El monera kingdom Inoumbwa neiyo unicellular organisms iyo isina nucleus. Zvinotendwa kuti iyi ndiyo yaive fomu yekutanga kushanduka. Tsvaga mune ino chinyorwa kuti maitiro ayo ndeapi, tsananguro yepakutanga uye nezvimwe zvakawanda.
Umambo hwemonera chii?
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti monera kingdom iboka rezvipenyu zvine sero risina kupihwa nucleus. Hunhu hwavo hwehupenyu hwakaverengerwa sechinyakare kana chekare. Naizvozvo, iwo ane maviri anowanzo gara ari ma cellular maficha, nekuti anotsanangurwa nekuve unicellular uyezve prokaryotes. Inomiririrawo imwe ye humambo 5 hwezvakasikwa.
Pachine ruzivo rwakawanda rusingazivikanwe nezvekutanga kwehupenyu hweeukaryotic, ndiko kuti, nezvemaseru ane nuclei. Nepo masero ekutanga kana ekare, sezvataatsanangura muchikamu chapfuura, asina nucleus, asi ane DNA chimiro muchimiro chemahara spirals mumuviri mukuru wemasero. Nokuda kweizvi, masero ane nuclei asipo anonzi "prokaryotes."
Zvinotendwa nesainzi kuti zvipenyu zvakawanda "eukaryotic" munguva dzekare zvaive chikamu chezvisikwa unicellular zvichienderana ne prokaryotic cell parts nepo yekupedzisira yakakwanisa kushanduka ichisiya kumashure monera kingdom. Imwe dzidziso inotsanangura kuti vaviri vechinhu chipenyu chine prokaryotic masero, kureva, unicellular, vakaita mubatanidzwa wakakura webhayoloji, uye nenzira iyi vakabatanidza mabasa ese ese.
Nekufamba kwenguva, zvirevo zvinonongedza kutaurwa kwehumambo hweMonera zvakapera, pasi petemu iri, biology uyezve, kufambira mberi kwesainzi kwakasimudzira izwi rakasiyana. Naizvozvo, kana tichireva humambo hwakadaro, izwi rekuti eukaryotic rinowanzotaurwa, kureva uye kumiririra humambo hwezvipenyu zvisingaite.
maitiro ehumambo hwemonera
Hunhu hweimwe ye5 humambo hwezvakasikwa Vanonzwisisa kusiyana kwechimwe nechimwe chemarudzi anoumba umambo hweMonera, nekuda kwechimiro chechimiro chavanokura. Zvisinei, vane maitiro maduku zvikuru, uye maererano nekushanduka-shanduka kwavo, havawanzogadzirisa nokukurumidza. Hunhu hwatinogona kuratidza ndeiyi inotevera:
- Ndivo zvisikwa zvidiki zvinouya kuzorarama panyika.
- Kureba kwayo kunogona kuita microscopic. Kunyangwe paine akawanda ane avhareji saizi muhumambo hwavo, anogona kuyera kubva pa2 kusvika 6 micrometers.
- Masero ayo ari prokaryotic, kureva, unicellular.
- Ivo vane rudimentary
- DNA yakasununguka mavari. Vanoshaya chikamu chakakura chechimiro chakaoma kunzwisisa chinonzi nucleus.
- Yayo cellular chimiro chiri nyore zvachose
- Kusiyana nemasero eukaryotic, haana chimiro chakaoma, sezvo asina nhengo mukati. Naizvozvo, chimiro chavo chebhayoloji chakarerutswa zvachose uye vanongoita zviri nyore mukati maitiro.
- Maitiro avo ekubereka anofambirana nekubatana pakati pezviviri, chiitiko chinopa nzira yekusimukira kwemunhu kana chipenyu semaviri akafanana.
Moneras ndivo generalists munyika cellular. Zvichida nokuti zviri nyore, monera inoita seine hunyanzvi hwakarasika zvipenyu zvakanyanya, semuenzaniso, zvinokwanisa kugaya cellulose, chiitiko icho mhuka dzinoyamwisa hadzina kugona kuita, nekuda kwechikonzero ichi mombe dzine monera mudumbu radzo.
Kufanana nezvinhu zvipenyu zvose, monera inofanira kuva netsime resimba uye tsime rezvinhu.
Izvo zvinobva kune organic kana inorganic masosi. Nhengo dzehumambo dzinogashira simba radzo kubva mukuviriswa kwe organic matter, kubva kuphotosynthesis kana kubva kune oxidation ye inorganic substances. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha icho monera inoda kuwana kubva kunharaunda yavo kabhoni. Vamwe vanowana kabhoni kubva muorganic matter, izvi zvinokonzeresa kuora kwezvinomera pamwe nemhuka dzakafa. Mamwe acho anobvisa kabhoni kubva kune inorganic compounds senge carbon dioxide mumhepo.
Monera inogona kuita aerobic kana anaerobic Mimwe monera ianaerobic, zvichireva kuti inokwanisa kuburitsa simba radzo rese pasina oxygen. Mabhakitiriya anoshandura mirwi yemarara kuita kabhoni mienzaniso yekirasi iyi. Dzimwe monera dzinoda oxygen kuti dzirarame, tinodzidaidza kuti aerobics.
Iyo yakanyanya kujairika yemaitiro ekugadzira simba pakati pemonerae inowanikwa mumhuka dzinogara zviuru zvemamita pazasi pepamusoro pegungwa, pedyo nemhepo mugoko repasi. Mabhakitiriya anowana simba rawo kubva kuhydrogen sulfide inobuda mumhepo. Aya mabhakitiriya anoumba hwaro hwecheni yechikafu iyo inosanganisira marudzi ese emakristaceans nemahonye makuru.
Humambo monera kunze kwekuwanikwa mukati humambo5, inosanganisa mapoka makuru matatu uye ayo akakamurwa kuita maviri. Aya kupatsanurwa ane hukama zvakanyanya nemabhakitiriya uye zvipenyu zvakakamurwa zvimiro, izvi zvinomiririrwa pasi peiyo inotevera kupatsanura:
Eubacteria
Idzi dzine chromosome imwe chete, dzinogona kuiswa mubacilli sezvo dziine chimiro chetsvimbo uye cocci sezvo dzichiratidzwa nekuva nemorphology yakatenderera, spirilla yakaita secorkscrew, uye vibrios.
Archaeal mabhakitiriya
Vanoverenga semafomu anounzwa zvakasiyana-siyana nemabhakitiriya. Vanowanzo rarama vachishandisa michina yemakemikari. Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti rudzi urwu rwebhakitiriya rwakakura zvakanyanya maererano nehuwandu, uye kuti hunoita makumi maviri kubva muzana ehupenyu hwepasi.
blue green algae
Ndivo vanonzi cyanobacteria vari kutarisira basa re photosynthesis nguva dzose, izvo zvatichave tichipa mamwe mashoko pamusoro pavo gare gare.
Mhuka dzeMonera dzinozivikanwa zvikuru neBacteria. Iyo phylum yebhakitiriya ingangodaro bazi reMonera iro vanhu vazhinji vakakwanisa kuziva uye kutaura nezvazvo. Mabhakitiriya anonyanya kufarirwa imativi uye tsvimbo. Kazhinji vachionekwa pamwe chete mumapoka emasero akawanda asina hukama, dzimwe nyanzvi dzezvinhu zvipenyu dzinofunga kuti mapoka emasero akadaro anogona kunge ari mavambo ehuwandu hwemasero mumhando dzepamusoro dzehupenyu.
Cyanobacteria inotarisira chikamu chakanaka cheokisijeni kubva kune photosynthesis pamusoro penyika, iyi phylum yeMonera inosanganisirawo unicellular zvipenyu zvinowanikwa zvinoyangarara pamusoro pemvura uye zvinowanzozivikanwa se cyanophyceae algae. Zvinocherechedzwa kuti cyanobacteria ndidzo zvisikwa zvipenyu zvekutanga pasi pano uye kuti tsvina yazvo ndiyo yakakonzera kuchinja kwakaitwa mumhepo.
Humambo hweprotist hunoumbwa neunicellular organisms dzine genetic material inowanikwa munucleus mukati mesero. Idzi dzaimborongedzerwa semhuka, nekuti dzine chimiro chakaoma kunzwisisa, dzinofamba kubva panzvimbo ichienda kune imwe nzvimbo, uye dzinowanzo pinda nekunwa chikafu chadzo.
Kana tikatarisa donhwe remvura kubva padhamu kuburikidza ne maikorosikopu, mhuka duku dzose dzatinoona dzichituhwina mariri, dzinoratidzira. Zvizhinji zveizvi zvinofambiswa neflagella, iyi miswe mirefu, yakaita setyava iyo sero rinokwanisa kuzunguza kuti ripe kufamba. Humambo uhwu hwakakamurwa kuita mapoka mana, ese akasiyana, pazasi tichataura chimwe nechimwe zvichienderana nekupatsanurwa kwavanogashira, pakati pavo tinowana zvinotevera:
archobacteria
Rudzi rwebhakitiriya rwakati kuomarara kurongedza nekuda kwehudiki hwaanowanzoita. Maitiro ayo akati fanane neiyo eukaryotic masero.
microlasmas
Vanomiririra rudzi rwebhakitiriya inorondedzerwa separasitic. Izvi zvinonyatsozivikanwa nekuda kwemajini avo, tichifunga kuti ivo varipo muchikamu chakakura kwazvo chehuwandu hwebhakitiriya.
nyasha
Inoverengera seboka rakakura remabhakitiriya, pakati peiyo plankton, iyi inosanganisira mabhakitiriya emhuka uye zvinomera zvese uni uye multicellular. Idzi hadzituhwi asi dzinoyangarara pamusoro pemvura.
Firmicutes
mabhakitiriya akanaka. Izvo zvinoshandisa maitiro ekuvirisa kwe organic zvinhu.