Asati ataura nezve nyeredzi dzekare nediki Zvakakosha kutanga kuvatsanangurira zvinoreva nyeredzi.
Nyeredzi injini dzesimba renzvimbo dzinokonzera kupisa, kupenya, rays ultraviolet, X-rays uye zvimwe zvinomiririra phosphorescence. Ivo vanogariswa kunenge mukupedzisa kwavo gasi neplasma, nguva yekupisa kwakanyanya kweiyo yakarongwa nyaya yehuva yesubatomic.
nyeredzi duku nevakuru
Nemari hombe ye nyeredzi uye makwara enzou ari kukura muchadenga, zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti chadenga chakanga chisina kuenzana sei makore ane mamiriyoni 13,8 apfuura, apo chaigona kuva bedzi masekonzi mashomanene chavapo.
Mupfungwa iyi, kuti tikwanise kuziva nezvenyeredzi diki nedzakura, padanho rekutanga iroro, chadenga chakakosha chaive muto unopisa uye wakakora weguruva, wainyanya kugadzirwa nemaerekitironi, mapurotoni, neutrinos nemafotoni; mhoteredzo yakakora zvekuti cosmos yaiita semhute isina kujeka umo twumwe twumwe twuchiedza hatwukwanise kufamba kanzira kadiki pasina kubonderana. chembere.
Saizvozvowo, denga parakapararira, denga rakava nzvimbo ine runyararo uye yakamira zvekuti, mushure memakore angangoita 380.000, yaizoguma yave denga "recrystalline" ratinogara tichigara nhasi, uko kudhumhana kwezvikamu kunowanzoitika uye mafotoni anogona kufamba akasununguka mudenga. nyika.
Materesikopu anotitora makore kumashure
Mazuvano, kune zvishandiso zvakawanda zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kwatiri kuona nyeredzi, seteresikopu yakaita sePlack yeEuropean Space Agency (ESA) iyo inogona kuona prehistoric chiedza chenyeredzi dzekutanga dziya. mafoni inomiririra universal background irradiation, kana microwave background luminescence (CMB). Kuiswa kwaro mudenga kunoratidza microscopic vacillations inotsigira tsvakurudzo yakawanda pamusoro penhoroondo, bumbiro uye analytics yezvisikwa.
Kusunungurwa kwekupenya kwenzvimbo kwakange kune nzvimbo panguva iyo maerekitironi nemapurotoni akatanga kubatana kuti aite maatomu ehydrogen ekutanga; miniti munhoroondo yechadenga umo mune kekutanga chinhu chiri muchikamu zvemagetsi kwazvakarerekera.
Nekudaro, mazana mashoma emamiriyoni emakore aifanira kupfuura izvi zvimedu zvisati zvabatana uye kupa nzira yekutanga kubereka kwe nyeredzi.
Sezvo idzi nyeredzi dzekutanga dzaiputika dzaizadza nzvimbo dzadzo nechiedza icho chaizobatana neasina kwazvakarerekera corpuscles. cosmos, achivashandura kuva guruva remitemo: maerekitironi nemapurotoni. Vachenjeri vanotaura nezvechikamu ichi se "reionization nguva."
Nenzira imwecheteyo, kana mwaka weiyo reionization watanga, hazvingatore nguva refu kuti ruzhinji rwekuwoma kuri mu cosmos - nekuda kwekukanganisa kwenzvimbo shoma - kwaizove zvachose. ionized, vachirambira kudaro kusvikira nhasi.
Mupfungwa iyi, thesis mapoka enyeredzi Kure kure kwazvo, uko kune maburi matema makuru mukati, zvinoratidza kuti cosmos ingadai yakave yakazadzwa ionized mamwe 900 miriyoni makore mushure meBig Bang. Iyo poindi yekuchinjisa nyaya iyi, zvakadaro, yakanyanya kuoma kumisa uye yanga iri gakava rinopikisa munguva pfupi yapfuura.
Nokudaro, Jan Tauber, mutezo wakakomba wepurojekiti yeESA’s Planck, anotsanangura kuti: “kuvhenekerwa kwomuchadenga kwemashure kunogona kutipa nzwisiso yokuti nhambo yeionization yakatanga rini uye,wo, apo nyeredzi dzokutanga dzakasikwa muzuva. cosmos".
Nzira dzekuona dzimwe nyeredzi dzechikuru nevadiki
Kuita kuverenga uku, masayendisiti anovimba nenyaya yekuti kupatsanurwa kweCMB kwakatarisana, ndiko kuti, chikamu che chiedza inotenderera ichienda kune imwe nzvimbo semugumisiro wemafotoni anobva kupasi rose mwaranzi inorova zvimedu, chimwe chinhu chinozivikanwa zvikuru mubhaibheri cosmos. Kusagadzikana uku kwaizokonzerwa kusati kwasunungurwa kweCMB, uye zvakare gare gare, mushure mekugadzirisazve, apo chiedza chenyeredzi dzekutanga chakaratidza kudzoka kwemaerekitironi emahara munzvimbo yepasi rose.
Kutenda kwekutanga kwekutanga kwemwaka we reionization kwakauya muna 2003, kubva kuNASA's WMAP, iyo inoratidza kuti chikonzero ichi chingadai chakatanga kare kare munhoroondo yenyika, apo denga raingova nenyeredzi dzinenge mamiriyoni mazana maviri. Mhedzisiro iyi yakaratidza mamwe matambudziko, sezvo panguva ino yaisareva humbowo hwekurongeka kwechero nyeredzi, iyo yaizotonga kuratidza kuvepo kwedzimwe nguva neapo reionization masosi panguva iyoyo.
Kutenda uku kwekutanga kwaizotsiurwa, sezvo WMAP yakawedzera kuzivikanwa yakasundidzira nguva yekuburitsa kumashure munguva: iyo cosmos ingadai isina kudzokororwa zvine hunyanzvi kutozosvikira makore anosvika mamirioni mazana mana nemakumi mashanu kubva pakatanga tsika dzayo.
Kunyange zvakadaro, chirahwe chaizoramba chakadimburwa. Zvisinei, sezvo kwakanga kune nyeredzi, zvakanga zvisina kujeka kana ndidzo dzoga manyuko ereonization muchisiko chapose pose. Zvisinei, muna 2015, zvichibva pazvirongwa zvedenga zvakawanikwa nechepasi periodicity tool (LFI), rubatsiro rwaPlanck rwakapa humbowo hutsva hwekukunda kuoma, kufambisa reionization station kunyange gare gare munhoroondo. pasi rose, anenge makore 550 pashure peBig Bang, miniti umo pfupiso yacho yakanga iri pakati.
Mupfungwa iyi, zvichitevera kubvunza nezve nyeredzi diki nedzechikuru, mumwe musayendisiti akabuda, Jean-Loup Puget, mudzidzisi uyu wenzvimbo iyi anofumura muchiziviso cheESA: "kuverengera kwakadzama kweHFI kwakaratidza pachena kuti reionization yaive yakanyanya. vertiginous chikonzero chakaitika kunonoka munhoroondo ye cosmos uye izvo zvingadai zvakatodzokorodza inenge hafu yayo makore emamiriyoni 700 apfuura." "The migumisiro zvakawanikwa zviri kutibatsira kumisikidza maitiro ekumisikidzwa kwegoho reionization ”inowedzera.
masumbu enyeredzi
Masumbu akavhurika kana enyeredzi dzekudenga anenge matsva. Aya mafananidzo enyeredzi anomera padyo nendege yeGwara Renzou, asi zvinyorwa zvadzo zvinodzikira zvisingapere apo nhengo dzesumbu racho dzichipararira kuburikidza nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana sekubatana kwesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi. Universe.
Murwi uyu wakashama wakavhurika, wakasarudzwa M46, unongova nemakore anosvika mamiriyoni mazana matatu ekuberekwa uye uchine zana renyeredzi shoma mukati mawo, zvichitora makore makumi matatu echiedza. Inowanikwa makore 300 apfuurachiedza Munzira inoenda kunharaunda yePuppis, M46 inoratidzikawo kuramba ichiramba chimiro chayo chechidiki. Munzvimbo yakanaka yepanorama, iyo yakatenderedzwa, ine chigamba chenyeredzi pamusoro pepakati peM46 (zvakare mune ine mukurumbira funnel kuruboshwe) ndiyo yekunze galaxy NGC 2438.
The astral nebulae idanho rinopedzisa uye rinopfuura re nyeredzi yemuenzaniso wezuva, yemabhiriyoni emakore ezera asina kukwana, ane hungwaru hwepakati hwekupisa kwehydrogen hwakapedzwa.
Muchokwadi, zvinogona kuoneka kuti yekare NGC 2438 inongova 3 light-years kure uye kuti inozununguka nekumhanya kusina kuenzana nenhengo dzesumbu M000. Zvingangodaro, inomiririra chinhu kumberi icho, nemukana chete, chinobuda mumutsara wedu wekutarisa Young M46. Chokwadi chinonakidza nezvevadiki nevakuru nyeredzi.
