Zvisikwa musha kune zvisikwa zvinokwanisa kuita zvinoshamisa, mazhinji acho ane chekuita nekugona kuyangarara. Dzimwe mhuka dzinoziva nzvimbo dzadzo dzemumvura kana dzemuchadenga nekuda kwemaitiro akaomarara. Kubva pazvimiro zvemukati senge mabladder ekushambira kuti agadzirise senge asina kujairika kufema nhengo dzekufema kana ultralight ganda, mhando yega yega inogadzira mhinduro dzakajeka dzechinangwa chimwe chete: ramba wakayangarara nenzira inodzorwa.
Muchinyorwa chino, tichapinda mukati menyika inonakidza yemhuka ine zvinoshamisa buoyancy kugona. Tichaongorora zvese kubva kuhove dzinokwanisa kufamba pamusoro pemvura kusvika kune dzinofema mweya uye dzinobhururuka pasi pegungwa. Tichaongorora zvakare misimboti yesainzi inogonesa kugona uku kunoshamisa uye mashandisirwo aanoitwa mundima dzakadai seinjiniya nekubhururuka.
Sainzi kuseri kwemhuka flotation: muviri uye biological nheyo
Kunzwisisa kuti nei mhuka ichiyangarara kana kusayangarara zvinoenderana nezvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha: density, volume, uye displacement. Iyi nheyo, inotsanangurwa neakakurumbira Archimedes 'Principle, ona kana muviri ukasangana nesimba rinokwira kumusoro (buoyant force) rakakura kudarika uremu hwawo.
Kana muviri ukapinzwa mumvura (mvura kana mweya), inobvisa huwandu hwemvura iyoyo yakaenzana nehuwandu hwayo. Kana huremu hwemvura yakadzingwa yakakura kudarika huremu hwemuviri, inoyangarara. Kana iri shoma, inonyura. Iyi nheyo inoshanda kwete kumvura chete asiwo kumhepo, sezvinoitwa nemabharumu emhepo inopisa kana kuti mablimps.
Panyaya yemhuka dzemugungwa kana dzemumvura, kuchinjika kwakawanda kwemuviri kunobatsira kune iyi simba rinoputika. Mamwe marudzi ane zvimiro zvinonzi swim bladders, mamwe anodzora kuwanda kwemuviri wavo kuburikidza nemafuta kana mweya wakavharirwa. Mhuka dzemugungwa dzakaita semawhale dzine zvidimbu zveblubber zvinodzibatsira kuchengetedza simba uye ramba wakayangarara.
Hove uye kuyerera: dundira rekushambira rinotonga zvakanyanya
Hove dzakawanda dzine mapfupa dzinodzora kufara kwadzo nenhengo ine unyanzvi: dundira. Iyi nhengo yakazadzwa negasi inobvumira mhuka kudzora kudzika kwayo pasina kuita zvekushambira, chimwe chinhu chakakosha munzvimbo dzine kushandiswa kwesimba kunofanira kunge kuri kushoma kurarama.
Mimwe mienzaniso inocherechedzwa yehove dzine dundira rekushambira irainbow trout, pufferfish, nebluefin tuna. Imwe neimwe yadzo inoratidza shanduko yakasiyana mune iyi chimiro, ichivabvumira kuti vagare zvese kubva kunzizi dzemvura yakachena kusvika kumakungwa akadzika.
Somuenzaniso, hove inonzi puffer yakagadziridza dundira rayo rokushambira kuwedzera kana ichityisidzirwa, kuwedzera huwandu hwayo uye kuderedza mukana wekumedzwa. Iyi inoshamisa inogadziriswa haina chete chinangwa chekudzivirira, asiwo inovandudza kunaka kwayo zvechinguvana.
Imwe mhando inofadza icod, iyo inogona kugadzirisa dzvinyiriro iri mudundira rayo kuti irambe ichifara mumvura inotonhora, yakadzika. Rudzi urwu rwekutonga runoratidza nzira iyo zvisikwa zvakanatsiridza hurongwa hwe "natural submarines."
Kufema kunze kwemvura: hove dzine nzira dzakasanganiswa
Dzimwe hove dzinoenda mberi uye dzakagadzira kugona kufema mweya wemhepo. Kugona uku kwete chete kuvabvumira kuti vagare munzvimbo dzepakati pemvura kana nzvimbo dzemvura, asi zvakare inovapa mukana wakakura kuti vararame munzvimbo dzakadzika-okisijeni mumvura.
Mudskipper (Periophthalmus spp.) muenzaniso wakatanhamara: inofema nemuganda rayo chero ichingonyorova. Izvi zvinokutendera iwe kugara kunze kwemvura kwemazuva. Inoshandisawo zvimbi zvayo “kufamba” pamatope.
Chimwe chiitiko chinoshamisa ndecheEuropean eel, iyo inokwanisa kufema kuburikidza neganda rayo pamwe chete nemagill ayo. Ichi chigadziriso chinokubvumira kuti uite kutama pamusoro penyika pakati pezvitunha zvemvura
Lungfish (dipnoans) zvichida ndiyo yakanyanyisa. Vane chimiro chakaita semapapu, chinobva kwete kubva mudundira rekushambira sezvaimbofungwa, asi kubva mukupinda kwe pharynx. Hove idzi anogona kufema zvachose kunze kwemvura y kurarama munguva yekusanaya kwemvura vachizviviga mumatope.
Nhengo dzakakosha: nhengo yelabyrinth uye shanduko inoshanduka
Dzimwe hove dzakagadzira nhengo inonzi labyrinth, iyo inodzibvumira kufema oxygen kubva mumhepo. Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti Nhengo iyi yakaonekwa yakazvimirira mumitsara yakasiyana, nyaya yakajeka yekushanduka-shanduka.
Mienzaniso inonyatsozivikanwa ndeye murwi we Siam (Betta splendens) uye kukwira perch (Anabas testudineus). Ihove idzi dzinogona kurarama mumvura dzisina oxygen uye dzinotora mukana wekusanaya kwemvura.
Muhove idzi mutezo welabyrinth unoshanda zvakanyanya zvekuti matinji adzo haashandi mune mamwe marudzi. Vanofanira kuuya pamusoro nguva nenguva kana kuti vanogona kudzipwa.
Uku kugona kushandura pakati pemhando dzakasiyana dzekufema kwave kwakakosha pakuwedzera kwezvipenyu izvi munzvimbo dzine hutsinye..
Zvisikwa zvinofamba pamusoro pemvura: masters of balance
Zvisikwa zvinotiratidzawo zviitiko apo mhuka dzisingayangarara mumvura, asi dzinofamba nepamusoro pepamusoro payo pasina kuityora. Izvi zvinoitika nekuda kwekumanikidzana kwepamusoro kwemvura uye kushamisa kweanatomical adaptation.
Mhuka idzi dzinosanganisira:
- Shoebills (Gerris lacustris): zvipembenene zvinoshandisa makumbo avo e-hydrophobic kutsigira uremu hwavo pasina kuputsa mvura.
- Raft spider (Dolomedes fimbriatus): Vanogona kumhanya pamusoro pemvura uye kunyange kunyura.
- Basilisk madzvinyu: anodaidzwawo kuti “madzvinyu aJesu Kristu” nekuda kwekugona kwavo kufamba pamusoro pemvura nekumhanya.
- Jacanas: shiri dzine zvigunwe zvirefu zvinogovera uremu hwadzo nenzira inodzibvumira kufamba pazvinomera zvinoyangarara.
Mhuka idzi hadziyangamire zvakadaro, asi kuti dzinoshandisa misimboti yemuviri kugara pamusoro pemvura..
Shoemaker
Vagari vepakadzika: flotation mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma
Hove dzegungwa rakadzika dzinogara pakati pe3.000 ne6.000 metres kudzika, uko chiedza chisingasviki uye kudzvanywa kwakanyanyisa. Kuti urarame munzvimbo iyoyo, Ivo vakagadzira yakasarudzika nzira dzekufambisa uye fauna dzakachinjirwa kune yakanyanyisa mamiriro..
Hunhu hwayo hunosanganisira miviri yegelatinous, yakagadziriswa densities uye lighter musculature. Vamwe kunyange Vanenge varasa dundira ravo rekushambira nekuda kwekumanikidzwa.
Ihove inopenya-inotungamira mugomba (Macropinna microstoma) ndeimwe yeanonyanya kufadza: maziso ayo akavharirwa mudome rakajeka rinobvumira kutenderera kutarisa kumusoro kana kumberi uye kuona mhuka yayo.
Dzimwe mhuka dzakadai sehove dzinovhima kana hove dzemwenje dzinoshandisa bioluminescence senzira yekukwezva kana kudzivirira. Muzhinji dzehove idzi. Buoyancy inodzorwa nezvinhu zvisina kusimba kupfuura mvura munyama yavo kana nhengo dzakakosha.
Kuyangarara mumhuka dzemugungwa: mafuta, kufema, uye kudzora muviri
Mhuka dzemugungwa hadzina dundira, asi dzakagadzirisa dambudziko rekuyangarara kuburikidza nedzimwe nzira. Mafuta emuviri Inoshanda maviri maviri basa: thermal insulation uye buoyancy rubatsiro.Kana iwe uchida kuona kuti mhuka dzemugungwa dzinochengetedza sei chiyero chadzo pakadzika, unogona kuongorora zvakawanda muchinyorwa chedu mhuka dzinotsvaga nemumarara.
Zvisimbiso, shumba dzegungwa, uye whales zvinogona kugadzirisa kufara kwavo nekugadzirisa mhepo iri mumapapu avo. Panguva yekunyura kwakadzika, Mitezo iyi inodonha zvishoma kuti ideredze vhoriyamu yemukati uye kudzivirira kuwandisa kwakanyanyisa..
Sea otters anoteya mhepo mumvere dzawo dzakakora, achivabvumira kuita vanoyangarara nemisana yavo vachidyaIyi nzira yakasiyana nedzimwe mhuka dzomugungwa.
Aerial buoyancy: nyaya yemhuka dzinongobhururuka
Kuyangarara hakuwanzofanana nekuve mumvura: kunewo mhuka dzinobhururuka dzichishandisa maaerial flotation mechanisms. Mabharumu emhepo inopisa anotevera musimboti mumwe chete unoshandiswa nezvimwe zvipenyu kusimuka. Kana uchida kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemhuka idzi uye mashandisiro adzinoita mathermals, shanyira zvinyorwa zvedu pa.
Mhepo inodziya haina kusimba pane inotonhora, iyo inobvumira vhoriyamu chaiyo kukwira. Ichi chivakwa chinoshandiswa muinjiniya, asiwo mumaitiro echisikigo, senge shiri dzinobhururuka dzichishandisa thermals, kana zvipembenene zvinoshandisa mhepo.
Kune kunyange mabhakitiriya uye zvipenyu zvisingaonekwi zvinoyangarara mumhepo nekuda kwezvimiro zvemagetsi kana mabhuru egasi..
Puffer hove
Buoyancy sekurudziro muinjiniya
Sainzi yebuoyancy yakashanda sehwaro hwekuvandudza tekinoroji mundima dzakawanda. Kubva pamabhiriji anoyangarara uye dzimba dziri pamusoro pemvura kusvika kune ngarava dzepasi pemvura uye drones dzemuchadenga, Kunzwisisa chiitiko ichi kwakakoshaKuti unzwisise kuti vanofemerwa sei nemasikirwo, unogona kushanyira chinyorwa chedu hydroponic mbeu.
Ngarava dzepasi pemvura dzemazuva ano dzinoshanda zvakafanana nehove dzine madunduru, dzichigadzirisa vhoriyamu yadzo yemukati vachishandisa matangi eballast. Saizvozvo, mablimps nemabhaluni anoshandisa magasi akaita sehelium kukunda kuzara kwemhepo.
Chinhu chinonakidza kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinogona kushandura density kana vhoriyamu mukupindura zvakatipoteredza.Izvi zvinovhura musuwo kumotokari dzinozvimiririra dzepasi pemvura dzinogadzirisa otomatiki kubhuroka kwadzo.
Mhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze pane zvakasikwa buoyancy
Kunyunguduka kweaizi uye kukwira kwemvura yegungwa kuri kukanganisa zvakananga nzvimbo dzekugara dzemarudzi akawanda anoyangarara. Kuderera kweaizi uye kuchinjwa kwezvipenyu zvemumvura zviri kumanikidza marudzi mazhinji kuti akurumidze kujairana neshanduko idzi kana kutamira kunzvimbo itsva. Kana iwe uchida kunzwisisa kuti shanduko idzi dzinokanganisa sei mhuka dziri kuona kushamisa kwavo, shanya chinyorwa chedu mhuka dzemumvura dziri munjodzi yekutsakatika.
