reSainzi reFrance rakatumira boka rayo rekucherechedza kuNew Caledonia, Beijing, New Zealand, pakati pevamwe. Vakawanawo muArgentina, teresikopu inofefetera, yakakumbirwa neParis Astronomical Observatory.

Nokuda kwayo, London, kupfurikidza neAstronomical Society yayo, yakakwanisa kuwana marekodhi emifananidzo anopfuura 3000 XNUMX ebudiriro yose yesangano racho.

Zvakare nezve chiitiko chaizoitika muna 1874, Komisheni yeAstrology yeMexico inotora chikamu, ine chinangwa chekutarisa uye kurekodha mafambiro eVenus kuburikidza nedhisiki reZuva.

Masangano esainzi eSpain akabatana nerukova rwevacherechedzi kekutanga muna 1882. Uye vakagadza mirairo yavo yekucherechedza kubva kuCuba nePuerto Rico.

kuongorora kwe venus

Pamapuraneti ese anoumba solar system, mushure meMwedzi. Venus yaive imwe nyeredzi yaive nenhamba huru yekuongorora, kuburikidza nemuchadenga probe. Chakavanzika chiri shure kwayo chakonzera nzendo dzisingaverengeki.

Vese masayendisiti eRussia neAmerica, pakati pema60 nema70, vakagadzira uye vakagadzira maprobe emuchadenga ekuongorora kwavo. Uku kuendeswa kwekuongorora kupasi reVenus, kwakaderedzwa pakati pemakore 1980 na1990.

Apo masayendisiti kubva kumativi ose enyika akada kutumira midziyo yomuchadenga nezviridzwa kuti zvidzidze Venus, vakaona zvakakodzera kugadzira zvinhu zvomuchadenga zvinokwanisa kufamba madaro anopfuura mamiriyoni makumi mana emakiromita. Izvi ndezvechikonzero chakareruka chekuti kutenderera kwepasi kuri padyo neZuva.

Nekuda kweruzivo rudiki rwaive nemasayendisiti pakutanga kwezana ramakore, maererano nekusiyana kwemhepo yeVenus, zvakavaomera kugadzira chitundumuseremusere chaikwanisa kufamba kuti chikwanise kudzika pasina njodzi.

Mamisheni ekuongorora muma1960s

Pazasi iwe unowana zvimwe zvinotaurwa nezvekufamba kwakaitwa nemasayendisiti kubva kunyika dzakasiyana. Mukutsvaga kunzwisisa kuri nani kwepasi rino rinonakidza iri.

mamisheni ekutanga

Basa rekutanga rekuongorora kuona pasi Venus raive kuburikidza neSputnik space mudziyo. Yakatangwa mumwedzi waKukadzi 1961, asi haina kubudirira, sezvo yaisagona kusiya kutenderera kweNyika.

Imwe probe, asi yakagadzirwa neRussia, yakatanga gore rimwe chetero. Masayendisiti ekuRussia akaibhabhatidza nezita reVenera 1, ikava mudziyo wekutanga wemuchadenga kutangwa kune imwe nyika uye kuti ubudirire.

Kunyangwe iyo Venera 1 probe yakatadza kusvika kwayaienda nekuda kwekutadza kushanda kwayo mumidziyo yekumisikidza, yakapa data rakakosha rekuvandudza zvinhu zvinotevera:

• Solar panel.
• Kukurukurirana uye telemetry midziyo.
• Engine stabilizers.

Masayendisiti anofungidzira kuti mushure memazuva manomwe apfuura kubva payakatangwa uye akafamba makiromita 2.000.000. Yakakwanisa kupfuura pedyo ne100 zviuru zvemakiromita kubva panyika Venus, asi chokwadi ichi hachina kukwanisa kusimbiswa, nokuti vakarasikirwa nekukurukurirana nemudziyo.

Muna Chikunguru 1962, imwe mishoni kuVenus yakatangwa neNASA. Iyo space artifact yaive Mariner 1 uye izvi hazviuye kumagumo anofadza kana, nekuda kwekuputika panguva yekusimuka kwayo.

Munhangemutange yokuwana miuyo pamberi peUnited States, Soviet Union yakaronga kutangwa kwetsvakiridzo yeSputnik 19. Kusimuka kwayo kwakanga kwakarongerwa August 1962, asi yakatambura mugumo mumwe chetewo somuongorori wokuNorth America.

Planet Venus uye kuvhara flybys 

Gore ra1962 rakaratidza chiitiko chakakosha munhoroondo yekuongorora kwepasi reVenus. Chombo chemuchadenga cheMariner 2 chakakwanisa kubhururuka nechepamusoro pemakiromita anopfuura 30.000 XNUMX kubva kuVenus.

Kutapurirana kwakakwanisa kuitwa neprobe kwakaita kuti zvikwanise kuona kuti pasi rakanga risina magineti, uye rakakwanisawo kuyedza kuburitsa tembiricha.

Nekuda kwemakwikwi pakati peSoviet Union neUnited States, zvakamanikidza boka remibatanidzwa yeRussia kugadzira nekugadzira michina mitsva yekukunda izvo zvakange zvaitwa nemaAmerican.

Asi kutevedzana kwemabasa akakundikana kwakatadzisa Soviet Union kubudirira. Mamwe emamishini aya anotaurwa pazasi:

• Sputnik 20, kutanga kwaSeptember 1962.
• Sputnik 21, probe iyi yakatangwa pakati paGunyana 1962.
• Cosmos 21, pakupera kwaKurume 1964.

Hapana kana imwe yemamishini iyi yakakwanisa kubuda muEarth orbit uye yakatambura kuputika kwakavaparadza zvachose.

Zvimwe zvinoshandiswa

Zond 1 yakagadzirwa neSoviet yakarongerwa kusimuka muna Kubvumbi 1964. Ichi chitundumuseremusere chaisanganisira module yaizoyambuka mhepo yeVenus yodzika pamusoro penyika.

Asi nekuda kwekusashanda zvakanaka mukutapurirana kwayo, masayendisiti eRussia akarasa kuonana nekuferefeta muna Chivabvu wegore rimwe chetero. Boka rinotarisira mishoni rinotenda kuti rakakwanisa kupfuura zviuru zana zvemakiromita kubva kuVenus munaChikunguru 100, 14.

Masayendisiti eSoviet akaramba kusiya chinangwa chekumhara pamusoro penyika yeVenus. Kuzadzisa chinangwa ichi, pakupera kwaFebruary 1966, vakatanga chirongwa cheVenera 2.

Chishandiso chemuchadenga Venera 2, chakakwanisa kupfuura makiromita zviuru makumi maviri nemana kubva kuVenus, asi hachina kukwanisa kutumira iyo data yakakosha kuboka revasayendisiti.

Ichiteverwa neVenera 2 mishoni, iyo Cosmos 96 probes uye yakagadziridzwa vhezheni yeVenera yakatangwa, iyo yavakabhabhatidza nemazita 1965A. Asi vakanga vachiri kutambura mugumo mumwe chetewo une ngwavaira sezvakaita vamwe vavo vakavatangira.

Mamisheni ekutanga kubata pamusoro peVenus

Makanga muri muna Kurume 1966, apo masayendisiti eSoviet akakwanisa kumhara chitundumuseremusere cheVenera 3. Muna Gumiguru 1967, nzvimbo yeVenera 4 descent yakapinda mumhepo uye yakakwanisa kutumira mashoko zvakananga.

Venera 4 probe yakaita zviyero zvetembiricha, densities uye kumanikidza kwemuchadenga, uye yakakwanisawo kutora sampuli kuongorora zvinhu zviripo mumhepo.

Venera 4 space device yakateverwa neVenera 5 uye 6. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane masheji ekucherechedza akanyatsotsanangurwa, kuti apedze basa rekuongorora nzvimbo yapfuura.

mamishinari ekufambisa

Kunyange zvazvo pfungwa yacho yakamutsa kufarira kukuru kubva kumasayendisiti emasimba makuru etekinoroji. Aya mazano haana kumbobvira abudirira nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda.

Chinangwa chemisheni iyi chaive chekuti ngarava yaigona kutenderera Venus yozodzokera kuNyika. Kudivi revanhu vekuNorth America, kuburikidza neNASA, vakakurudzira basa ravo nekushandisa tekinoroji yeApollo Space Program.

Nepo avo vane basa repurojekiti kudivi reSoviet vaizoshandisa tekinoroji ye interplanetary rocket ship N-1.

Kuongorora muma70s

Semumakore gumi apfuura, ma70 aive akaratidzirwawo nekukundikana kwakawanda, asiwo nekubudirira kukuru. Kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kwakabvumira kusvetuka kukuru mukuunganidzwa kwemamwe data kubva kupasi Venus.

Muna December 1970, kuonana nepamusoro penyika kwakaitwa nenzira inobudirira, nemhaka yechitundumuseremusere cheVenera 7. Neiyi probe vakakwanisa kuziva kuti tembiricha yapamusoro yakanga yakakwirira kupfuura 450 °C.

Inotevera muchizvarwa cheVenera probes yaive Venera 8. Ichi chishandiso chakaita kuonana pakupera kwaChikunguru wegore 72, ichipa data pamusoro pekumanikidza uye tembiricha yepasi. Kune rumwe rutivi, vakawana data kubva kumakore eVenus, nerubatsiro rwephotometer yaakatakura.

Iyo Cosmos 482 probe yakanga isina rombo rakafanana, iro rakasangana netsaona yakakomba pavakanga vachigadzirira kutanga kwayo.

Ongororo yemhepo yeVenus, kuburikidza nemakamera eultraviolet, yakaitika muna Kukadzi wegore 74. The North America aerospace service yakaisa chitundumuseremusere Mariner 10 mukutenderera.

Ferry Devices

Ndidzo dzaive ngarava dzekutanga kuiswa muorbit nerubatsiro rwezvitundumuseremusere. Danho idzva mumujaho wemuchadenga rinotanga, uko kushandiswazve kwezvikamu kwakakosha.

Vakatanga kushandisa tekinoroji iyi vaive vezvesainzi veSoviet, kuburikidza nemuchina weVenera 9. Chiitiko ichi chakaitika pakupera kwaGumiguru 1975, ikava yekutanga setiraiti yepasirese yeVenus.

Chikwata chemuchadenga chaive nenhamba huru yemidziyo yekuunganidza data, kusanganisira:

• Makamera
• Spectrometers
• Radars

Chinangwa chaive chekuunganidza ruzivo pamusoro pemafu akaturikidzana, ionosphere yavo uye magineti. Pamusoro pekuita kuongororwa kwakazara kwepamusoro peVenus, nerubatsiro rwema spectrometers akabatanidzwa mune module.

Muunganidzwa weruzivo uyu wakatsigirwa neVenera 10 space probe.

Iyo Pioneer Venus Project

North American Aerospace Agency yakaronga chirongwa chePioneer Venus kuti chibve paNyika muna 1978. Ichi chinangwa chesainzi chirongwa chakarongwa kuti chiitwe mumatanho maviri.

Yakanga yakagadzirwa neorbiter uye yakawanda nzvimbo mudziyo. Iyo Pioneer Venus yakawanda probe yaive nemaprobe mana emuchadenga. Chikurusa chakapinzwa muchadenga muna Mbudzi 1978 uye madiki matatu akatangwa mazuva mana chete akaparadzana.

Panzira inoenda kupasi reVenus vakabatanidzwa, vachipinda mumhepo yeVenus muna Zvita 78, vari pamwe neboka remuchadenga kwavakatakurwa. Imwe chete yemaprobe yakakwanisa kushanda kwemaminetsi pakusangana nepamusoro.

Pioneer Venus orbiter yakakwanisa kuita dzimwe nzendo uye ikaramba ichishanda kusvika kuma90.

Zvakaitwa neSoviet

Mujaho wekukunda nhangemutange yakaitwa nemukwikwidzi wayo wekuNorth America, hauna kunonoka kuuya. Aya ndiwo magadzirirwo akaitwa masayendisiti eSoviet uye akatanga muchadenga muna 1978, iyo Venera 11 uye gumi nemaviri zvishandiso.

Vakaenda kupuraneti Venus vari muchikepe, vachisunungura motokari musi waDecember 21 na25, 1978. Mapoka anoongorora aiva nemichina yemifananidzo ine mavara, maturusi ekuchera, uye zvokuongorora.

Zvishandiso zvemuchadenga zvakakwanisa kuunganidza data rakakosha nerubatsiro rwemidziyo yavo yekuongorora, kuwedzera kune X-rays iyo yakapa ruzivo rwakatanhamara pamusoro pekuvapo kwekloridi uye sulfides, muhuwandu hwakawanda mumakore.

mamisheni emuchadenga muma80s

Gore rakanga riri 1982 apo chombo chomuchadenga cheVenera 13 ne 14. Matanho makuru akanga atorwa mukugadzirwa kwemichina mitsva yokuunganidza mashoko kubva kupuraneti Venus.

Zvikwata izvi zvaive nemakamera ane resolution iri nani uye mhando yemhando yepamusoro, pamusoro pekuva nematurusi ekuboora pasi nekuvimbika kukuru uye kuramba.

Kekutanga, masayendisiti aiziva kuvepo kweiyo basaltic rocky material, ine yakakwira yakadzika yePotassium element, nekuda kweX-ray michina iyo maprobes aive akashongedzerwa nawo.

Chizvarwa chakatevera cheVenera probes chakaiswa kubva kuPasi ndokupinda muVenus orbit mukutanga kwaOctober 1983. Chitundumuseremusere cheVenera 15 chakapiwa basa rekugadzira mepu yemhepo yeVenus uye ipapo kuiongorora nerubatsiro rwemichina ye infrared spectrometry.

Nepo Venera 16 yaitarisira kugadzira mepu yekuchamhembe kweVenus, nerubatsiro rweradhi yakakura. Kupa humbowo hwakajeka hwezvimiro zvepasi repasi.

Kwenguva yekutanga, masayendisiti akakwanisa kuona kuumbwa kwemhepo inoputika yeVenus uye kusimbisa dzidziso yekusavapo kwetectonic plates.

Vega Project

Pakati pema80, chitundumuseremusere cheSoviet Vega 1 ne2 chakabatiswa chikasimudzwa kubva panzvimbo yazvo muna June 1985, mazuva mana chete akaparadzana.

Maprobe acho akanga ane midziyo yokuyeresa kuratidza kuvapo kwezvikamu zvakarembera mumakore uye chimiro chechimwe nechimwe chazvo. Nechikonzero ichi vaive nea Spectroscope kunyura uye zvakare kuongororwa kweaerosol particles.

Mhedzisiro yakatumirwa kunzvimbo yepasi, yaive yekuti makore aive akaumbwa nesarufa uye phosphoric acid.

Havana kukwanisa kuwana mifananidzo yepasi, nekuda kwekushaikwa kwemakamera mumotokari dzekutakura.

Boka revasayendisiti kubva kuSoviet Union rakagadzira mabharuni emhepo inopisa, ayo maprobe aigona kuyangarara achitenderedza pasi reVenus uye kuita zviyero zvekumhanya kwemhepo, mhepo yemhepo uye tembiricha.

Pamusoro pekuunganidza data paVenus, maprobes maviri aya aive nebasa rekuunganidza ruzivo rweHalley's comet, iyo yavaizosangana nayo mazuva 270 gare gare.

Basa reMagellan

US Aerospace Agency, ichishandisa shuttle Atlantis, yakatanga chikwata cheMagellan chekunyoresa muchadenga muna Chivabvu 1989. Iyi probe yaizove muEarth orbit, kusvika injini yayo yaibvumira kutora nzira inoenda kuplanet Venus.

Space mapurojekiti muma1990s

Makumi gumi e90s kupera kwenguva yekukunda uye kuzvarwa kweimwe mhando yetekinoroji yaizokanganisa izvo zvaizivikanwa kusvika zvino. Zvimwe zvacho zvakataurwa pasi apa.

Planet Venus uye nzvimbo yeMagellan mission

Chombo chemuchadenga cheMagellan chakasvika paVenus muna Nyamavhuvhu 1990 chikaisa maradhi acho kuti chitore mifananidzo yakawanda sezvinobvira. Zuva rega rega aifamba achitenderera kutenderera kweVenus ka7, achiunganidza mifananidzo yepasi rese.

Kuti Magellan probe inyatso mepu yepasi Venus, yakashandisa zvikamu zvemifananidzo 1800 kuunganidza mufananidzo mumwechete wepasi rose.

Masayendisiti emuchadenga akaronga mudziyo kuitira kuti kuunganidza data kuitwe nekutenderera kwebasa. Kutenderera uku kwaizoenda zvichienderana nenguva yekutenderera kweVenus, kureva, mazuva 243.

Munguva yekutanga kuunganidzwa kwemifananidzo, yakatsigirwa nePioneer probe kusvika yapedza mafuta emafuta uye haina kushanda muna Nyamavhuvhu 1992 pakupinda mumhepo yeVenus.

Kutenda kutenderera kutenderera kwepasi 2, masayendisiti emuchadenga akakwanisa kuverenga kureba kwemamwe maumbirwo pakuyamura. Iyi nguva yekuunganidza yechipiri yakapera muna Ndira 1992.

Kutenderera kwechitatu kwakaitika munaSeptember 1992 uye kwaiva nechinangwa chekutsanangura, nerubatsiro rweradar, kunyoreswa kwepasi rose repasi.

Nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji, mudziyo wekutarisa nzvimbo weMagellan wakakwanisa kuwana masampuli emifananidzo akajeka kupfuura ayo akawanikwa nemaprobe apfuura.

Kuunganidzwa kweruzivo rwekukwevera pasi

Kutenderera kunotevera mukuunganidzwa kweruzivo neMagellan probe yaive nechinangwa chekuwana nekufambisa data pamusoro pesimba renyika yeVenus uye basa rakapedzwa pakupera kwaMay 1993.

Kuti iite basa rayo, mudziyo wakaiswa makiromita mazana maviri kubva pamusoro peVenus uye zvaive nekuda kwekukwezva kwesimba rinokwevera pasi. Chikamu chekuisa chakapera muna Nyamavhuvhu 200.

Masayendisiti anobva kuUnited States Aerospace Agency akanga aronga kuti chitundumuseremusere cheMagellan chipinde mumhepo yeVenus muna Gumiguru 1994. Kubva pazuva iro zvichienda mberi, nyanzvi dzeNASA dzakarasikirwa nekubatana nemudziyo.

Mishoni muzana remakore rechiXNUMX

Ndiyo imwe nhanho, uko kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji kuri munzira huru uye zvinhu zvitsva zvinosanganisirwa pakudzidza nezve cosmos. Hapana chichafanana nemamishinari apfuura.

Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinogadzirwa izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuderedza mari, nzvimbo uye uremu hwezvikepe zvezvikepe. Uye zvikwata zvekuongorora, heano mamwe emamishini iwawo.

venus express

Inguva iyo maAmerican neSoviets vasisina hutongi hwakakwana. Mamwe masangano ehurumende uye akazvimirira emuchadenga anopinda mumutambo.

Kekutanga, iyo European Space Agency yakazvipira kuwana dhata nyowani kubva kupasi Venus nebasa rayo reVenus Express. Nyanzvi dzeEurope dzakaronga kuvhurwa kwechinhu ichi chemuchadenga kuti chidzidze mhepo uye pamusoro peVenus.

Venus Express spacecraft yakatanga kutenderera muna Mbudzi 2005 uye yakakwanisa kutumira mifananidzo yayo yekutanga kubva kuplanet Venus mukutanga kwaKubvumbi 2006.

Iyo European Venus Express space purojekiti yakakwanisa kuona kuti madutu anogara achigadzirwa munharaunda yekumaodzanyemba kwepasi uye mheni yemagetsi yakagadzirwa mumakore.

Mutumwa nzvimbo mudziyo

North American Aerospace Agency yakatumira nzvimbo yekuferefeta yavakabhabhatidza nezita reMessenger. Kunyangwe pakutanga yakarongerwa kudzidza kwe Planet Mercury, yakagadzirwa nhunzi dzepasi reVenus.

Pakupera kwaGumiguru 2006, yaive pedyo neVenus pamakiromita 3000 chete uye muna Chikumi 2007 yakakwanisa kubhururuka pamusoro penyika nemakiromita asingasviki 350.

Mukubatana neEuropean Aerospace Agency, vakaronga kucherechedzwa pamwe chete neVenus Express spacecraft uye Messenger probe, kuti vatore zviyero uye marekodhi emifananidzo emhepo yeVenus.