Nhaurirano dzezvakatipoteredza maitiro anoitwa nemasangano ehurumende, masangano ane mukurumbira uye nyanzvi munyaya dzechisikigo. Pakati pedzimwe tsananguro dzayo dzinonyanya kukurukurwa iecology nemhoteredzo, zvichiunza kushushikana pamusoro pekufanana nekusaenzana pakati pezviviri izvi, ndosaka chinyorwa chinotevera chicharatidza Musiyano uripo pakati peEcology neEnviro.
Ecology uye Zvakatipoteredza
Ecology inomiririra bazi resainzi iro rine basa rekudzidza kusangana kwezvisikwa zvipenyu uye nharaunda yazvinogara; nepo zvakatipoteredza zviri zvese zvakatenderedza zvipenyu, zvichiumbwa nezvinhu zvechisikigo uyewo zvekugadzira, zvichizvibatanidza kusvika zvagadziriswa. Kana uchitarisa, tsananguro dzese dziri mbiri dzakabatanidzwa nenyaya dzezvakatipoteredza uye dzine chekuita nekushanduka kwechisikigo.
Ecology inoonekwa sebazi rebiology rakanangana nekuzvarwa, kukura, kukura uye hupenyu hwezvipenyu mukati menzvimbo imwechete yechisikigo, inosanganisira zvidzidzo zvenharaunda dzakagadzirwa nemunhu senge nzvimbo dzemumaguta, zvivakwa zvekumaruwa, mawedzero makuru ezvirimwa, pakati pezvimwe. Nekuda kweizvi, ecology yave ichionekwa kubva kare sechidzidzo cheimba, ichidudzirwa sechidzidzo chekugara kwezvipenyu.
Ecology uye nharaunda zvine hukama, nekuti yekutanga inombundira ecosystems uko hupenyu hwezvisikwa zvese hunokura, inomiririra imwe neimwe yenzvimbo dzinoumba pasi; naizvozvo, hazvidzivisiki kusanongedzera kutsananguro dzose dziri mbiri mumakakava ekuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuunza kumwe kuvhiringidzika pamusoro pezvinoreva imwe neimwe.
Musiyano Pakati peEcology uye Zvakatipoteredza
Zvisikwa ndicho chimwe chezvidzidzo zvikuru zvinodzidziswa nemunhu, sezvo zvese zvakatitenderedza zvakaumbwa nazvo uye kufambira mberi kwave kuwanikwa muvanhu kunotenda nekuda kwezviwanikwa zvayo. Kune akasiyana akasiyana mazwi uye tsananguro dzinopesvedzera dingindira iri, mune iyi nyaya ecology uye nharaunda zvicharatidzwa.
Misoro miviri iyi inogona kuita seyakafanana asi pane dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa nenzira imwechete, izvi imhaka yekuti ine hukama nenzvimbo yezvakatipoteredza, kuchengetedza zvisikwa uye kutarisira nharaunda. Pasinei neizvi, pane misiyano yakakura inofanira kushandiswa muchimiro chakakodzera kunyangwe kufanana kwavo, pazasi isu tichabata neinotaura nezvenyaya iri mubvunzo.
Izvo zvipenyu
Izwi rokuti ecology rinobva kuChigiriki okologie, yakagadzirwa ne oikos zvinoreva imba kana kugara uye by logos Kudzidza kunorevei? Kune tsananguro dzakawanda dzine hukama neecology, mune zvakajairika inoonekwa sesainzi iyo ine basa rekudzidza kudyidzana kwezvisikwa zvipenyu (vanhu, mhuka, zvidyarwa uye tupukanana) kune mumwe nemumwe uye nenharaunda yakavatenderedza. Inosanganisirawo kudzivirira kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvisikwa.
Kuburikidza ne ecology, zvese izvo zvakasikwa zvinhu zvakafukidzwa seabiotic, zvinobata izvo zvisina hupenyu senge hunyoro, tembiricha, mvura, pakati pezvimwe; Biotic zvinhu zvinosanganisirawo zvese zvipenyu zvipenyu zvinowanikwa munzvimbo imwechete semhuka, zvirimwa, vanhu uye tupukanana. Naizvozvo, zvinosanganisira kusimukira, kugadziridzwa uye maitiro ane zvese izvi zvinhu mumhando dzakasiyana siyana.
Ecology Bazi
Izwi rekuti ecology rinoenda zvakanyanya kupfuura kutsvagisa kwesainzi, rinovhara huwandu hukuru hwemukati hwakanangana nekusimudzira kwehupenyu munzvimbo dzechisikigo, saka, 3 kupatsanura kukuru kwakamiswa zvichienderana nemazinga ezvidzidzo zvekufarira:
Autoecology
Iyo inoonekwa seyakadzika nhanho yekudzidza mukati meecology, kumisa network yekutsvagisa yemumwe munhu, kuongorora maitiro avo uye kuchinjika munzvimbo yakapihwa.
Synecology
Inosanganisira yakadzika nhanho yekudzidza, ichida chiyero chekuongorora kwakazara uye kwakadzama, muchiitiko ichi kuongororwa kwemapoka akasiyana-siyana ezvipenyu kunoitwa, kusanganisira kusangana kwavo nemamwe marudzi uye nenharaunda yakavapoteredza.
macroecology
Icho chidzidzo chemaitiro eecological angave aripo munzvimbo ine zviyero zvakakura.
Matanho eSangano reEcology
Ecologists vanga vachitungamira kumisikidza mazinga esangano reecology, kuti adzidze pamakero akasiyana:
Population
Inosanganisira seti yezvipenyu mukati memhando imwechete inogara mune imwe nzvimbo panguva yakatarwa, zvipenyu izvi zvine mukana wekuberekesa pamwe chete asi zvisingaite nevanhu veimwe huwandu hwemhando imwe chete, nekuda kwesimba rezvakatipoteredza. zvinhu uye nharaunda.
Community
Inobata nevanhu vakasiyana-siyana vari kugara munzvimbo yakati mukati menguva yakati. Kuzvitora sezvipenyu zvese zvenzvimbo, zvichiva zvakanaka kuberekana kwemarudzi, chikafu chakakodzera chekudya, pakati pezvimwe; asiwo zvakaipa, zvichikonzera kuparadzwa kwemarudzi.
Ecosystem
Inosanganisira nzvimbo dzekugara umo vanhu vanodyidzana uye nenharaunda, inomiririra chinhu chakakosha pakupa nzvimbo ine hutano uye yakaenzana. Kune akasiyana siyana ecosystems papasi, akarongedzerwa seyepasi semasango, savanna, nzvimbo dzinopisa, masango, magwenga, pakati pezvimwe; zvemumvura zvakaita semakungwa, nyanza, nzizi, madziva, nyanza, pakati pezvimwe.
Biosphere
Izwi rokuti biosphere rinobva muchiGiriki Bios iyo inomiririra hupenyu uye sfaira zvinoreva denderedzwa, naizvozvo, rinotorwa sedenderedzwa rehupenyu; Ndiyo seti yezvese zvipenyu mukati mepasi repasi, inozivikanwa sematunhu anogarwa nezvisikwa zvipenyu.
Tsanangudzo dzine chekuita neEcology
Ecology isainzi inovhara huwandu hukuru hweruzivo rwune chekuita nezvisikwa, saka zvinodikanwa kuti urambe uchifunga zvinotevera tsananguro kuratidza:
Biotic uye Abiotic Zvinhu
Biotic factor inomiririra izvo zvipenyu zvese zvinokonzeresa kuumba nharaunda yakasikwa, zvinosanganisira zvirimwa, mhuka, vanhu, uye tupukanana; nepo abiotic zvinhu zviri izvo zvinhu zvinoumba zvakatipoteredza zvakaita sevhu, mhepo, mvura, pakati pezvimwe, zvinotosanganisira izvo zvakagadzirwa nemunhu sezvivakwa, migwagwa, pakati pezvimwe.
Habitat
Ndiyo nzvimbo iyo mhuka dzinodyidzana uye dzichikura pakati pavo, kazhinji inzvimbo inobatsira yekukura kwevanhu, ichivabvumira kurarama nekuberekana. Zvisikwa zvese zvine nzvimbo yavanoda, zvichienderana nemamiriro avo epanyama uye ehupenyu, inogona kunge yepasi kana yemvura. Sezvinongoita twiza dzinogara musango, mapere anoonekwa munzvimbo dzine masango uye mapere anoonekwa mumachakwi.
Ecological Niche
Iyo ndeye nzira yehupenyu iyo hukama hwemagariro hunoitwa, sekubereka, kudya, pakati pezvimwe. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti inzvimbo inogara munhu anofarira, inomiririra nzvimbo iyo maitiro avo ese anoitwa uye maitiro avo akasiyana ehupenyu anokura. Ecological niches inobata nechikamu chinogara mhuka.
Environment
Inoumba seti yezvinhu izvo zviri chikamu chechisikigo, nzanga, tsika, hupenyu uye kunyangwe zvese izvo zvekugadzira zvinhu. Nokudaro, dzinobatanidza mamiriro ekunze apo munhu mupenyu anoita mabasa acho, anosanganisira zvose zvakatipoteredza. Kazhinji kacho revo yemusikirwo inopiwa kwairi, asi zvisikwa zvechimiro zvakavambwa nemunhu zvinoverengerwa kwazviri.
Zvakatipoteredza zvinosanganisira zvemuviri, makemikari, zvipenyu, zvemagariro uye zvetsika zvikamu. Inoenderana nezvose zvinobatika uye zvisingabatike zvinhu zvakaita semamiriro ekunze, geology, mvura, vanhu, hupfumi, kutaura kwetsika, urbanism, pakati pezvimwe. Mumwe nomumwe wavo akabatanidzwa kune mumwe nemumwe uye anobvumira kukura kwehupenyu huripo.
Iri izwi rinosanganisirwa mukati mebazi re ecology, sezvo richisanganisira ecology mataurirwo akatenderedza zvipenyu, senge mhepo, zvinomera, mhuka, vanhu, ecosystems, tupukanana, pakati pezvimwe. Inomiririra nzvimbo yekuenzanisa pakati pemarudzi ose anogara munzvimbo imwe chete uye inopfumisa nzvimbo dzose dzepasi.
Kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza
Nyika yepasi yakapfuma mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvinhu zvakasikwa zvinova manyuko makuru esimba revanhu vese, saka munhu akagadzira maitiro akasiyana-siyana kuti awane zviwanikwa izvi uye kusangana nezvinodiwa munharaunda; Aya marudzi ezviitwa akaunza mhedzisiro yakakomba, sekurasikirwa kwezvipenyu, kuparara kwemarudzi, kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuparara kwepasi. Nechikonzero ichi, matanho akaiswa ekuchengetedza nharaunda, akapfupikiswa sezvizvi:
- Dzivisa kusvibiswa kwemitumbi yemvura yakachena (nzizi, madziva, zvitubu, pakati pezvimwe) uye mvura yemunyu (makungwa nemakungwa)
- Deredza kubuda kwemagasi egreenhouse (carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, pakati pemamwe) anoshatisa ozone layer.
- Shandisa masimba akachena uye anovandudzwa pamwe nenharaunda semhepo, solar uye hydroelectric.
- Ita shuwa kushandiswa kwekuziva kwese zviwanikwa zvakaita semvura nemhando dzezvirimwa.
- Deredza kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakagadziriswa zvinounza huwandu hwakawanda hwemarara.
- Shandisa nzira dzekudzokorodza kuparadzanisa tsvina yeorganic neiyo inogona kushandiswa zvakare.
- Shandisa zvimwe zvifambiso zvisingaburitse magasi ane chepfu mumhepo, sekuchovha bhasikoro.
Tinovimba kuti chinyorwa ichi chabatsira, tinokusiira vamwe vanozonyatsokufarira:
Zvakanakira uye Zvakaipa zveSustainable Development