La Nhoroondo yenyika Ndiyo nyaya huru yekuti mhando dzemhuka dzakagadzira maturusi ematombo dzakazovaka sei nyika, humambo, maguta makuru, uye ma network edhijitari anobatanidza pasi rese. Rwendo urwu runosanganisira zvese: kutama kukuru, zvigadzirwa zvinoshandura hupenyu, humambo hunomuka nekudzikira, uye runyorwa rurefu rwehondo, kumukira, zvitendero, uye nzira dzakasiyana dzekunzwisisa nyika.
Mumitsara inotevera muchawana tsananguro yakazara, kubva kuvanhu vekutanga kusvika nhasi unoInotsanangura nhoroondo yevanhu munhoroondo yese, kubva kumarudzi makuru eAfrica, Asia, Europe, neAmerica, kusvika kumaitiro akaumba mepu yezvematongerwo enyika iripo: kupambwa kwenyika, kuzvitonga, shanduko dzemaindasitiri, hondo dzepasi rose, Hondo yeMadzimwe Nyika, kudyidzana kwenyika, nematambudziko makuru ezana remakore rechi21. Harisi rondedzero yemazuva chete; ipfupiso yakazara yekuti vanhu vakazvironga sei nekufamba kwenguva.
Kubva kumaHomo sapiens ekutanga kusvika kumamisha ekutanga
Humbowo hwemajini nehwezvisaririra zvinoratidza kuti Homo sapiens yemazuva ano yakabuda muAfrica Makore angangoita zviuru mazana matatu apfuura, munguva yePaleolithic. Kwemakumi ezviuru zvemakore vairarama nekuvhima, kuunganidza nekutsvaga, vachigara vachifamba vasingagadzire chikafu chavo.
Munguva iyoyo yakareba yePaleolithic, mutauro unotsanangurwa uye kugona kwekufananidziraNdipo panotangawo kuvigwa kwevakafa nguva dzose, zvichida kuviga kuora, asi izvo zvinotoratidza kunzwisisa kwakaomarara kwerufu uye pamwe zvitendero pamusoro pehupenyu hwepashure perufu.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha kwaive kurongeka kwekutonga kwe moto wekudziyisa nekubikaIzvi zvakaita kuti chikafu chishandiswe zviri nani uye kuti vanhu vagone kugara munzvimbo dzinotonhora. Panguva imwe chete, zvinhu zvakapfuma zvekufananidzira zvakatanga: zvishongo zvemunhu, hunyanzvi hunotakurika, uye gare gare, mifananidzo inoshamisa yemapako yakaita seyaiva kuBhimbetka muIndia kana kuLascaux muFrance, inoratidza zviitiko zvekuvhima, mitambo, tsika, uye mhuka dzesango.
Makore angangoita 50.000 apfuura, kuwanda kukuru kwenzvimbo kwakaitika: huwandu hwevanhu hwakapararira muAfrica yese, Vakatamira kuCentral Asia uye, kubva ipapo, vakagara muEurope neAmerica. (kuyambuka Bering Strait yaimbove nechando), pamwe neOceania. Kugara kwese kwenzvimbo dzisina chando kwakapedzwa makore angangoita 12.000 apfuura, pakupera kwenguva yekupedzisira yechando; zvitsuwa zviri kure zvePolynesia zvakazotorwa nemauto gare gare, mukati memakore ekuma1000 AD.
Mapoka evavhimi nevanounganidza aiwanzova mapoka madiki, asi aine imwe nhanho yehurongwa hwehutungamiriri uye network dzekubatana dziri kureNekufamba kwenguva, mazhinji akachinjwa kana kutorwa nemagariro ekurima ane simba; mamwe akaramba ari munzvimbo dziri kure, uye mamwe achiripo nanhasi.
Mesolithic, Neolithic uye shanduko yekurima
Mamiriro ekunze paakatanga kudziya mushure meIce Age, nguva yekuchinja yakabuda pakati pemuvhimi nemuunganidzi nehupenyu hwekurima: iyo MesolithicKuChamhembe kweEurope, uko nzvimbo dzine matope dzaiva nechikafu chakawanda, nzanga idzi dzeMesolithic dzakaramba dziripo kwezviuru zvemakore, dzichigadzira maturusi akanaka kwazvo ematombo, midziyo yekuredza, matemo ematombo, magwa, neuta, zvine chekuita netsika dzakadai sedze Azilian naMaglemosian.
Munzvimbo dzisina kunyanya kukanganiswa nechando, dzakadai seMiddle East, nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinosarudza kutaura nezvadzo EpipaleolithicNekuti kurima kwakatanga kare zvekuti nguva yeMesolithic hainyatsooneki. Chero zvazvingava, zviratidzo zvenguva iyi hazviwanzoonekwi uye zvinowanzogumira pazvisaririra zvekudya nezvimwe zviratidzo zvekutanga zve kutemwa kwemasango, kutanga kwezvichaitika zvinotevera.
Kuchinja kukuru kwakaitika pakati pemakore echi10 ne7 BC, apo muFertile Crescent (yava kunzi Middle East nhasi) kwakaitika izvo zvakanzi nemucheri wezvokuchera matongo Gordon Childe "Chimurenga cheNeolithic"Kuchinja kurima nekurima zvipfuyo. Kubva ipapo kwakapararira kune dzimwe nzvimbo: Indus Valley, Nile Valley (Egypt), China, uye yakazvimiririra kuenda kuMesoamerica neAndes.
Munguva yeNeolithic, iyo yakatanga kutenderedza 7000 BC munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, zvinotevera zvakaonekwa: kugara kwepakutanga kwechigarire, minda yakarimwa, uye kufudzwa kwemhuka dzinochengetwaKuchinja kwekudya, chingwa nezvinwiwa zvinodhaka zvekutanga zvinogadzirwa, uye kushandiswa kwematombo akakweshwa uye, gare gare, simbi (kutanga nemhangura nebhuronzi, kwozotevera simbi) kwava kushandiswa pakugadzira maturusi ekurima anoshanda zvakanyanya, zvombo nemidziyo yekuvaka.
Pakazosvika 3000 BC, mhangura nebhuronzi zvakanga zvatove zvichishandiswa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeNyika Yekare; gare gare, kumabvazuva kweMediterranean, Near East, neChina, simbi yaizova simbi huru. simbi neforoma muzvitofu zvinopisa zvakanyanya, iyo inovhura Nguva Yesimbi uye inowedzera kuramba kwezvishandiso.
Tinoparadzanisa sei nhoroondo uye zvinorevei kuti "nyika"?
Vanyori venhoroondo vakataura nzira dzakawanda dzekuita nyora nhoroondo yepasi rose nguva nenguvaKubva pamaonero eMarxist, masisitimu makuru ezvehupfumi hwevanhu akasiyana (chikomunisiti chekare, uranda, humambo hweudzvanyiriri, capitalism). MuEurope, kupatsanurwa kwakarongwa muna 1685 naChristoph Cellarius kwaive nesimba guru: Nhoroondo Yekare, Nguva Dzepakati, uye Nguva Yemazuva Ano, iyo yakazowedzerwa pairi Contemporary Age.
Mutsika dzeEurope, Nguva Yekare inowanzo tsanangurwa kubva pakukura kwetsika huru dzekutanga (dzakatenderedza 3000 BC) kusvika pakuwa kweHumambo hweRoma hwekuMadokero muna 476 AD; Nguva Yepakati yaizoenderera mberi kusvika pakuwa kweConstantinople muna 1453; Nguva Yemazuva Ano yaizogara kusvika paKuchinja kweFrance kwa1789, uye Nguva Yemazuva Ano yaizosanganisira zvese kubva ipapo kusvika nhasiZvisinei, kupatsanurwa uku kwakanyanya kunobva kuEurocentric uye hakuenderane zvakanaka mune dzimwe nzvimbo.
Vamwe vanyori, vakaita saSamuel P. Huntington, vakasarudza kusimbisa kuvapo kwemabhuku makuru e "tsika" dzetsika ikozvino (Euro-North America kana Western, Muslim, Hindu, Sinic kana Chinese, Latin America, Sub-Saharan, Slavic, Jewish, Japanese), kusimbisa kuti kudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose hakuna kubvisa mutsauko wakakura pakati pemapoka etsika.
Marudzi ekutanga uye matunhu
Kubudirira kwekurima kwakaita kuti huwandu hwevanhu nehupfumi huvepo, uye pamwe chete nazvo, kubuda kwehupfumi mamiriro ekutanga akaomararaMax Weber akatsanangura hurumende sesangano revanhu rinozviti ndiro rine simba repamutemo panzvimbo yakatarwa. Ndizvo chaizvo zvatinoona munzvimbo huru dzepakutanga.
MuMesopotamia, "nyika iri pakati penzizi" (Tigris neYufratesi), zvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvakateverana. Munguva yeUbaid, misha yakaita seinotevera yaionekwa pachena: Eridu, inoonekwa netsika dzevaSumer seguta rekare kupfuura mamwe ose, rine matemberi nemakuva zvinotangira pakati pechiuru chechishanu BC. Kurima kwaitovakirwa pa network dzekudiridza dzemigero dzakaoma.
Kubva mugore ra3800 BC, nguva ye Uruk Yakaona kubuda kwematembere makuru, magadzirirwo makuru, zvisimbiso zvekutanga zvesilinda, zviumbwa zvakasiyana, kugadzirwa kwevhiri remuumbi, vhiri, uye pamusoro pezvose, kunyora kwecuneiform kwezvinangwa zvekutongaSimba retsika iyi rakasvika kuSyria, Anatolia, nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweIran.
Nguva yakatevera yaJemdet Nasr nenguva yeEarly Dynastic yakaunza kubatanidzwa kwe Maguta eSumerian (Ur, Uruk, Lagash, Kish…) iyo yaitonga minda yavo nematemberi, kazhinji ichikwikwidzana nguva dzose. Munenge mugore ra2334 BC, Sargon weAkkad akabatanidza vazhinji vavo, achitanga Umambo hweAkkad, humwe hweumambo hwekutanga hunozivikanwa hwenzvimbo, hwakasvika padanho guru husati hwaparadzwa nevanhu vemumakomo vakaita sevaGutian.
Mushure menguva yekusagadzikana, dzinza rechitatu re Ur Akavakazve simba guru pamusoro penzvimbo zhinji dzeSumer neAkkad, nemadzimambo akaita seUr-Nammu. Kuedza kwake kudzora maguta, kusimbisa hutongi, uye kuita mapurojekiti makuru kwakatisiya nemagwaro akawanda. Zvisinei, mafungu ekupinda kwevaAmori nekurwiswa nevaEramu akapedzisira aparadza dzinza, uye maguta akawanda akapararira, achitongwa nevakuru vevaAmori (Isin, Larsa, nezvimwewo), ayo aizokwikwidzana kusvika Bhabhironi rava kutonga.
Kubva kuBhabhironi neAsiriya kuenda kuPersia nenyika yechiGiriki
Mumufananidzo uyu weMesopotamia makabuda Bhabhironi, iro pasi pe hammurabi (zana remakore rechi18 BC, zvichienderana nenguva yepakati) yakakwanisa kutonga chikamu chikuru chekumaodzanyemba kweMesopotamia uye yakagadzira bumbiro rakakurumbira rine zita rake. Nguva iyi inozivikanwa seHumambo hwekare hweBhabhironi kana Humambo hwekutanga hweBhabhironi. Gare gare kwakauya dzinza refu reKassite nemamwe masimba edunhu.
Kuchamhembe, vaAsiriya, kubva mumireniyamu yechipiri BC zvichienda mberi, vakachinja kubva pakuva simba rekutengeserana kuenda ku umambo hwemauto hwakakuraPakati pezana remakore rechi9 nerechi7 BC, vakavaka humambo hukuru hwakakunda Siria, Palestine, chikamu chikuru cheAnatolia, uye hwakatosvika kuIjipita. Mizinda yavo mikuru, yakadai seNinivhe neKalhu, yaishamisa nehukuru hwavo nedzimba dzavo dzeumambo dzakashongedzwa.
Nzvimbo isina chinhu yakasiyiwa nekuwa kweAsiria yaizozadzwa nevanodaidzwa kuti Umambo hweNeo-Bhabhironi (kana kuti muKaradhea), naNabopolassar uye, pamusoro pezvose, Nebhukadhinezari II, uyo akakunda Bhabhironi, akaparadza Jerusarema, uye akadzinga vamwe vevaJudha vakapfuma. Panguva iyi, muIran yanhasi, Umambo hweMedia, mubatanidzwa wemadzinza eIran kubva kumaZagros uyo waizopedzisira wabatanidzwa nerimwe simba raizobuda: Persia.
NaKoreshi II Mukuru, pakati pezana remakore rechitanhatu BC, Umambo hweAchaemenidiyo mumakumi mashoma emakore yakatora Media, Lydia, Bhabhironi uye yakapararira kubva kuIndus Valley kusvika kumabvazuva kweMediterranean, Egypt nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeLibya neCaucasus. Yaiva humambo hukuru uye hwaishivirira zvishoma, hwakarongwa muzvikamu zve satrapies, nezvivakwa zvakabudirira zvikuru (migwagwa yeumambo, mabasa epositi, kudiridza).
Kuwedzera kwePersia kwakapesana nemaguta eGreece, zvikaita kuti pave ne kurapa hondoKunyangwe Persia yakaramba iripo, yakazokundwa naAlexander III wekuMakedhoni, anozivikanwa saAlexander Mukuru, uyo akaparadza Umambo hweAchaemenid ndokugadzira hutongi hwaitangira kuGreece kusvika kuIjipita neRwizi rweIndus. Paakafa, vatungamiriri vake vemauto (Diadochi) vakagovana nzvimbo pakati pavo, zvikaita kuti pave nehutongi hwechiGiriki hwakaita se Seleucid Empire (muSiriya neMesopotamia), Umambo hwevaGiriki nevaBactrian muCentral Asia nedzinza reLagid muEgypt.
Ijipiti, Mediterranean uye kuberekwa kweMadokero
Zvichakadaro, pamhenderekedzo yeNile, kubvira muna 3000 BC, Yekare Ijipitiyakabatana pasi pevanaFarao vekutanga. Rwizi rwacho rwakavimbisa goho nguva dzose nekuda kwemafashamo arwo, uye izvi zvakabvumira nyika yakasimba yepakati, inokwanisa kuronga mapiramidhi, matemberi, makuva akavezwa mudombo (hypogea), uye michina yekutonga yakanakisa inotsigirwa nekunyora kwehieroglyphic.
Ijipiti yakasangana nenguva dzekubatana (Humambo hwekare, hwepakati, neHumambo hutsva) ichichinjana nenguva dzekupatsanurwa nekupinda (senge kwaHyksos). Munguva yeHumambo Hutsva, yakatora mutemo wekuwedzera, uchipinda muKanani neSiriya, kusvika yarwisana nevaHiti nedzimwe simba dzeNear East. Gare gare, yaizotongwa nevaNubian ("VaFaro Vatema"), vaAsiriya, vaPersia, uye pakupedzisira naAlexander Mukuru, mushure mekufa kwake yaizowira mumaoko evaSiria. Ptolemaic Dynasty kusvika yatorwa neRoma.
Mamwe masimba akamuka pakati nekumadokero kweMediterranean. Kumaodzanyemba kweItaly neSicily, maguta akati wandei eGreece akatanga Magna GreeceKuchamhembe kwenzvimbo yeItaly, tsika dzevaEtruscan dzakabatanidzwa, izvo zvaizopesvedzera zvikuru guta diki muLatium: Rome.
Tsika dzeRoma dzinoisa Kuvambwa kweRoma muna 753 BCKunyangwe tichiziva kuti zvakabva mukubatanidzwa kwemisha yakati wandei munharaunda yeTiber. Kutanga umambo, ndokuzove republic, Roma yakapararira muItaly yose muzana remakore rechina nerechitatu BC, ichirwisana nevaEtruscans, vaSamnites, nevaGiriki.
Mukwikwidzi wayo mukuru kumadokero kweMediterranean aive CartagoCarthage, koloni yekare yeFenikiya kuNorth Africa, yakanga yavaka umambo hwechokwadi hwezvekutengeserana nehondo. Hondo nhatu dzePunic (zana remakore rechitatu kusvika rechipiri BC) dzakarwisanisa masimba maviri aya; mushure mehondo dzisingakanganwiki dzakadai sedzaHannibal muItaly, Carthage yakazoparadzwa muna 146 BC uye nzvimbo dzayo dzakaiswa mumaoko evaRoma.
Greece, Roma uye nhaka yekare
MuGreece, mushure mekudonha kwetsika dzeMycenaean uye nguva inozivikanwa se Nguva yeRimaMaguta epolis (maguta-nyika) akabatana munguva yeArchaic. Atene neSparta dzakava masimba maviri makuru. Atene yakaedza democracy uye yakaona Nguva yendarama Muzana remakore rechi5 BC, nevarume vakaita saPericles, Sophocles, Phidias, kana Socrates; Sparta, kune rumwe rutivi, yaive nyika yehondo yeruzhinji.
Hondo dzevaGiriki nePersia dzakawedzera mukurumbira weAtene kwenguva pfupi, asi kusawirirana kwemukati kwakatungamira ku Hondo yePeloponnesianKurwisana kwenguva refu pakati peAthens neSparta (nevamwe vavo) kwakaita kuti Girisi ipere. Izvi zvakaita kuti Makedhonia ikwanise kutonga pasi paPhilip II, uyo akakwanisa kukunda chikamu chikuru cheGirisi asati afa. Mwanakomana wake Alexander ndiye aizopedzisa basa iri nekukunda Persia.
Roma, mushure mekukunda Carthage neumambo hwechiGiriki hwakadai seMakedhonia neUmambo hweSeleucid, yakava nyika yeRoma. simba guru reMediterraneanZvisinei, Hurumende yakazununguswa nekusaenzana kwehupfumi, matambudziko ezvekurima, hondo dzevagari vemo, uye kuunganidzwa kwesimba mumaoko evatungamiriri vemauto vakaita saMarius, Sulla, Pompey, naJulius Caesar.
Mushure mekuurayiwa kwaKesari nekukundwa kwevamuponda vake, Octavian (akazotevera Augustus) akakunda paHondo yeActium achikunda Mark Antony naCleopatra, achiva mambo wekutanga. Humambo hweRoma Yakazosvika padanho rayo guru pasi peTrajan, kubva kuBritain kusvika kuMesopotamia uye kubva kuRhine kusvika kuSahara. Kwemazana emakore yakavimbisa kubatana kwetsika, pamutemo, uye hupfumi (yatinowanzodaidza kuti nyika yekare).
Asi kubva muzana remakore rechitatu AD zvichienda mberi, Umambo hwakatanga kusangana nematambudziko ehondo, ehupfumi, uye ezvematongerwo enyika, pamwe nekumanikidzwa kwakawedzerwa kubva kuvanhu vekuGermany, Iran, uye gare gare vechiHunnic. Shanduko dzakadai sedzaDiocletian naConstantine (avo vakavamba Constantinople uye vaifarira chiKristu) dzakaedza kuponesa mamiriro acho ezvinhu, asi muna 476 AD, Mambo wekupedzisira weRoma wekuMadokero akabviswa pachigaro nemukuru weHerulian Odoacer. Umambo hweRoma hwekuMabvazuva, hwatinoti Umambo hweByzantine, yaizorarama kwemakore anoda kusvika chiuru.
Zvitendero zvepasi rose nenyika dzakafanana
Pakati pezana remakore rechitanhatu BC nerechinomwe AD, mepu zhinji dzechitendero chepasi rose dzakagadzirwa. MuIndia, zvichivakirwa patsika dzekare dzeVedic, ChiHindu nedzidziso dzakadai sechiBuddha nechiJainism. ChiConfucian nechiTao zvakapararira muChina; chimwe chinhu chinokosha ndechekuti nhoroondo yemamongi eShaolinMuLevant, chiJudha chakashanduka mushure mekutapwa kweBhabhironi; muchirevo ichocho zvose christianity sezvo, mazana emakore gare gare, Iziramu.
ChiKristu, chakamuka kubva pakuparidza kwaJesu weNazareta muzana remakore rekutanga uye basa reumishinari revanhu vakaita saPauro weTarso, rakapararira nekukurumidza muUmambo hweRoma, pakutanga rakatambudzwa uye gare gare rakafarirwa nemadzimambo akadai saConstantine naTheodosius, avo vakarisimudzira kuita chitendero chepamutemo. Chechi, ine dzimba dzemamongi dzepakati, yakava sangano guru reEurope yepakatimune zvemweya, zvematongerwo enyika, uye tsika.
MuArabian Peninsula, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi7, Muhammad akatanga kuparidza dzidziso yekutenda muna Mwari mumwe chete. Mushure meHijra (kutiza kuenda kuMedina muna 622, gore rekutanga rekarenda yeIslam), akakwanisa kubatanidza madzinza eArabhu pasi pechitendero chitsva. Mumakumi mashoma emakore, vatsivi vake vakawedzera simba reMuslim ne Siriya, Ijipiti, Persia, North Africa neIberian PeninsulaMaCaliphate akadai seUmayyad neAbbasid akavaka nzvimbo yakakura yetsika nekufambira mberi mu masvomhu, mushonga, uzivi, uye nyeredzi.
Panguva imwe chete, dzimwe nzvimbo huru dzebudiriro dzaivandudzika kunze kweMediterranean. MuChina, kutevedzana kwemadzimambo—Xia (ane mukurumbira), Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, naQing—kwakaumba imwe yetsika dzehurumende dzakagara kwenguva refu pasi rose, ne zvinhu zvitsva zvakaita sepepa, upfu hwepfuti, uye kambasi kana mari yepepa, uye hurongwa hwakaoma hwekuongorora kwehumambo.
Maguta ekutanga akaonekwa muIndian subcontinent, senge Mehrgarh uye, pamusoro pezvose, iyo Indus Valley tsika (Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro), nekurongwa kwemaguta uye chinyorwa chisina kunyatsotsanangurwa. Gare gare, nguva yeVedic, Mahajanapadas, humambo hwakadai seMaurya neGupta, uye mufananidzo wehumambo hweMuslim neHindu kusvika panguva yekoloni yeBritain zvakaumba imwe yenzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda uye dzakasiyana-siyana pasi rose.
Europe yeMiddle Ages, humambo, hondo dzechiKristu nedzimwe nyika dzemazuva ano
Mushure mekudonha kweRoma kuMadokero, dzimwe [dzakawanda] dzakabuda muEurope. Umambo hweGermany Nezvezvivakwa zveRoma: MaVisigoth muHispania, maOstrogoth uye gare gare maLombard muItaly, maFrank muGaul, maAnglo-Saxon muEngland. Umambo hweByzantine hwakaramba huchitevedzera tsika dzeRoma kuMabvazuva uye hwakaedza kukundazve mativi ekumadokero pasi paJustinian, asi nekufamba kwenguva hwakamanikidzwa nevaPersia, maArab, maTurk, nevarwi veCrusade.
Muzana remakore rechisere, umambo hwevaFrank pasi pevaCarolingians, uye kunyanya Charlemagne, vakavaka Umambo hwechiKristu hwekuMadokero iyo yaisanganisira chikamu chikuru chepakati nekumadokero kweEurope. Kugadzwa kwake pachigaro cheumambo muna 800 kwairatidza kusanganiswa kwenhaka dzeRoma, Germany, nechiKristu. Paakafa, umambo hwakaparara, uye nekufamba kwenguva, Umambo Hutsvene hweRoma hwaizobuda kubva kumabvazuva, uye Umambo hweFrance kubva kumadokero.
Munguva yeMiddle Ages, feudalism Senzira yekuronga magariro evanhu munzvimbo zhinji dzeEurope, madzimambo akadai seFrench, English, Castilian-Aragonese, Hungarian kana Polish akabatanidzwa, uye hondo huru dzakarwiwa dzakadai seInvestiture War pakati pePapa neEmpire, Crusades to the Holy Land, hondo dzechitendero dzemukati uye kurwisana kwenguva refu senge Hondo yeMakore Zana.
PaIberian Peninsula, kukunda kweIslam muna 711 kwakatsiva umambo hweVisigothic naAl-Andalus. Mumazana emakore, umambo hwakawanda hwechiKristu (Asturias, León, Castile, Aragon, Navarre, Portugal) hwakaita zvaizivikanwa seKukunda kweIberian Peninsula. Kudzokazve, nzira yakaoma yekufambira mberi, kudzokera shure uye kugara pamwe chete kwakaguma nekutorwa kweGranada muna 1492 neMadzimambo eCatholic.
Pakupera kweMiddle Ages nekutanga kweModern Era, maguta eItaly akadai seFlorence, Venice, neGenoa, pamwe nenzvimbo dziri kuchamhembe kweEurope, zvakawana budiriro huru mune zveupfumi netsika. Kuberekwazve, pamwe chete nekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji kwakadai semuchina wekudhinda, zvombo zvepfuti uye kushandiswa kwakapararira kwekambasi, izvo zvaizobvumira kukurumidza kuwedzera kusati kwamboitika muEurope.
Kuwedzera kweEurope, kukoloni nenyika dzeAmerica
Kufambira mberi kwezvikepe uye kutsvaga nzira itsva dzekutengeserana kwakaita kuti maPutukezi nemaCastilian vapinde muAtlantic neIndian Oceans. Portugal yakaongorora mahombekombe eAfrica, ikatenderera Cape of Good Hope, ndokusvika kuIndia neSoutheast Asia. Castile yakatsigira rwendo rwechikepe ichi. Christopher Columbusuyo muna 1492 akasvika kuAmerica achitenda kuti akanga asvika kuAsia. Saka ndipo pakatanga chitsauko chitsva munhoroondo yenyika.
Vaitovapo muAmerica tsika dzakabudirira zvikuruMuMesoamerica, nhaka yeOlmec yakanga yapa nzvimbo kune vaMaya, vaTeotihuacan, vaZapotec veMonte Alban, maToltec, uye pakupedzisira maMexica kana maAztec muMupata weMexico; muAndes, tsika dzakadai seCaral-Supe, Chavin, Moche, Nazca, Tiahuanaco, Wari, kana Chimu dzakanga dzagadzirira nzvimbo yeUmambo hukuru hweInca, neguta rayo guru muCusco uye network inoshamisa yemigwagwa nematerasi ekurima.
Kusvika kwevaEurope kwakakonzera kukunda kukuru asi kunotyisa: Hernan Cortes uye vabatsiri vavo veko vakakunda umambo hweAztec; Francisco Pizarro Akashandisa mukana wehondo yevagari vemuInca kuti atore maInca Atahualpa ndokutora maTahuantinsuyo. Humambo hwakabva hwagadzwa munzvimbo idzi, dzakadai se New Spain y Peru, iyo yakazobatanidzwa neNew Granada neRÃo de la Plata, pakati pedzimwe.
Migumisiro yacho yakanga yakakura kwazvo: kudonha kwevanhu veko nekuda kwehondo nezvirwere, kushandiswa kwehupfumi hwenyika dzekoloni (encomiendas, migodhi, minda), kusvika kukuru kwevaranda vemuAfrica, uye kubuda kwenzanga dzevanhu vemarudzi akasiyana. Masimba ekuEurope (Spain, Portugal, gare gare France, England, neHolland) akagovanisa nzvimbo muAmerica, Africa, neAsia, zvikaita kuti pave nehurongwa hwenyika hwakabatana zvakanyanya.
MuNorth America, panguva imwe chete, matunhu eChirungu, French, neSpanish akabatanidzwa, nemaitiro akasiyana ekutorwa kwenyika. Makoloni gumi nematatu eBritain pamhenderekedzo yeAtlantic akazopedzisira apanduka pakupera kwezana remakore rechi18, achifemerwa neEnlightenment, zvichikonzera kuumbwa kwe United States of America mushure mehondo yerusununguko yakakonzera matambudziko pasi rose.
Kuchinja-chinja, maindasitiri uye humambo hutsva
Zana remakore rechi18 rakaona shanduko huru yepfungwa: Mufananidzo, iyo yaitsigira kufunga, sainzi, kuongororwa kwetsika, uye shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika. Kuzvitonga kweUnited States (1776) uye, nguva pfupi yakatevera, French Revolution (1789) vakaunza pfungwa dzakadai sekuzvitonga kwenyika, hugari, kodzero dzevanhu, republic, uye bumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa, izvo zvaizokanganisa pasi rose; basa re vane mukurumbira freemasons mune dzimwe nyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika nedzepfungwa dzepanguva iyoyo.
Zvichakadaro, muGreat Britain chimwe chinhu chakachinjawo zvakafanana chakanga chiri kutanga: Industrial RevolutionKubva pakupera kwezana remakore rechi18 nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, michina yemachira, injini yemhepo, tevere njanji, magetsi nemakemikari emaindasitiri zvakachinja kugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kutakura zvinhu uye hupenyu hwezuva nezuva, zvichikanganisa nharaunda zvakanyanya (kusvibiswa, kuburitswa kweCOâ‚‚, kurasikirwa nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvisikwa).
Kubudirira kwemaindasitiri kwakapa masimba ekuEurope, uye gare gare United States neJapan, mukana mukuru wemauto nehupfumiNengarava dzehondo, pfuti dzinotakura zvombo, pfuti dzemuchina, uye hurongwa hwehurumende, vakatangazve kudzorwa kweAfrica, Asia, neOceania. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19, kondinendi yese yeAfrica yakanga yakakamurwa pakati pemasimba eEurope, kunze kweEthiopia neLiberia.
MuLatin America, pfungwa dzeEnlightenment uye muenzaniso weUnited States neFrance zvakakurudzira mafambiro erusununguko Pakati pa1810 na1830, nyika idzi dzakagura hukama hwezvematongerwo enyika neSpain nePortugal. Nyika itsva dzakabuda (Mexico, Gran Colombia, Peru, Chile, RÃo de la Plata, Brazil ikava humambo hwakazvimiririra, nezvimwewo), kunyangwe kuvimbana mune zvehupfumi uye kusagadzikana mune zvematongerwo enyika kwaizoramba kuripo munharaunda iyi.
MuAsia, madzimambo akaita se Ottoman, Iran, China kana Indian pasi pehutongi hweBritain Vaifanira kutarisana nematambudziko ekunze nemukati: hondo dzakadai seHondo yeOpium, kupandukira, shanduko dzakakundikana kana kuti dzisina kukwana, uye kazhinji, kupambwa kwevanhu zvakananga kana kuti zvishoma nezvishoma.
Hondo dzeNyika, Kupera kweUtongi uye Hondo Yemashoko
Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, kusawirirana pakati pemasimba eindasitiri, kurudzi rwaikura, uye masangano emubatanidzwa akakwikwidzana zvakaita kuti Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga (1914-1918), kurwisana kukuru kusati kwamboitika. Kuputsika kweumambo hweGermany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, neOttoman kwakachinja mepu yeEurope neNear East.
MuRussia, kuneta kwehondo nematambudziko emukati menyika zvakabvumira kukunda kwe Chimurenga cheBolshevik muna 1917 uye kuumbwa kweSoviet Union, nyika yekutanga huru kuzviti ndeyesocialist. Nguva yapashure pehondo yakaunza kukwira kukuru kwemitengo, dambudziko rezvehupfumi (Great Depression ya1929), uye kukwira kwemafambiro ehudzvanyiriri, kunyanya Utongi hwechiFascist hweItaly and the Nazism yeGermany.
Kurwiswa kweNazi Germany, Fascist Italy, neImperial Japan, pamwe chete nekubvumirana kwehurumende dzekumadokero, zvakaita kuti pave ne Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri (1939-1945). Yakatoparadza kupfuura yekutanga, nekuuraya vanhu vakawanda seHolocaust, kubhomba kukuru kwevanhuwo zvavo uye kushandiswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya muHiroshima neNagasaki.
Pakupera kwehondo, nyika yakakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri makuru: Sisitimu yeWestern capitalist inotungamirwa neUnited States and the hurongwa hwechisosharisiti hunotungamirwa neUSSRKukwikwidzana uku, kwakaratidzwa nekudzivirira zvombo zvenyukireya uye hondo dzekutsigira zvombo munyika dzechitatu, kunozivikanwa seCold War. Kwaiva nenguva dzekusagadzikana kukuru, dzakadai seCuban Missile Crisis (1962), uye nguva dzekuzorora.
Panguva imwe chete, guru fungu rekubvisa hutongi hwenyikaPakati pemakore ekuma40 ne70, dzinenge dzose nyika dzemuAfrica neAsia dzakazivisa rusununguko rwadzo, dzimwe nguva mushure mehondo dzakadeura ropa (Algeria, Vietnam), dzimwe nguva kuburikidza nekutaurirana. Izvi zvakakonzera kuumbwa kwe "Third World," nyika dzaive dzisiri dzeWestern kana dzesocialist zvachose asi dzaitambura nekusaenzana kukuru uye, kazhinji, kupindira kwekunze.
Nguva yeMuchadenga, Chimurenga cheDigital uye Matambudziko ezana remakore rechi21
Kukwikwidzana kwetekinoroji pakati penyika dzine simba kwakakurudzira mujaho wechadengaUSSR yakaburitsa satellite yekutanga yekugadzira (Sputnik) uye munhu wekutanga (Yuri Gagarin) mudenga, nepo United States yakasvika pakumhara kwemwedzi kwekutanga ine munhu (Apollo 11) muna 1969. Zvimwe zviitiko zvakakosha munhoroondo yemuchadenga zvinosanganisira... vazivi vemuchadenga vechikadziNekufamba kwenguva, kuongorora muchadenga kwave kwakanangana nekushandira pamwe kwenyika dzese, nekutanga zviteshi zvakaita seMir uyezve International Space Station.
Munyaya dzekutaurirana, zana remakore rechi20 rakaona kuwanda kwe redhiyo, terevhizheni uye, pakupedzisira, komputaKubva pamakombiyuta makuru akaita seENIAC muma1940 kusvika pakuva diki uye kuwedzera kweInternet pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi21, shanduko yedhijitari yakachinja nzira yatinogadzira nayo, yatinogara tiine ruzivo, yatinoshamwaridzana nayo, uye yatinoita zvematongerwo enyika.
Mushure mekufa kwaStalin, kubviswa kweStalinization, uye nguva dzakatevedzana dzekusagadzikana uye shanduko, Soviet Union yakapinda mudambudziko guru. Kugadziriswa kwaGorbachev (perestroika, glasnost) kwakakonzera maitiro ayo, pakati pa1989 na1991, akatungamira ku kuparara kweboka remakomunisti muEurope uye kuparara kweUSSRHurumende yeRussia yakagara nhaka chigaro chayo muUN nezvombo zvayo zvenyukireya, asi yakararama kwemakore gumi ekusagadzikana kwehurumende isati yagadzikiswa nevatungamiriri vakaita saVladimir Putin.
Zvichakadaro, mapurojekiti e kubatanidzwa kwenyika dzakawanda Masangano akaita seEuropean Union, zvibvumirano zvekutengeserana zvedunhu (NAFTA, Mercosur, African Union, Eurasian Union) nemasangano epasi rose (UN, WTO) akaedza kugadzirisa hupfumi hwenyika, zvemari netsika huri kuramba huchikura, asi izvo zvinokonzeresawo kusaenzana nekusawirirana.
Kuwedzera kwevanhu, kwakaita kuti vanhu vapfuure bhiriyoni imwe chete vagari vemugore ra1835 uye vawande kakawanda kubvira ipapo, kwakabatana nekumanikidzwa kukuru pamamiriro ekunze: kutemwa kwemiti, kusvibiswa kwemhepo, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze uye kurasikirwa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyanaKubva pakati pezana remakore rechi19, kupiswa kwakanyanya kwemafuta efossil kwakawedzera kuburitswa kweCOâ‚‚, zvichikonzera kudziya kwepasi rose kuripo parizvino.
Nhasi, nhoroondo yenyika inoramba ichinyorwa munguva chaiyo: kusawirirana kwematunhuKufambira mberi kwesainzi, matambudziko ehutano, uye shanduko dzetekinoroji netsika zvinofambidzana nekurangarira zvese zvakaitika kare. Kunzwisisa rwendo urwu rurefu, kubva pakuvigwa kwePaleolithic kusvika kuongororo dzemuchadenga nenhau dzezvemagariro evanhu, kunotibatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani matambudziko aripo iye zvino uye nzira dzinogona kuitika dzeramangwana dzevanhu, pasinei nezvose, vachiramba vachigovana nyika imwe chete nenhoroondo imwe chete.