Kusiyana-siyana kwemitauro ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa zvevanhu. Inowanikwa mumakona ese epasi, uye inoyambuka miganhu isingaoneki pakati penyika, nharaunda, uye kunyange mhuri. Kuongorora chiitiko ichi inotibvumira kunzwisisa zviri nani hupfumi hwetsika hukuru hwenyika yedu y como el mutauro unoumba kuzivikanwa mumwe nomumwe uye pamwe chete. Nzwisisa marudzi akasiyana emitauro uye pesvedzero yetsika dzavo Rwendo runonakidza runodarika mazwi neshanduro.
Munyika iri kuwedzera yakabatana, kugarisana kwemitauro yakawanda uye nzira dzekutaurirana kwave chiratidzo chekuwanda uye kuremekedzwa. Asi zvakare inomiririra matambudziko akasiyana nemikana kukurudzira kunzwisisa, kushandira pamwe kwepasi rose, uye hunyanzvi munzvimbo dzese dzenzanga. Muchinyorwa chino chese, tichaongorora mhando dzemitauro iripo, kukosha kwemitauro yakawanda, basa rayo munharaunda dzazvino, uye kuti inopesvedzera sei maonero, kuzivikanwa, uye chimiro chetsika chero nharaunda.
Chii chinonzi mitauro yakasiyana-siyana?
Mitauro yakasiyana-siyana ndiko kugarisana kwemitauro yakati wandei munzvimbo yakapihwa kana boka revanhu. Ichi chiitiko chinoratidzirwa munhamba yemitauro, kusiyana-siyana kwayo kwemitauro, uye zvimiro zvakasiyana-siyana zvekurukurirano, kubatanidza mitauro yamasaini. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti parizvino kune mitauro iri pakati pe6.000 ne7.000 pasi rose, kuwedzera kuzviuru zvemitauro nemasaini ematsi, zvinoratidza nyaya dzakawanda, ruzivo, manzwiro uye nzira dzekuona chokwadi.
Kuparadzirwa kwemitauro yakasiyana-siyana kunoratidza kusiyana kukuru. Semuenzaniso, Papua New Guinea ndiyo iri pamusoro pezita racho nemitauro inodarika mazana masere, ichiteverwa nenyika dzakaita seIndonesia, Nigeria, India neMexico, uko dzinogara pamwe chete. mazana emitauro nemitauroMunzvimbo idzi, kusiyana kwakasiyana chiratidzo chekupfuma kwetsika nekuwanda kwetsika. Zvisinei, Mizhinji yemitauro iyi parizvino ine vatauri vashoma uye vari panjodzi yekutsakatika.
Kuwanda kwekuwanda kwekusiyana kwemitauro kunobatanidzwa nekusiyana kwetsika. Mutauro wega wega ndiye mutakuri wechiono chakasiyana chenyika, yendangariro yenhau uye magamuchidzanwa emadzitateguru. The kunyangarika kwemutauro Zvinoreva kurasikirwa kusingagadziriswe kwe ruzivo rwekare and of matauriro etsika izvo hazvigone kutsiviwa.
Mhando dzemutauro: kupfuura mazwi
Mutauro chinhu chakaoma kunzwisisa zvokuti unozviratidza munzira dzakawanda., kuchinjira kuzvinodiwa nemamiriro ezvinhu enzanga imwe neimwe. Zvidzidzo zvemitauro zvinocherechedza marudzi akasiyana emutauro zvichienderana nekushanda kwawo uye maumbirwo awo.:
- Mutauro wemuromo Ndiyo nzira yakajairika yekukurukurirana, yakavakirwa pakugadzirwa uye kugamuchirwa kwemanzwi. Inobvumira kutapurirana kweruzivo nekukurumidzaMienzaniso yemitauro inotaurwa inosanganisira Spanish, Chirungu, Japanese, uye Swahili, imwe neimwe iine zvimiro zvayo, rhythms, uye nuances.
- Mutauro wakanyorwa: Chitarisiko chayo chakachinja kukurukurirana, kuchibvumira kuchengetedzwa kwezivo, zvinyorwa uye nhoroondoMutauro wega wega wakanyorwa unosanganisira zviratidzo uye mitemo yezviperengo.
- Mutauro wemasaini Inosanganisira mitauro yese yemasaini inoshandiswa nenharaunda dzematsi. Iwo akakwana uye anozvimiririra masisitimu, ane girama yavo uye mazwi.Kuvapo kwayo kunopfumisa mitauro yakasiyana-siyana.
- Mutauro unooneka uye wekufananidzira: Inotangira kubva kumasaini emigwagwa kuenda kumakodhi emakomputa kana pictographic masisitimu mutsika dzekare. Ndidzo nzira dzepasirese uye dzinoshanda dzekutaurirana munzvimbo dzetsika dzakasiyana..
Uyewo, mutauro wacho wakakamurwa kuva marudzi akasiyana-siyana zvichienderana nematunhu, mapoka emagariro uye nhanho dzemaitiro, zvichipa matauriro, mutauro wehunyanzvi kana kunyange misiyano yemhuri. Zvose izvi zvinoratidza kuti mutauro une simba uye unochinja. kune zvinodikanwa zveavo vanoishandisa.
Kuparadzirwa kwemitauro munyika yose
Kuvapo kwemitauro yakasiyana-siyana yakagoverwa pasirese haina homogeneous. Maererano nenyanzvi, Asia neAfrica zvinonyanya kufunga nezvekusiyana kwemitauro, kunyange matunhu akadai Latin America uye Oceania Vanomirawo pakusiyana kwavo.
- Asia: Inenge 32% yemitauro yenyika inowanikwa mukondinendi ino. India, semuenzaniso, kune inopfuura mazana mana emitauro nemhando dzakasiyana, mazhinji ane mamirioni evatauri.
- Africa: Imwe 32% yemitauro yakasiyana-siyana yepasi rose iri pano. Nigeria, ine mitauro inodarika mazana mashanu, muenzaniso wakajeka wekugarisana kwevanhu vakawanda netsika.
- America: Gumi neshanu muzana yemitauro yepasi rose inotaurwa mukondinendi ino, kunyanya munyika dzakaita seMexico, idzo dzinogamuchira zviri pamutemo mitauro inodarika makumi matanhatu nesere.
- South Pacific: Inosvika 18% yemitauro iripo mudunhu rino, nePapua New Guinea ine huwandu hwepamusoro hwemitauro pasirese.
- Europe: Kunyangwe kuri iko kwakabva mitauro ine simba guru repasi rose (seSpanish, Chirungu, French, uye Russian), inongomiririra 3% yekusiyana kwenyika.
Kugoverwa uku akafurirwa ne nhoroondo zvinhu, kutama, kukunda uye simba dynamicsMuhumambo hukuru, mutauro unonyanya kutonga wakakunda, nepo munzvimbo dziri kure, mitauro yemuno yakaramba uye yakashanduka yakazvimirira.
Mitauro iri mungozi uye kukosha kwekudzivirirwa kwavo
Imwe yetyisidziro hurusa nhasi kutsakatika kwemitauro. Inofungidzirwa izvozvo Masvondo maviri ega ega mutauro unopera munyikaKupesvedzera kwemitauro mikuru padzidzo, nhepfenyuro, uye hupenyu hweveruzhinji, pamwe nekudyidzana kwenyika dzepasi rose, zvinoreva kuti nharaunda zhinji hadzisisiri kuendesa rurimi rwaamai kuzvizvarwa zvidiki.
Kurasika kwemutauro zvinoreva kutsakatika kwemaonero enyika akasiyana, tsika, uye nzira dzekufungaMasangano epasi rose akaita seUNESCO anosimudzira kumutsidzira uye kudzivirira yemitauro midiki kuburikidza nemitemo, mishandirapamwe yekuzivisa uye dzidzo yemitauro miviri.
Mafungiro enharaunda mumutauro wavo ndiwo musimboti pakupona kwavoKuremekedzwa kwemitauro ine simba kunogona kuderedza kukosha kwerurimi rwaamai, saka kusimbisa kuzivikanwa kwetsika uye kupa rubatsiro rwemasangano Zvakakosha kuchengetedza mitauro iri mungozi iri mhenyu.
Kukanganisa kwetsika nemutauro
Mutauro hausi chombo chekutaura chete, asiwo a kuratidza tsika, kuzivikanwa uye nhoroondo chevanhu. Mitauro inofambisa tsika, zvinotendwa uye nzira dzekuona nyika, kupesvedzera maonero anoita vanhu chokwadi, ukama nevamwe uye kuratidza manzwiro.
Semuenzaniso, kune mazwi akasiyana, mitsara uye zvirevo mumutauro wega wega. izvo hazvigoni kududzirwa sezvazviri, nokuti Ane pfungwa dzakadzika midzi mutsika. ChiPutukezi cafune rinorondedzera chiito chorudo chokupuruzira bvudzi, chichiratidza kuti ndimi dzinofambisa sei manzwiro chaiwo uye tsika.
Nzira dzekukwazisa, kubvunza, kutaura zvakanaka kana kuratidza ruremekedzo zvakasiyana zvikuru pakati penzanga. Mitauro yakadai seFrench kana Italian simbisa chimiro nemazita ekero, nepo vamwe, seChirungu, vanosarudza kuve nyore uye nekukasika. Misiyano iyi gadzirisa kudyidzana kwevanhu uye kuonana.
Multilingualism: hupfumi, hunyanzvi uye mukana
Multilingualism, nhasi, chimwe chehunhu hunokosheswa munyika yepasi rose. Haisi kungosimudzira kutaurirana kwakanyanya uye kunoshanda, asi zvakare kunomutsa kusika uye kubuda pachena kwetsikaKuti uongorore zvakadzika mune zvine chekuita netsika kuratidzwa, iwe unogona zvakare kuongorora Tsika dzeMayan muYucatán.
Taura mitauro yakasiyana kunopfumisa hupenyu hwemunhu nehunyanzvi. Hunyanzvi hwemitauro yakawanda inobatsira kuwana mikana yemabasa iri nani, inowedzera hukama y inovhura nzira dzeruzivo rutsva uye zviitikoMasangano nemakambani anoona kutaura kwemitauro yakawanda kukosha kwekusiyanisa zvikwata zvavo, uye masisitimu edzidzo anosimudzira dzidziso yawo kubva paudiki.
Uyewo, mitauro yakawanda inochengetedza nekupemberera kusiyana kwetsika nemagariro. Kudzidza mitauro yakasiyana kunobatsira kukurudzira kuzivana kwetsika, kushivirira uye kunzwisisana muvanhu vane tsika dzakasiyana-siyana.
Mitauro yakasiyana muSpain
Spain ndiyo muenzaniso mukuru wekusiyana kwemitauro uye kugarisana kwemitauro yakati wandei uye yepamutemo. Bumbiro reSpain rinoona Castilian semutauro wepamutemo, asiwo inochengetedza nekusimudzira mimwe mitauro yedunhu zvakadai seCatalan, Galician, Basque, Valencian uye Aranese.
Imwe neimwe inoratidza nhoroondo chaiyo uye kuzivikanwa. mabhuku, mimhanzi, bhaisikopo nemitambo yechinyakare Ndidzo nzira dzinokosha dzekuchengeta nhaka yemitauro iri mhenyu uye kuiendesa kuzvizvarwa zvitsva.
Mudzidzo, mapurogiramu emitauro miviri uye kubatanidzwa kwemitauro yehurumende Vanobatsira kuona kutapurirana kwemarudzi uye kuchengetedzwa kwemitauro yakasiyana. Kuturikira nekuturikira muhurumende nenhepfenyuro kwakakosha pakuona kuenzana nekubatanidzwa kwenharaunda dzese.
Kugarisana kwemitauro yakasiyana kunounza matambudziko, asiwo kunopa Mikana yekusimbisa nhaurirano, rukudzo uye kusiyana kwetsika.
Mhando dzeSpanish: a mosaic yekutaura
Spanish inopa kusiyanisa kunoshamisa kwemukatiNekufamba kwenguva, yakashanduka uye yakafumiswa nekufuridzirwa kubva kune mimwe mitauro, ichigadzira akasiyana siyana emitauro uye mataurirwo muSpain neLatin America.
- MuSpain: ChiCastilian Spanish chinogarisana neAndalusian, Canarian, uye mamwe marudzi, imwe neimwe iine fonetiki, lexical, uye zvivakamutauro. Kuti unzwisise zviri nani aya akasiyana, unogona kubvunza mutauro weAndalusian.
- MuAmerica: Caribbean Spanish, Mexican Spanish, Andean Spanish, uye River Plate Spanish inomira pachena, ine hunhu hunopesvedzerwa nemitauro yechivanhu nemimwe mitauro.
Misiyano iyi inoratidza kupfuma kwetsika uye kuchinjika kwemutauro.Masevhisi edu emitauro ane hunyanzvi mukuturikira nekushandura munharaunda anobvumira kutaurirana kunoshanda mumitauro yakasiyana, kuve nechokwadi uye kuva pedyo munharaunda yega yega.
Mutauro uye kuzivikanwa kwemunhu nemagariro
Hukama huripo pakati pemutauro nekuzivikanwa yakadzika uye mativi maviri. Mutauro watinotaura inoumba mafungire, manzwire uye mawirirano atinoitaMazwi, zviito, uye zvimiro zvinopa mativi etsika dzedu, matangiro, uye hunhu hwakadzama.
Ongororo dzinoratidza izvozvo Kutaura mitauro yakasiyana kunogona kukanganisa hunhu uye maitiro. Dzimwe nguva vanhu vanotora manuances akasiyana mumutauro wega wega, zvichiratidza zvakasiyana zvetsika.
Mutauro wakakosha zvakare mu kubatanidzwa kwevanhu uye kuvaka hukama hwevanhu. Ziva nekukoshesa mitauro yese inosimbisa pfungwa yokuva mumwe uye kuremekedza kusiyana-siyana munzanga dzemazuva ano.
Dzidzo uye tekinoroji mukuchengetedza kusiyana kwemitauro
Chikoro nemhuri Ivo vamiririri vakakosha mukufambiswa kwemitauro uye tsika dzetsika. Kugadzira zvirongwa zvedzidzo zvinokurudzira kudzidza mitauro yakawanda uye kuremekedza mitauro midiki kwakakosha mukuchengetedza kwavo.
Ukuwo, dhijitari tekinoroji kupa maturusi matsva e kuchengetedza, kuparadzira uye kudzidza yemitauro iri mungozi yekutsakatika, pamwe nezviwanikwa zvepamhepo, mashandisirwo emitauro uye mapuratifomu edzidzo anofambisa kusangana kwetsika nekunzwisisana.
Zviitwa zvekukoshesa nekupemberera kusiyana kwemitauro
Kusimudzira mitauro yakasiyana-siyana, zvakakosha kutora matanho chaiwo, kunyanya muzvidzidzo uye munharaunda. Mamwe mazano anosanganisira:
- Rekodha mitauro iripo muchikoro uye munharaunda.
- Bvunzurudza nhengo dzemhuri nezvenhoroondo yemitauro yavo.
- Gadzira mapepa, nhetembo, kana nyaya dzinoratidza kupfuma kwemitauro yemuno.
- Ronga mitambo yemitauro apo mhuri dzinogovana kwaziso, nziyo, uye tsika mumitauro yakasiyana.
- Sanganisira mabasa ekunyora uye ehunyanzvi kubva kutsika dzakasiyana muzvidzidzo zvechikoro.
Zviitwa izvi zvinosimudzira unyanzvi hwemutauro uye zvinosimbisa kuremekedzwa nekukoshesa kusiyana kwetsika nemitauro.
Kuongorora kusiyana-siyana kwemitauro kunoburitsa kugona kunoshamisa kwevanhu kugadzira, kugadzirisa, uye kufambisa ruzivo muzvizvarwa zvese. Mutauro wega wega, zvakasiyana-siyana, uye matauriro etsika ishinda dzinovaka nhoroondo yakabatana, dzinopa mikana yenhaurirano, hutsva, uye kugarisana, kusimudzira nyika inochengetedza nekupemberera hupfumi uhwu kuti pasave nemutauro kana tsika inoregedzerwa kukanganwa.
