Kuti udzidze zvishoma nezve Nordic ngano zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa zvezvipenyu izvi, vakatora masimba avo kuburikidza nekushandisa maapuro eIðunn, vachiwana hunyanzvi hwavo, tinokukoka iwe kuti ushanyire iyi inonakidza positi. Usarega kuiverenga!
Ndedzipi ngano dzeNorse?
Zvakakosha kujekesa kuti ngano idzi dzinosanganisira zvinotendwa, chitendero uye ngano dzevanhu veGermany, kunyanya maScandinavians, saka unogona kunzwa kana kuverenga mazwi anotaura nezveGermany kana Scandinavian uye anowirirana nengano idzi dzinonakidza dzeNordic.
Pamusoro pezvo, idzi ngano dzeNorse dzinobva kuIndo-European mythology, yaive kufambisa kwetsika nemuromo. Gare gare, nemhaka yokugara kwakaitwa mumaguta eBrittany, Iceland, Hispania neGaul, zvakabvira kuunganidza mashoko acho mukunyora nechinangwa chokuachengeta.
Mune ngano dzeNordic, zvitendero uye ngano dzakagovaniswa nevanhu ava vaive munzvimbo yekuchamhembe dzakachengetwa, nekuti vamwe vanhu veNordic havana kugovana ngano idzi, sezvazvakaita nerudzi rweUralic.
Yakagadzirwa neLapps, Estonians neFinns, zvishoma neBaltic dzinza raiumbwa neLithuanians neLatvians sezvo vaive nengano dzavo kunyangwe neimwe nzira yakafanana.
Kana dziri ngano dzeNordic, pakanga pasina chitendero chakapihwa namwari kuvanhu, asi mungano vanhu vanofa vanoudzwa kuti vakashanyirwa nevamwari, pakanga pasina kana bhuku dzvene sezvakaita mune dzimwe tsika, sezvo kutumirwa kwaro kwaive nemuromo. kuburikidza nenhetembo dzaive dzakareba.
Zvichienderana nengano dzeNordic, dzakatapurirwa kubva kuchizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe chizvarwa kunyangwe panguva iyo inodzokera kuVikings uye kuvepo kwavo kunozivikanwa.
Tinotenda maEddas aive maunganidzwa ane chekuita nengano dzinonakidza idzi pamwe nemamwe magwaro emunguva yepakati akanyorwa panguva yechiKristu.
Saka idzi ngano dzeNordic chikamu chetsika dzeScandinavia uye nhasi zvinogona kuoneka kuti vanochengeta dzimwe tsika dzakadzokera kunguva yekare apo dzimwe dzakatorwa zvakare nekuda kweGermanic neopaganism inoedza kuvakazve chitendero chekare chevanhu ava.
Saizvozvowo, ngano dzeNordic dzinoratidzwa mukusiyana-siyana kwezvinyorwa uye mumafirimu ekuteerera, zvichikwevera kutarisa kwevaoni nengano idzo dziri chikamu cheNordic ngano uye kuburikidza nechinyorwa ichi iwe uchadzidza nezve chimwe nechimwe chazvo, saka tinokukoka iwe kuti uenderere mberi nekuverenga. .
Nezve kusikwa kweCosmos
Maererano nengano dzeNorse, nyika inofananidzirwa nedhisiki rakatsetseka uye iri mumapazi emuti muhombe unozivikanwa seYggdrasil, uyo une basa rekuchengetedza nhamba yenyika pfumbamwe nezvisikwa zvinoshamisa zvinogarwa pasi rose.
Pamidzi yemuti uyu wakanyudzwa paive, maererano nengano dzeNorse, dhiragoni yaizivikanwa nezita rekuti Nidhogg iyo yaitarisira kutsenga midzi yemuti muhombe uyu kuti isvike gondo rinowana zita raro kubva kwariri Ragnarök uye raive iri muchikamu chepamusoro-soro chemuti wakataurwa.
Gondo guru iri ndiro raiona nezvenyika pfumbamwe uye mungano dzechiNorse zvinonzi shiri huru iyi yakanga ine rukondo rwaiva pakati petsiye dzayo uye inonzi Veörfölnir, iyo inoona nezvekufamba kwegondo. .
Imwe yemhuka dzinowanikwa muNordic myths ndeye squirrel inonzi Ratatösk iyo inotarisira kumhanya kubva kumidzi kusvika kumusoro kwemuti mukuru, iyi mhuka duku inotarisira kudyara kusawirirana pakati pedhiragoni negondo kuburikidza nenhau dzenhema.
Kune nyika ine zita rekuti Asgard, inova dunhu repamusoro-soro rekudenga kwaigara vanamwari uye raive pakati peiyo flat disk. rakanga riri rudzi rwezambuko rinozivikanwa seBifrost.
Iyi nzira yaichengetedzwa naHeimdall aive mwanakomana waOdin uye aive nekunzwa kwakanaka mukuwedzera kune chiono chake chikuru, chaaive iye wekuyambira nenyanga yake huru kana chero mwari akayambuka murarabungu. Kana dziri hofori maererano nengano idzi dzeNorse dzaive muJötunheim.
Pakanga pane imwe nyika yaitonhora uye yakasviba yakagamuchira zita reNiflheim uye mukati meiyi nzvimbo maive nenzvimbo yainzi Helheim yaitongwa naHela mukunda waLoki maererano nengano dzeNorse kunyanya Prose Edda munzvimbo iyi vakafa vakaramba.
Yakanga iri kumaodzanyemba kwehumambo hunopisa hweMuspelheim iyo yaive kumusha kune hofori dzemoto, Surt ari iye ane simba kwazvo pavari nemutungamiri wavo.
Humwe humambo hwaive chikamu chemuchadenga ichi hwaive Alfheim, uko kwaive kunogara maelves echiedza anozivikanwa seljósálfar uye aive maelves erunako rusingaenzaniswi. Panzvimbo pacho pakanga paine imwe nyika yerima maelves anozivikanwa seSvartálfaheim maererano nengano dzeNorse aya ekupedzisira elves aive asina kunaka uye aishandisa mashiripiti erima.
Pakati penyika dzeAsgard neNiflheim pakanga pane imwe nyika yaizivikanwa nezita reMidgard, nzvimbo iyi yaiva nzvimbo yakadzika yedenga uye yaigara nevanhu vanofa, kureva, vanhu. Kukosha kweiyo mbiri musimboti kunogona kuratidzwa mungano dzeNordic, saka Zuva raive mwarikadzi anonzi Sól.
Akanga ari mutariri wekufamba nemambakwedza ari pabhiza rakadhonzwa apo Sköll akanga ari mufananidzo werima pakanga pane mwedzi uye yaiva mhumhi yakadzinga mwarikadzi Sól kuti imudye.
Iri bere rainzi Hati uye Máni rakanga riri zita romwedzi mungano dzechiNorse, naizvozvo mukuwirirana nengano nguva iri yose Hati paaiva pedyo namwarikadzi Máni kuti amuparadze, kuora kwemwedzi kwakaitika mudenga.
Saizvozvo, hunyambiri hwengano dzeNorse hunoonekwa munyika mbiri idzi: Niflheim, yaive nyika ine rima uye inotonhora kwaigara dhiragoni, uye Muspelheim, iyo yaive nzvimbo izere nemoto, imba yehofori dzemoto.
Kubvumira dzimwe nyika kuti dzitange, iyo iyo metaphysical fungidziro yehunyambiri inocherechedzwa kuitira kukwanisa kugadzira cosmos kuburikidza nengano dzakafumurwa mungano dzeNorse.
Supernatural Zvisikwa muNorse Ngano
Odin akanga ari mwari ane hutongi hwepamusoro uye baba vevose maererano nengano dzeNorse sevamwe vamwari paive nemapoka matatu anonzi AEsir, Vanir aive ezvisikwa zvepanyama uye Jotum aive hofori.
Naizvozvo, maererano nengano dzavo, vanhu verudzi urwu rweNordic vainamata ndudzi mbiri dzevamwari, yekutanga yaive AEsir, vaive vamwari vechirume nevamwarikadzi vaizivikanwa nezita rekuti Asynjur. Ava vamwari vaitungamirira kubatanidza gungano uye inotungamirirwa neOdin ane simba.
Maererano neNordic ngano, pakati pevamwari ava paiva naThor, uyo aifananidzira Kutinhira, akashandisa magirovhosi esimbi uye nyundo yake yainzi Mjolnir, aivawo nebhanhire remashiripiti, akanga ari mwari wesimba, akanga ari pedyo naOdin maererano nechinzvimbo.
Balder akamutevera, mumwe mwanakomana waOdin aimiririra runako uye njere, Tyr aive mwari weushingi, aive mwari akabayira ruoko rwake kuti vamwe vamwari vasunge mhumhi huru yainzi Fenrir. Bragi akanga ari mwari wouchenjeri nokugona kutaura. Heimdall aiva mwanakomana wevasikana vapfumbamwe naOdin.
Uyu mwari ndiye muchengeti wavamwe vamwari nemhaka yokuti anorara zvishomanene zvikuru uye kuridza hwamanda huru kunogona kunzwika kubva kupi nokupi pasi pano kana kuti mudenga.
Höör akanga ari mwari asingaoni akauraya munun'una wake Balder nedart kubva kune chirimwa chinonzi mistletoe, iyo ndiyo yega chirimwa chaigona kumukuvadza.
Zvakanaka, amai mudzimai waOdin pakuberekwa Balder akaita kuti zvipenyu zvose zvipenyu kana kuti zvipikirwa zvisazokuvadza mwanakomana wake waaida asi akakanganwa muti muduku waiva mistletoe.
Saka Loki, uyo akanga akadyiswa neBalder's ego uye kusagadzikana, akapa Höör dart rakagadzirwa kubva mumuti uyu uye akamubatsira nekukandira kuna mwari akanga ari bofu, akabata mukoma wake ndokumuuraya.
Ipapo Loki akarangwa naOdin nokuda kwaakamusunga kumatombo matatu makuru uye akarayira nyoka kuti isvipire uturu pachiso chaLoki nguva nenguva, izvo zvakamuparira marwadzo anotyisa mukuwedzera kushatisa chiso chake.
Mumwe mwari akanga ari Vidar, uyo akanga ari mwari ane taciturn, iye aitarisira kugadzirisa kusawirirana kupi nokupi, akanga ane mano iwayo sekutaura kunoita ngano dzeNorse. Váli akanga ari mwari aimirira vapfuri vouta uye chinangwa chake chakanga chisingakundiki. Ull aive mwari aimiririra kurwa kwepedyo.
Forseti ndiye mwari wekuwirirana uye ushamwari. Kana ari Loki, akanga ari mwari wenyonganyonga, akaunza nhamo nenhamo yevose AEsir, kunyange kuvanhu, akanga ari mwari ane mano uye anorwisana pamwe chete nokusazivikanwa, asingachinji, akapiwa zvikuru nhema namano.
Kana vari vamwari vechikadzi maererano nengano dzeNorse, paiva naFrigg akanga ari muoni uyewo ari mudzimai waOdin mukuru, Eir uyo akanga ari murapi, mwarikadzi Siöfn uyo akatakura mirangariro yavanhu akananga kunzwa kworudo. Var ndiye mwari aimiririra mhiko.
Mwarikadzi Syn maererano nengano dzeNorse aiva muchengeti wemasuwo, Iðunn akanga ari mwarikadzi aichengeta maapuro aigona kuita vamwari vaduku zvakare, ikoko simba guru raMwari mumwe nomumwe akanga ari mudzimai waBragi.
Kirasi yechipiri yevamwari Vanir
Maererano nengano dzechiNorse, vamwari vokutanga vedenga vaiva Aesir, asi maererano netsika dzavo vainamatawo vamwe vamwari vaibva mugungwa, masango, mhepo, uye masimba masimba anobudisa zvisikwa. Vamwari ava vaizivikanwa nezwi Vanir uye vaigara muVanaheim.
Ava vamwari, maererano nengano dzeNorse, vakatonga nzvimbo dzavo, naizvozvo Njörör akanga ari mutarisiri wokutonga mhepo negungwa pamwe chete nemoto, mudzimai wake akanga ari Skaöj, uyo akanga ari mwari wokuvhima.
Frey uyo aitonga mvura nezuva. Yakakumbirwa nevanhu kuti iwane goho rakanaka sezvo yaimiririra kubereka. Frevja aive mwarikadzi werudo uye vaive vana vake vese.
Kudyidzana pakati pevamwari AEsir naVanir
Mukubatana uku, nheyo mbiri dzengano dzeNordic dziripo, sezvo vamwari vekutanga vaimiririrwa neAEsir vaive varwi nepo vamwari vechipiri vaifananidzirwa naVanir vaive nerunyararo uye zviri pachena mungano dzavo kuti kwaive nevamwari vaive mativi ose..
Nokudaro, maererano nengano dzeNorse idzi, Frey naFrevja vaiva zviso zviviri zvehumwari mumwe akazoparadzana gare gare uye mukurumbira wamwarikadzi Frevja uye kufanana kwemazita avo nemabasa zvakaita kuti vafanane namwarikadzi Frigg, mudzimai waOdin.
Maererano netsvagiridzo yakaitwa naGeorges Dumézil, mutsauko unoonekwa mune zviito zveVanir, sezvo ivo vaitarisira kudyara, kukohwa uye mamiriro ekunze, nepo AEsir yaitarisira zvinhu zvemweya uye chibvumirano cherunyararo chiri pakati pavo.
Pamusoro pekutsinhana kwevakapambwa uye michato yakaitika mushure mekupokana kukuru pakati pevamwari ava uye hondo yakakundwa neAEsir, ndosaka Njörd aifanira kutamira kuAsgard kunogara nemukadzi wake nevana vaviri.
Uye munzvimbo yekugara kweVanir, munun'una waOdin ainzi Hoenir akagadzira nzvimbo yake yekugara, maererano nenhema idzi dzeNorse, kutevedzera vanamwari zvinoenderana nemasikirwo kunoitwa.
Vamwe vanotsinhira kuti mukuwirirana nengano dzeIndo-European, kufanana kunoitwa kunhau yechiGiriki munhau yokurwa pakati pavamwari veOlympus navaTitans kana kuti kunyange kunangana kwamaHindu naMahabharata.
The Jotuns kana kuti Hofori
Vaive nengozi kumunhu wenyama nekuti maJotun vaive nemasimba emweya vakafanana nemazitanho engano dzechiGreek asi mungano dzeNorse vaifananidzwawo nematroll kana madhimoni vaive vakanyangara kwazvo asi vaive nehuchenjeri hukuru pamusoro pekuva nepfuma vamwe vamwari vaibatsirika. ivo.
Pakati pavo panomira pachena mungano dzeNordic kusikwa kwechadenga kubva mumuviri waYmir aive wekutanga kune hofori idzi uye runako rusingaenzaniswi rwehofori Gerör aive mudzimai wamwari Freyr, zvinonzi mukadzi akanaka uyu aizoita. kuve mufananidzo wekubereka sezvo Freyr aive mwari wekubereka.
Hukama pakati pevamwari nevaJotuns
Sezvinoratidzwa kuburikidza nengano dzeNorse vamwe vamwari veAEsir vaive vazukuru veJotuns sezvo zvibvumirano zvekuroora zvakaitwa pakati pavo.
Izvo zvinoratidzwa muEddas uye zviratidzo zvechisikigo, zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti hofori dzakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri, iwo emoto neaya echando, achichengetedza kunetsana kwevamwari.
Vanova vechokwadi muNordic ngano kuburikidza nekurwisana kwakafanana nehondo kwakatungamirirwa naThor uye muhondo yeramangwana yeRagnarök mauto achange achitarisira kuparadza achange ari pasi pemirairo yehofori Surt uyo akanga ari mutungamiri wehofori dzemoto uye. Hrym aive kaputeni wechikepe chikuru.
Zvimwe zvisikwa zvine mukurumbira mukuru mungano dzeNorse
Pazasi isu tichatsanangura mamwe eanomiririra zvisikwa zvedzimwe ngano dzeNorse:
Norns
Iyo inozivikanwawo nezwi rokuti nornir maererano nengano dzeNordic, ivo vaitungamirira kutaurira magumo uye vakanga vasingashanduki uye zvinonzi vakanga vakawanda munhoroondo, kunyanya munguva iyo yakadzokera kuScandinavians, nhatu nhatu dzakakosha zvikuru. zvinoratidzwa, izvo zvinogara mumidzi yeYggdrasill.
Kuva Urör anomiririra zvakaitika, Veröandi iyezvino uye zviri kuitika iyezvino uye Skuld achitaura nezveramangwana zvichaitika, ivo vaitungamira kuruka magumo evarume kuburikidza nematepi uye semagamba akashandisa shinda dzegoridhe gadzira destiny yako.
Aya ma spinner aive aine hukama maererano nengano dzeNorse nevadiki vaive zvimiro zvechikadzi zvine chekuita nekufa kwevanhu uye maValkyries aive pasi pemurairo weOdin magnanimous uye aive aine hukama nedestiny yaive yakakosha kutsika.
Valkyries
Aya mavara echikadzi akatanhamara anoita basa rakakura mungano dzeNorse, vakasarudzwa naOdin pachake. Aya mafananidzo echikadzi, kunze kwekunge akanaka, aive varwi vakasimba vane hunyanzvi hwekuporesa.
Basa revakadzi vakanaka ava rakanga riri rokuendesa kuna Valhalla magamba akanga awira muhondo ayo akasarudzwa naOdin munzvimbo iyoyo yavakapinda ndokuvapa mead kuti vanwe mukuwedzera mukufadza varume norunako rwavo rukuru maererano nengano dzechiNurse.
Maererano nengano dzeNorse, vaValkyries vakanga vari mhandara uye vaigara muVingólf, iyo yakanga iri pedyo naValhalla, kunyange zvazvo vakasarudzwa naOdin pachake, vakanga vari pasi pemirairo yamwarikadzi Freyja.
The Dwarfs uye Elves
Imwe yemarudzi akakosha mungano dzeNorse aive madiki, sezvo achinzi aive makonye akange ashanduka kuita vanhu vadiki pavakabuda munyama yaYmir. Hofori yakauraiwa navamwari pakutanga kwenguva maererano nengano yeNorse.
Aya mashura mashura anogara pasi pevhu munyika inozivikanwa seSvartalfheim uye rimwe remabasa avo makuru kuchera mukuwedzera kune simbi. Vakachenjera kwazvo saka vanogona kugadzira zvombo nemashiripiti ekuita magamba pamwe nezvinhu zvine simba zvevamwari, kusanganisira sando yaThor.
Kana ari elves maererano nenguva yeScandinavia, alphas yechiedza inozivikanwa se liosalfar yakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri, ayo aigara mudenga mukugara kwaFrey, nyika ino inonzi Alfheim.
Mhuri yechipiri yaizivikanwa serima álfar uye vakazvizivisa ivo nezwi rinotevera svartálfar uye dökkálfar. Aya echipiri elves aitove akasiyana evadiki zvinoenderana nengano dzeNorse sezvo yaive musanganiswa pakati peelves nemadiki.
Zvakanaka, maererano nengano dzeNordic, maelves akarongedzerwa sevanhu vakatetepa uye vakakura, asi kuburikidza netsika yeNordic vakadzikiswa pasi pamanera kudzamara vava vanhu vakakura vapfupi.
Izvo zvinoratidzwa mumabhuku aWilliam Shakespeare uye hukama hwezvisikwa izvi nevarume huviri sechinhu chiri chose mungano dzeNorse sezvo vachikwanisa kuunza hupfumi pamwe nekuva mutsigiri wezvirwere nenhamo pakupera kwematsutso. mwaka wakapa zvipiriso zvinokosha.
Zvisikwa kana Mhuka
Ndivo zvimwe zvisikwa zvemweya zvinokwevera ngwano mungano dzeNorse uye pakati pavo chikuru imhumhi hombe inonzi Fenrir pamwe nenyoka yegungwa yakatenderedza nyika inonzi Jörmungandr.
Zvose zvisikwa zvengano vana vamwari Loki uye hofori Angrboda aive muroyi mukuru asingakanganwi Hela, mutongi wepasi mutsika dzeNorse.
Kune zvimwe zvisikwa zvinoshivirira, zvakadai saHugin naMunin, avo vaiva makunguo maviri akanga achitarisira kuunganidza nhau munyika yose uye kuaendesa kuOdin nepfungwa uye ndangariro mungano dzeNorse.
Pamusoro peRatatösk, squirrel iyo inotarisira kukwira nekudzika mumuti muhombe iyo ndiyo chinhu chikuru chechadenga. Uyu muti wakanaka unonzi Yggdrasil, ndiwo muti weupenyu kana kuti ash tree of the Universe Zvinonzi muNorse myths kuti Odin akarembera kubva pamatavi ayo kwemazuva mapfumbamwe uye nayo yakauya kuzofungidzira runes.
Imwe yemhuka kana zvisikwa zvengano dzeNorse ibhiza rine makumbo masere raishandiswa naOdin uye aive mwanakomana waLoki paakava mboro uye akabatwa pamuviri nebhiza raive rehofori huru nekuti zvinonzi mwari. yemhirizhonga uye mess yaive hermaphrodite.
Kufanana nedzimwe ngano
Kana toreva nezvengano dzevaNorse, havana kurwisana pakati pezvakanaka nezvakaipa zvetsika dzinocherechedzwa kuMiddle East. Nokuti vanamwari vaiva nemasimba makuru anozivikanwa senharaunda.
Naizvozvo, mwari Loki haasiye chete mhandu yevamwari veNorse, sezvazvakaita kuna Thor, uye hofori hadzina kushata, asi dzine hasha uye dzisina hunyanzvi maererano nengano dzeNorse, uye chimiro chehwaro hwavo kurongeka kurwisa mhirizhonga.
Vamwari veNordic vari panguva dzese kurongeka uye Loki pamwe chete nehofori uye zvikara kana zvisikwa zvemweya zvinomiririra mhirizhonga uye kusagadzikana mune idzi ngano dzeNordic ngano.
Kwakatangira uye Kuguma Kwenyika: Völuspá
Vanotsanangurwa maererano nengano dzeNorse mune rimwe basa rinozivikanwa seVöluspá iro rinoshandura seUporofita hweVölva kana Sibyl uye ndeimwe yenhetembo dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa muPoetic Edda.
Ndimo mundima idzi ndimo umo ngano dzeNorse dzinobudiswa pamusoro pechitendero uye kuparadzwa kunobvira kwenyika. Naizvozvo, muVöluspá Odín ndiyo hukuru hwepamusoro-soro uye inosanganisa mweya weshaman kana sibyl akafa, saka anomuraira kuti azivise zvakapfuura uye nezveramangwana.
Maererano nenhema idzi dzeNordic, chikamu ichi chakatofa chinozviratidza uye hachiratidzi kutya mwari Odin uye nekuda kweizvi, chinoseka huMwari kunyanya Odin anoomerera pakuziva uye sibyl inomuudza zvakavanzika zvekare uye remangwana mushure mekunge raparara.
Kutanga
Nhema dzeNordic dzinotanga kusati kwasikwa nyika ine chando inozivikanwa neshoko rokuti Niflheim uye nyika yemoto inonzi Muspelheim, pakati penyika mbiri idzi paiva neGinnungagap, iyo yaiva gomba rakadzika uye panzvimbo iyi pakanga pasina hupenyu. .
Munyika yaizivikanwa seNiflheim maive negora guru raitinhira rine izwi rekuti Hvergelmir raitubuka uye parakasangana nepasina rakashanduka kuita aizi uye makore emhute yemvura akagadzirwa.
Mune rimwe remabhuroko iwayo maiva nehofori yechinyakare yainzi Ymir iyo yakaumbwa munyika iyoyo yakaoma nechando uye pedyo naye mhou yainzi Auðumbla uye kubva pamhuka iyi hofori yacho yaidyiswa nomukaka.
Mhou yakananzva chimedu chechando ichibva yawana chikafu chekugadzira mukaka. Kubva kune hofori huru iyi yainzi Ymir aive hermaphrodite uye nhengo dzake dzepedyo dzakatevedzana dzichizvara rudzi rwehofori.
Kuzvarwa ari mwari ainzi Buri, uyuwo aive nemwanakomana ainzi Bor aive baba vekutanga AEsir vanova Odin nevakoma vake Vili naVe vakaponda hofori Ymir uye kuburikidza nemuviri wake mukuru vakasika nyika inozivikanwa mukati. ngano dzevaNorse
Vamwari veNordic vaitarisira kutonga kufamba kwemazuva neusiku uye zvakafanana nemwaka uye maererano neNordic myths vanhu vekutanga vakavezwa nematanda kubva pamiti.
Bvunza yakabva mumuti wemadota uye Embla kubva mumuti wemu elm.Vakamutswa nevanun'una vaOdin Vili naVe.Vakafanana naAdhamu naEvha maererano nezvimwe zvitendero, asi panyaya yengano dzeNorse vakabva kune idzi. miti.
Kana riri zuva, rakanga riri mwarikadzi Sól, uyo akayambuka denga ari mungoro yake akatakura mabhiza maviri.
Zvinonzi mungano dzeNorse kuti mwarikadzi Sól anovhimwa masikati nemhumhi yeSköll kuti amudye uye mukoma wamwarikadzi Sól mwedzi uye anonzi Máni uye anodzingirwawo neimwe mhumhi inonzi Hati.
Pasi rinodzivirirwa nemumwe mwari anonzi Svalin anomira pakati pemwaranzi yamwarikadzi Sól nenyika uye maererano nengano dzeNorse mwarikadzi Sól haana kubudisa chiedza asi panzvimbo pezvo chaipiwa nemabhiza aakatakura.
Maererano neSibyl uyo aiziva nezvezvino, zvekare uye zveramangwana, akarondedzera kuti muti mukuru wemadota Yggdrasil nematatu matatu aimiririra magumo asina kukwanisa kuchinja, mazita avo ari Urör, Veröandi uye Skuld.
Vaive vane hukama nezviripo, zvekare neremangwana, ndivo vaive nebasa rekuruka shinda dzezvinozoitika pasi pemumvuri wavo unodziya. Anotaurawo nezvehondo yekutanga pakati peAEsir neVanir pamwe nekufa kwaBalder uyezve anotarisa pane zvingazoitika mune ramangwana.
Ragnarok
Zvinoenderana nengano dzeNordic, chiono chinotevera chinoenderana neramangwana hachina chokwadi uye chine rima, nekuti zvaifungidzirwa kuti masimba anounza kusagadzikana uye mhirizhonga aive akawanda kupfuura ivo vaizokunda vamwari nevatariri vevanhu. mukutarisira kuchengetedza kurongeka uye zvakanaka.
Zvinonzi mune idzi ngano dzeNorse kuti Loki pamwe nevanakomana vake vanotyisa vaizokwanisa kuputsa zvisungo zvavo uye vakafa vaizobuda muHelheim nechikepe nechinangwa chekukwanisa kurwisa vapenyu. Nezvemuchengeti wezambuko remurarabungu, Heimdall ndiye achange achitungamira kudaidza vamwari nenyanga yake huru.
Kuita iyo hondo yekupedzisira pakati pekurongeka uye mhirizhonga inozivikanwa saRagnarök uye sezvo ivo vachitoziva kuti vamwari vanogona kurasikirwa, ivo vane basa rekunyora varwi vepamusoro vanonzi Einherjer kuti varwe parutivi rwavo kana nguva yasvika.
Kunyange zvazvo zvichinzi mune idzi ngano dzeNorse kuti ivo vacharasikirwawo nehondo uye Odin pachake achaputirwa neshaya dzemhumhi huru Fenrir. Mushure mehondo iyi kuchave nevamwe vachapona pakati pevanhu nevamwari vachange vachitungamira kuzadzazve nyika nekudaro kutanga kutenderera kwehupenyu.
Zvose izvi zvinotaurirwa kuburikidza nemashoko eSibyl munhetembo inonzwisisika inoitwa muEddas, vazhinji vanotaura kuti zvichida ingano ine simba rechiKristu, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vachinyora kuti ndeyePersian Zoroastrianism.
Pamusoro peMadzimambo neMagamba
Pamusoro pezvo, mune idzi ngano dzeNorse, magamba nemadzimambo vanonzi zvisikwa zvemweya zvinobvumidza kuvambwa kwedzinza nehumambo hwemabviro erudzi rwetsika iyi kuti vagari vayo vawane kuzivikanwa sedzinza kuburikidza nengano dzakapa mbiri kune. ngano dzavo dzechiNorse.
Naizvozvo, zviri pachena mungano dzeNorse kuti magamba anomuka zvakare zvichienderana nenguva iyo nyaya yeNorse inoudzwa kuti ipe kuenderana kunhoroondo yayo.
Pakati pemagamba akataurwa ndiWeyland Völundr uyo aive nyanzvi huru mupfuri nemhizha. Siegfried Sigurd kana kuti Siegfried akauraya dhiragoni nemaoko ake uye akageza muropa remhuka iyi paakaita izvi akava asingafi.
Beowulf kana Bödvar Bianchi aive mumwe wevane gumi nevaviri berserkers maererano nengano dzeNorse zvinoreva bere diki rekurwa rakatorwa nemurwi weViking ane mukurumbira ainzi Hrölfr Kraki maererano nekuchera matongo kunobva ngano iyi.
Mukuwedzera, mamwe magamba makuru anotaurwa, akadai saHagbard uyo akadanana nemukadzi akanaka ainzi Signy uyo akanga ari mwanasikana wamambo ainzi Sigar uyo akanga ariwo muzukuru wemumwe mambo ainzi Siggeir.
Kubva kune idzi ngano dzeNordic kunouya ngano yeVölsunga saga nekuti hukama hwerudo uhwu hwakazove dambudziko guru nekufa kwevaviri vanodanana. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti vamwari ava vaiva vanhu vanofa uye vakawana simba ravo guru uye huduku husingagumi kuburikidza nemaapuro ayo mwarikadzi Iðunn aitarisira.
Starkad nderimwe remagamba engano dzeNorse idzi dzinotaurwa muchiito cheDanorum uye muIrish sagas, kuve murwi mukuru pamwe nekuva munyori wenhamba huru dzemhosva.
Ragnar Lodbrok uyu gamba rengano dzeNorse aizviti muzukuru weOdin ane simba uye akarwisa nhamba huru yevaKristu.
Akazviita panguva iyo vagari ava vaive mumitambo yechitendero nechinangwa chekuvabvisa vakangwarira nekuti kunyangwe varwi vaive vanyura mumabasa echitendero mukati metembere.
Zvinonzi akanga akaroora varwi vaviri vakakurumbira zvikuru, mumwe wavo ainzi Skjaldmö Lathgertha mune inozivikanwa seGesta Danorum uye kuna Queen Aslaug uyo aiva mwanasikana waSigurd naBrynhildr maererano nevölsunga saga.
Kana ari Sigurd Ring, Baba Ragnar Lodbrok ndivo vaive gamba rakapfuura ratakataura nezvaro munyaya ino tichireva ngano dzevaNorse.Zita rake rinoreva mhete.Kutamba kwaakaita muhondo yeBrávellir kwaakaitira sekuru vake Harald Hilditonn kunotsanangurwa. on.
Ivar Vidfamne maererano nengano dzeNordic akatanga ari mambo muguta reScania ndokukunda Sweden mushure mekukunda Inglald Illráde uye simba rake rakawedzera nekukunda dzimwe nzvimbo dzakadai seScandinavia nedzimwe nyika muEngland nekuda kwekubata kwake vagari vazhinji vakatama kubva munzvimbo idzodzo.
Maererano nenhoroondo, chiito chake chekupedzisira chakaitwa muRussia apo akafira mumaoko eOdin ane simba uye mamwe mazwi anoti akanyura mumvura yeGulf yeFinland.
Harald Hilditonn, maererano nengano dzeNorse, gamba iri raizivikanwa semhuka ine utsinye uye nharaunda yake yakasvika kuMediterranean. Kune kunyange kutaura mune idzi ngano dzeNorse nezvevakadzi vakashinga vakatora chikamu muhondo uye vanozivikanwa mutsika iyi nezita rekuti skialdmön.
Vakanga vari vasikana venhovo maererano nengano dzeNorse, vanotaurwa kunyanya mumasaga akadai saHervarar uye muGesta Danorum, muenzaniso wenhoo idzi ndiBrynhildr muSaga reVolsunga.
Ava varwi vaitarisira kuve chipingamupinyi munzendo dzakasiyana dzehugamba, kunyangwe Saxo Grammaticus, muongorori weiyi tsika yeNordic, akazvitsanangura nenzira iyi:
"... pakanga pane pakati pevakadzi veDanes avo, vachishandura runako rwavo kuva mhepo dzechirume, vakapa hunenge hupenyu hwavo hwose kumabasa ehondo ..."
Nzira dzokunamata nadzo
Zvinoenderana netsika dzeNordic, nzvimbo tsvene hadzicherechedzwe semune dzimwe ngano, saka nzira yavo yekunamata muminda nechinangwa chinoyera kana munzvimbo yekugara yevagari ava yaitove nebasa rekuunganidzira huwandu hwematombo neatari iyi. aive nezita raHangar.
Kunyangwe nekuda kwekuferefeta kwakaitwa pane idzi ngano dzeNordic, zvave zvichikwanisika kuona kuti kune dzimwe nzvimbo tsvene dzakaita seSkiringssal.
Nharaunda yenhoroondo yeNorway yanhasi, Lejre iri pachitsuwa cheZealand muDenmark yemazuva ano pamwe neGamla Uppsala, saiti inogara ichinzi mungano dzeNorse.
Maererano nekuongorora kwakaitwa nemuongorori Adan de Bremen, uyo anotaura kuti panofanira kunge kune nzvimbo tsvene muUppsala, sezvo zvidhori zvitatu zvakawanikwa muzvinyorwa zvekuchera matongo zvinogona kufananidzira vanamwari veOdin, Thor naLoki.
Vapristi mungano dzeNorse
Zvinoenderana nengano dzeNordic, tsika yeshamanism yaishandiswa mutsika iyi yaitsigirwa nevakadzi vanozivikanwa sevölvas, sezvo zvichinzi hofisi yehupirisita yakashandurwa kuita basa ramambo uye ivo vaive nebasa rekuita zvibayiro kana zvipiriso kune vamwari vane basa.
Zvibayiro kana zvibayiro zvevanhu
Zvinoenderana nekuferefeta kwakaitwa, chibayiro chimwe chete chemunhu chinogona kusimbiswa panguva ino, tsananguro iyi inogadzirwa naAhmad ibn Fadlan.
Uyo aive munyori nemufambi werudzi rwechiArabu uye munhoroondo dzake anotaura nezvekuvigwa mungarava umo muranda wechidiki akakumbira kuperekedza tenzi wake kune imwe nyika.
Manongedzero kwavari anopiwa zvishoma nevamwe vanyori venhoroondo, vakadai saTacitus, Saxo Grammaticus, uyo anonzi akanyora angangoita mabhuku gumi nematanhatu, uye Adam von Bremen, aitungamira kudzidza tsika dzeNordic idzi.
Mune imwe yengano inozivikanwa seHeimskringla, Mambo Tete wekuSweden akaita chibairo nevapfumbamwe vevanakomana vake nechinangwa chekukwanisa kurebesa hupenyu hwake, mwanakomana wake mumwe chete ndiye akaponeswa nekuti zvidzidzo zvakamutadzisa kumuuraya ainzi Egil.
Maererano nekuferefeta kwaAdhama weBremen, madzimambo eSweden aitarisira kupa zvibayiro zvevarandarume makore mapfumbamwe ega ega muzvibayiro zvakaitwa kuYule izvo zvinoenderana nemutambo wechando wesolstice munzvimbo tsvene yeUppsala.
Zvinonziwo muSweden kwete madzimambo chete akasarudzwa asiwo vanhu vaigona kuvashandura, saka Dornalde naOlof Trätälia vakabayirwa mushure mokutungamirira vanhu vavo kumakore enzara.
Izvo zvinototaurwa muNordic myths kuti iyo huru yeOdin yakabatanidzwa nematanda uye inogona kuratidzwa mune imwe nzvimbo yezvokuchera matongo kuti miviri inochengetedzwa nekuda kweasidhi ye peats, iyo yakasviba yakasviba organic component.
Kuve akapfuma zvakanyanya mucarbon muJutland iyo yakazotorwa nemaDanes uye munzvimbo iyi vakarasa mitumbi iyi mushure mekudzipwa asi hapana chinyorwa chakanyorwa chezviito izvi chinogona kuwanikwa.
Kudyidzana kwengano dzeNorse nechiKristu
Chimwe chezvipingamupinyi zvikuru zvengano idzi dzeNorse ndechokuti dzakanyorwa nevaKristu uye pakati pavo Lesser Edda neHeimskringla inogona kupiwa semuenzaniso wakanyorwa naSnorri Sturlusson muzana remakore rechiXNUMX uye panguva iyoyo Iceland yainge yatova neanenge maviri. mazana emakore muchitendero chechiKristu.
Saka masaga ese anobva kuIslandi uye Snorri anopa Odin ane simba semunhu ari murwi uye ane hunyanzvi hwehutungamiriri uye anobva kuAsia pakati pehondo dzake anowana masimba emashiripiti uye anokwanisa kukunda Sweden uye kana afa anova semi-mwari. .
Saka zvinocherechedzwa kuti simba remwari ane simba kwazvo wengano dzeNorse rakadzikiswa kuitira kuti Snorri anyore chibvumirano namambo weSweden anonzi Even kuti akwanise kurebesa hupenyu hwake hwepanyama kuburikidza nechibayiro chevana vake.
Ipapo Snorri anotsanangura muzvinyorwa kuti zvisikwa izvi zvinoshandurirwa sei kuchiKristu, sezvinoitika munzira yakataurwa naOlaf Haraldsson kwaakashandura zvine hutsinye maNorwegian kukutenda kwechiKristu.
Nechinangwa chekudzivisa hondo yevagari veIsland, Paramende yakavhotera chiKristu asi yakabvumira kuzvipira kwechihedheni mukati medzimba, panzvimbo pacho muSweden hondo dzevagari vemo dzakatanga muzana remakore rechiXNUMX izvo zvakakonzera kuparadzwa kwenzvimbo tsvene muUppsala.
Maererano nezvidzidzo munzvimbo dzekuchera matongo, zvakaratidzwa kuti chiKristu chakanga chiri munharaunda iyi pakati pemakore 150 ne200 uye kunyange zvinyorwa zverunic kubva muzana remakore rechiXNUMX zvakawanikwa uye pakati pazvo pane zvinyorwa zveBryggen zvinoti zvinotevera:
"... Thor anogona kukugamuchira, Odin anogona kuva wako ..."
Imwe yeiyi runes ine chekuita nekurapa nzira maererano nengano dzeNorse dzaive dzakakosha kuvagari vetsika dzeNorse, vachinyora zvinotevera:
"... Ndinoveza runes dzokuporesa, ndinoveza mhanyi dzinoponesa, kamwe kurwisana neelves, kaviri kurwisana nemakumbo, katatu kurwisana nejotuns ..."
Nekuda kweizvi, zvinyorwa zvishoma zvine chekuita nengano dzeNordic zvakacherechedzwa kubva muzana ramakore rechi 1555 nerechi XNUMX, saka zvinyorwa chete zvakatekeshera ndezvavafundisi, chimwe chazvo ndecheOlaus Magnus mugore raXNUMX, akataura kuti sei. zvakanga zvakaoma kudzima zvitendero zvekare.
Inocherechedzwa muzvinyorwa zvemuromo kusimudzira kukuru kweiyi tsika yeNordic, senge PrymskviÖa, iyo inoturikira sekuimba kwaThrym, pamwe nenyaya yerudo yaHagbard naSigny, uko marekodhi eiyi nyaya inofadza inocherechedzwa.
Mumakore achangopfuura vaongorori vengano dzeSwedish vanogona kucherechedzwa vachirekodha zvinotendwa nemuromo zvevanhu uko dzimwe ngano dzeNordic dzinogona kuratidzwa dzakapukunyuka chiKristu uye kubva pane zvakanyorwa naSnorri.
Pakati pevamwari vachiri kuchengetedzwa mune idzi ngano dzeNorse ndiOdin, Thor, Frevja naBalder mukuwedzera kune zvisikwa zvemweya izvo zviri chikamu chetsika dzeScandinavia.
Izvo zvinotendwa nevagari vayo nhasi maererano nezvinozoitika zvakaramba zvakatendeka kutsika yavo yeNordic kunyangwe nguva dzapfuura.
Nezve hero muchiKristu uye mungano dzeNorse dzakafanana zvikuru, ndokusaka kutenda kwaHelvíti kwakatorwa mungano dzeNorse, iyo inoshandura sechirango chisingagumi muchitendero chechiKristu.
Dzimwe tsika dzichiri kuchengetedzwa kubva kungano dzeNordic dzine chekuita nedzinoitwa panguva yechando solstice maererano netsika yeYule, kupira nguruve paKisimusi.
Izvozvi zvinoramba zvichizadzikiswa kune aya mazuva aDecember, kunyangwe panguva yaakaitwa aive mukukudza mwari Frey.
zvinofurira
Izvozvi zvinocherechedzwa kuti chikamu chemazwi azvino chakabva mungano dzeNordic, pakati pawo mazuva evhiki mumutauro weChirungu, mitauro yeScandinavia neGerman.
Pamusoro pemimhanzi, Richard Wagner wekubva kuGerman akafemerwa nevatambi veNordic mythology kuti aite imwe yemitambo yake yakakurumbira inozivikanwa se tetralogy The Ring of Nibelung.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti muhwina weNobel Prize muna 1955 VaHalldor Laxness vakaburitsa muna 1968 bhuku rine musoro unoti Under the Glacier apo zvinhu zvechiKristu zvinopindirana nengano dzeNordic dzenharaunda yeIceland.
Muzvinyorwa, vanyori vazhinji vakave nebasa rekugadzira madingindira anonakidza ane chekuita nengano dzeNorse, kusanganisira JRR Tolkien, akatora chikamu mukugadzira nyaya dzinonakidza dzaIshe weRings.
Kuwana kuve mutengesi mukuru webheti kwete chete padanho rakanyorwa asi yakatorwa kune hombe skrini kuva hombe bhokisi rekutengesa rekodhi. Nekuda kwehuwandu hukuru hwezvinhu kubva kuNorse mythology yekutsanangura kwayo, ngano dzeNorse dzinoonekwawo mumafirimu akaitwa naStan Lee paMarvel.
Kunyangwe mumitambo yemavhidhiyo yakadai saMwari weHondo, iyo yave yakakodzera nguva yePlaystation, mukuwedzera kune inonakidza maVikings akatevedzana ari kuratidzwa paNetflix dhijitari papuratifomu, tinokurudzira kuti uione.
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