Kunobva: nationalgeographic.com
Kumadokero kwerwizi rwaNire, pedyo neLuxor, kune mupata mukuru uko vanaFarao vekare vekuIjipiti vakasarudza kuvaka nzvimbo yavo yekuvanda , iyo yatinoziva nhasi seMupata weMadzimambo.
Hupenyu mushure merufu hwaive hwakakosha mutsika dzekare dzevaIjipita, uye vanhu vairarama hupenyu hwavo vachigadzirira nguva yekusvika kune imwe nyika. Muenzaniso weizvi iguva rakavakwa nemafarao kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti vafambire zvakanaka kunyika yevakafa uye kuti vadzoke nekubuda kwezuva.
Tsika dzeEgipita uye hupenyu mushure mekufa
VaIjipita vaitenda kuti mushure mekufa, mweya wemufi waifamba uchienda kuhupenyu hwepashure perufu, kwawaitarisira kubatanidzwazve nemutumbi wake nezvinhu zvese zvawainge waenda nazvo kuguva. Izvi zvine chekuita nezvitendero zvevaIjipita vekare nezvehupenyu hwepashure perufu .
Zvese izvi zvakaita kuti pave netsika dzakasiyana- siyana dzekuchengetedza mitumbi yevanhu vakafa .
Kuomesa muviri wemunhu kwaive nzira yekuchengetedza muviri wake kuti ushandiswe muhupenyu hwapashure perufu. Masiki erufu nesarcophagi, zvakashongedzwa nemifananidzo ine mavara emufi, zvaitendwa kuti zvinobatsira mweya wemufi kuti uwane nzira yekudzokera kumutumbi wake.
Makuva aifanira kupiwa zvinhu zvose (zvokudya, pfuma, nezvimwewo ...) izvo zvaidiwa muupenyu hwapashure porufu.
Mupata weMadzimambo
Munguva yeHumambo Hutsva (1539-1075 BC), nzvimbo iyi yakasarudzwa senzvimbo yekuvigwa kwemadzimambo evanaFarao nemhuri dzavo. Makuva akagadzirirwa hupenyu hwepashure perufu, uko hupenyu hwevanhu hwakavimbiswa kuenderera mberi uye vanaFarao vaizova vanamwari.
Nzvimbo iyi yave ichifarirwa nembavha dzemakuva nevanochera matongo, avo vanga vachiitsvaga kwemazana emakore uye inoramba ichipa zvinoshamisa . Ichokwadi kuti makuva mazhinji angave achiri kuvanzwa nanhasi akabiwa; zvisinei, zvinoshamisa zvinogona kuoneka, sezvakaitika pakuwanikwa kweguva raTutankhamun.
Madzimambo api anovigwa ikoko?
Kusvika pari zvino, makuva makumi matanhatu nemashanu akawanikwa muMupata uyu , mamwe acho asati acherwa uye mamwe akawana mukurumbira mukuru, akadai seGuva raTutankhamun (guva KV62).
Mupata uyu une makuva emadzimambo emadzimambo e18, 19, uye 20. Thutmose I mukuru, akatonga kubva muna 1504 kusvika 1492 BC, aive wemhuri yekutanga yemadzimambo aya. Ndiye mambo wekutanga anozivikanwa kusiya nzvimbo yeDra Abu el-Naga, uko madzimambo ekare akanga avaka makuva avo. Saka, tinofanira kumuona semunhu wekutanga kuvaka nzvimbo iyi senzvimbo yekuvanda.
Zvinogoneka kuti Mupata uyu pakutanga waive nzvimbo yemakuva emhuri , nekuti kubva kuDzinza re18 hatingowani makuva evanaFarao chete asiwo makuva madiki emadzimambokadzi, machinda nemadzimambokadzi, pamwe nevamwe vakuru vemhuri yaFarao.
Kana Mupata weMadzimambokadzi wangobuda, nzvimbo iyi yaizochinja, uye makuva madiki aizodzikira zvakanyanya muhuwandu.
Makuva ehumambo hwechi18 ndiwo ekupedzisira kuwanikwa, nekuda kwekuvanzika kukuru kwakapoteredza masuo avo. Uyezve, Thutmose I pachake akapa mubatsiri wake wekurudyi, muvaki wehumambo Ineni, basa rekuvaka guva rake sechakavanzika chikuru. Ineni pachake akazvirumbidza nazvo, achiti: " Hapana akandiona, hapana akandinzwa ."
Mafarao aya, kusiyana neaya eHumambo Hwekare, akasiya mapiramidhi akakurumbira, makuva akaoma kudzivirira kubva mukubiwa , ndokusarudza kuvigwa munzvimbo iri kure, isingasvikwe kwaigona kuvimbiswa kuzorora kwavo. Nzvimbo yakasarudzwa yaive Luxor.
Pamusoro pekungwarira kukuru kwakaitwa pakuvanza masuo emakuva aya, kwaivewo nekudonha kwevhu muMupata kwakawedzera kuaviga . Ndokusaka makuva aTutankhamun, Yuya naTuya akawanikwa asina kukuvadzwa.
Dzinza rechi21 rakasarudza kutamisa guta guru reIjipita kuenda kuTanis , izvo zvakaita kuti makuva ari mumupata uyu asaonekwe.
Rondedzero yemakuva anozivikanwa ane hukama nevafarao kana hama:
- KV1 Guva raFarao Ramesses VII yeXNUMXth Dynasty
- KV2 Guva raFarao Ramesses IV yeXNUMXth Dynasty
- KV3 guva remwanakomana waRamesses III weXNUMXth Dynasty
- KV4 Guva raFarao Ramesses XI yeXNUMXth Dynasty
- KV5 guva revanakomana vaRamses II weXIX Dynasty
- KV6 Guva raFarao Ramesses IX yeXNUMXth Dynasty
- KV7 Guva raFarao Ramses II weXNUMXth Dynasty
- KV8 Guva raFarao Merenptah kubva kuXNUMXth Dynasty
- KV9 guva revafarao Ramesses V naRamesses VI weXNUMXth Dynasty
- KV10 Guva raFarao Amenmeses kubva kuXNUMXth Dynasty
- KV11 Guva raFarao Ramses III weXNUMXth Dynasty
- KV13 Tomb yeBay, XNUMXth Dynasty canviller yeSiptah
- KV14 guva revafarao Tausert naSethnajt, XNUMXth-XNUMXth Dynasties
- KV 15 Guva raFarao Sethy II, XNUMXth Dynasty
- KV16 Guva raFarao Ramesses I weXNUMXth Dynasty
- KV17 Guva raFarao Sethy I weXNUMXth Dynasty
- KV18 Guva raFarao Ramesses X yeXNUMXth Dynasty
- KV19 guva raMentuhirjopshef, mwanakomana waRamesses IX, XNUMXth Dynasty
- KV20 Guva revaFarao Thutmose I naHatshepsut, vedzinza rechigumi nemasere.
- WV22 Guva raFarao Amenhotep III weGuva regumi nesere
- WV23 Guva raFarao Ay kubva kuGuva regumi nesere
- KV32 Guva raTiaa, amai vaThutmose IV veGuva regumi nesere.
- KV34 Guva raFarao Thutmose III weGuva regumi nesere
- KV35 Guva raFarao Amenhotep II weGuva regumi nesere
- KV36 guva raMaiherpi, Nubian anokudzwa kubva mudare reThutmose IV weGuva regumi nesere.
- KV38 Guva raFarao Thutmose I weMudzinza regumi nesere
- KV39 inogoneka guva raFarao Amenhotep I wegumi nemasere Dynasty
- KV40 Depository yezvinhu zvakakura, mummies uye kuvigwa kwakazotevera, guva reGuva regumi nesere.
- KV42 Guva raHatshepsut Meritra, mudzimai waThutmose III, asi rinoshandiswa naSennefer, meya weThebes panguva yaAmenihotep II, ndeweGumi regumi nesere.
- KV43 Guva raFarao Thutmose IV weGuva regumi nesere
- KV45 guva reUserhat, anokudzwa kubva panguva yaThutmose IV yeGuva regumi nesere.
- KV46 Makuva aYuya naTuya, mukuwasha weAmenhotep III weGumi nesere Dynasty.
- KV47 Guva raFarao Siptah kubva kuXNUMXth Dynasty
- KV48 guva raAmenemopet, vizier weAmenihotep II weGuva regumi nesere.
- KV50, KV51 uye KV52 Animal Tombs (zvichida mhuka dzinovaraidza dzeAmenihotep II) kubva kuGumi nesere Dynasty.
- KV54 Warehouse yeguva raTutankhamen reGumi regumi nemasere
- KV55 guva raTiy, mudzimai waAmenhotep II, uye waAkhenaten, mwanakomana waAmenhotep II weGuva regumi nesere.
- KV56 iyo inonzi guva regoridhe, zvichida mwanakomana waSeti II, weXNUMXth-XNUMXth Dynasties
- KV57 Guva raFarao Horemhebhi wedzinza regumi nesere
- KV58 Madhipatimendi kubva paguva reHoremhebhi reGumi neRusere
- KV60 Guva reSitra In, XNUMXth Dynasty Hatshepsut mukoti
- KV61 guva risina kumboshandiswa
- KV62 Guva raFarao Tutankhamun kubva kuGuva regumi nemasere
- KV63 Dhipatimendi rezvisaririra zvezvinhu zvakakura kubva muGuva regumi nesere
- KV64 Guva reMhandara yeGumi nesere ane Gare gare Intruder Kuvigwa
- Guva reKV65 rakawanikwa muna 2008 uye richiri risati racherwa
Makuva ane mukurumbira muMupata weMadzimambo
Kune makuva gumi nerimwe anogona kushanyirwa muMupata weMadzimambo, kunyangwe zvese zvinoenderana nenguva yatinayo kwavari, uye haasi ese akavhurika panguva imwe chete. Mimwe mienzaniso yemakuva aya anogona kuonekwa ndeaya anotevera:
Guva raRamses IV
Guva rinofanira kuonekwa, rakashongedzwa nemifananidzo uye pasina mubvunzo richasiya chiratidzo chisingaperi kune chero mufambi. Iguva rine makoridho nemakoramu azere nemavara nemifananidzo. Rine denga rakazara nenyeredzi uye ruzivo runoshamisa, ndiro rega rine magwaro kubva muBhuku raNut.
Guva raRamses VI
Ndiyo imwe yemakuva akachengetedzwa zvakanyanya maererano nekushongedza kwemadziro ayo. Kune izvi tinofanira kuwedzera kuyevedza kweimba yekuvigwa kwatinowana sarcophagus uye kuti yakashongedzwa nedenga renyeredzi.
Guva revanakomana vaRamesesi II
Ndiro guva guru rinowanikwa mumupata uyu, nokuti Farao uyu aiva nevana vakawanda, izvo zvakaita kuti arambe achiwedzerwa. Makamera achiri kuwanikwa kusvika nhasi.
Guva raMerenptah
Imwe yemakuva makuru mumupata, azere nemikoto yakashongedzwa nemifananidzo kubva muBhuku reVakafa , Bhuku reMasuo neBhuku reAmduat, zvichienda kukamuri rekupedzisira rine sarcophagus.
guva raTutankhamun
Pasina mubvunzo mumwe wevafarao vanonyanya kuzivikanwa ndiTutankhamun, mukomana mambo, uyo akamisawo guva rake mumupata uyu. Kana iwe uchida kumuziva uye guva rake, tinokurudzira kuti uverenge:
Kune vanaFarao vanobva kumadzinza aya vane makuva asina kuwanikwa, zvichisiya mukana wekuwana zvinhu zvitsva muMupata kana munzvimbo iri pedyo.