Mhuka dzeMammalian: Mhando, Hunhu uye Mienzaniso

  • Mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinoonekwa nekuva nemazamu anobudisa mukaka wevana vawo.
  • Kune angangoita 5.486 marudzi emhuka dzinoyamwisa, kusanganisira monotremes, marsupials uye placentals.
  • Kushanduka kwayo kwakabvumira kuchinjika kunoshamisa kune akasiyana ecosystems kutenderera pasirese.
  • Mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinotamba mabasa akakosha ezvakatipoteredza sezvikara uye nyama munzvimbo dzavanogara.
Infinita Naturaleza

51 maminitsi

Mhuka iboka riya remhuka dzine vertebrate dzinozivikanwa nekuti hadzi dzadzo dzine mazamu ekudyisa vana vadzo. Mhuka dzeMammalian dzinoumba boka remhuka rakawanda uye rakaparadzirwa zvakanyanya pasi rose, uye ndiyo inonyanya kudzidzwa nekuda kwekuti vanhu chikamu cheboka iroro.

Mhuka

mhuka dzinoyamwisa

Mhuka dzinoyamwisa (Mammalia) dzinoiswa mukati mekirasi yemhuka dzinodziya-dzine ropa, iyo inosiyanisa hunhu hune mazamu ezamu ayo anoburitsa mukaka kuti adyise vana vawo. Vazhinji vavo viviparous (kunze kwe monotremes: platypus uye echidnas).

Vanotsanangurwa sechikamu chesainzi kana boka rezvipenyu zvakabva kune mumwe tateguru (monophyletic taxon kana clade), kureva kuti, ivo vese vanobva kutateguru mumwechete zvichida kubva kumagumo enguva yeTriassic, makore anopfuura mamirioni mazana maviri apfuura.

Iwo chikamu chesynapsid clade, iyo inosanganisirawo "zvinokambaira" zvakawanda zvine chekuita nemhuka dzinoyamwisa, dzakadai sepelycosaurs uye cynodonts. Parizvino marudzi anenge 5.486 5 akazivikanwa, ari mashanu awo monotremata, 272 marsupials uye mamwe, 5.209 XNUMX placenta. Sezvo theriology, mammalogy kana mammalology, chirango chesainzi chakatsaurirwa kudzidza kwemhuka dzinoyamwisa chinozivikanwa.

Hunhu hweMhuka dzeMammalian

Boka rezvisikwa zvipenyu zvinoumba mhuka dzinoyamwisa rakasiyana-siyana, zvisinei nenhamba ine mwero yemarudzi anoiumba kana ichienzaniswa nemimwe taxa yemhuka kana chirimwa. Ongororo yesainzi yemhuka dzinoyamwisa ndiyo yakanyanya kudzika mumunda weZoology, pasina mubvunzo nekuda kwerudzi rwemunhu. The heterogeneity of the mammal class zvekuti zvingava zvakaoma kumunhu asina ruzivo kuti anyatsoona kuti ndeupi mhuka inoyamwisa uye isiri iyo.

Kujekesa iyi phenotypic, anatomical-physiological uye ethological zvakasiyana-siyana nemuenzaniso, zvakakwana kubatanidza mamwe emhando dzayo, sevanhu (Homo sapiens), rufous kangaroo (Macropus rufus), chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera), whale chena (Delphinapterus leucas), twiza (Giraffa camelopardalis), lemur-tailed lemur (Lemur catta), jaguar (Panthera onca) kana zviremwaremwa ("Chiroptera").

Mhuka

Kirasi yemhuka dzinoyamwisa iboka remonophyletic, sezvo nhengo dzaro dzese dzichigovana mutsara wezvakasiyana zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushanduka-shanduka (synapomorphies) zvisingawanikwe mune chero mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana dzisiri chikamu chekirasi yakataurwa:

  • Iine matinji edikita, akachinjwa semammary gland, ane kugona kuburitsa mukaka, chinhu icho vana vese vanoyamwisa vanopihwa. Ichi ndicho chimiro chayo chekutanga, kubva kune zita rayo remhuka dzinoyamwisa.
  • Rushaya inoumbwa chete nemazino bhonzo, yakasarudzika uye yakasarudzika mhando yeiyi kirasi yese, ichigadzira hunhu hukuru hunoshanda kuziva boka.
  • Iine vertebrae manomwe muchikamu chekervical chemusana wayo; hunhu hwehupenyu huripo mumhando dzakasiyana sembeva, twiza, platypus kana whale yeblue.
  • Kubatanidzwa kwe mandible nedehenya kunoitika pakati pemazino uye squamosal, yakaenzana yakasarudzika uye yakasarudzika yekirasi iyi.
  • Vane mapfupa matatu mukati menzeve yepakati: nyundo, anvil uye stirrup, kunze kwe monotremes, iyo nzeve ine reptilian.
  • Mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzine nzeve dzenzeve, kunze kwemawhale, ma dolphin nevamwe vanogara mumvura uye kuti, mukushanduka kwavo, vangave vakarasikirwa nazvo nekuda kwezvikonzero zvehydrodynamic.
  • Iri kirasi ndiyo yega mhuka dziripo dzine makushe aripo mukati mezvikamu zvese zvekuvapo kwayo, uye marudzi ese, kusvika padanho rakakura kana diki, anayo (zvisinei ari embryonic state).
  • Kungofanana nemadzitateguru avo ekare, mhuka dzemazuva ano dzinongova nepeya imwe chete yemakomba enguva mudehenya, mukusiyana nemadiapsids (dinosaur, zvinokambaira zvemazuva ano neshiri), ane maviri maviri, uye anapsids (kamba), izvo zvisina. handina.
  • Kuwedzera kune iyi skeletal musiyano, uye zvimwe zvisinganyanyi kukosha (zvakadai sekukosha kwepfupa remazino mushaya yezasi uye kugona kwemazino kuita mabasa akasiyana kana heterodont mamiriro), izvo zvekutanga zvemhuka dzinoyamwisa kuvepo kwemvere. uye ganda reganda.

Asi pasinei neizvi nezvimwe zvakafanana izvo zvisingatsananguri kirasi, zvakasiyana-siyana ndezvekuti kusiyana kuripo kwakawanda, kunyanya maererano nechitarisiko chekunze.

Origin uye evolution

Mhuka dzemazuva ano dzinobva kune yekutanga synapsids, boka reamniotic tetrapods rakatanga kuoneka pakutanga kwePermian, makore angangoita 280 miriyoni apfuura, uye vakaramba vachitonga pamusoro pe "zvinokambaira" zvepanyika kusvika makore anosvika mamirioni mazana maviri nemakumi mana nemashanu (kutanga kweTriassic) shure, apo dinosaurs ekutanga akatanga kumira kunze. Zvichikurudzirwa nehukuru hwadzo hwemakwikwi, iyo yekupedzisira yakakonzera kutsakatika kweakawanda esynapsid.

Nekudaro, vamwe vakapona, uye vatsivi vavo, mammaliaforms, vakazova mhuka dzechokwadi dzekutanga kusvika kumagumo eTriassic, makore angangoita mamirioni mazana maviri nemakumi maviri apfuura. Mhuka dzekare dzinozivikanwa, kune rumwe rutivi, ma-multituberculates uye, kune rumwe rutivi, australosphenids, mapoka anodzokera kuMiddle Jurassic.

Zvisinei, zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti sangano reMammalian, mushure mekubudirira kwekutanga muPermian uye Triassic, rakange rakatsiviwa zvachose, muJurassic neCretaceous (nemakore anenge mamiriyoni zana), nezvinokambaira zvediapsid (dinosaurs, pterosaurs, crocodilians). , plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, mosasaurs, uye pliosaurs), uye hazvina kuzosvika pakuparara kwemeteorite kwakakonzera kunyangarika kweCretaceous-Tertiary mass kuti mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakave dzakasiyana uye dzakawana basa radzo guru.

Kushandiswa kwezviwanikwa pasina kukwikwidzana nemhuka hombe kwaireva kuchinjika kunzvimbo dzisingagarike dzine mamiriro ekunze anogara achitonhora, kumitambo yehusiku, uyewo nekudziya kwakaderera uye kwaiwedzerwa chiedza chishoma.

Munhoroondo yese yekushanduka-shanduka kwemhuka dzinoyamwisa, kutevedzana kwezviitiko kunoitika izvo zvinotsanangura kuwanikwa kwehunhu hunoratidza kirasi. Hunhu hwehomeothermic, ndiko kuti, kugadzika tembiricha yemuviri wavo, pasina mubvunzo imhando inobvumira mhuka dzinoyamwisa nyika isina makwikwi uye yakawanda muzviwanikwa zvinovaka muviri. Yakanga iri yekutenda kwaari kuti vakakwanisa kugara munzvimbo dzinotonhora uye, kunyanya, kuita zviitiko zveusiku.

Kukura kwecapillary kwakashanda kuchengetedza muviri kubva pakurasikirwa nekupisa uye kukura kwechiono chakakodzera kuchiedza chakaderera ndizvo zvimwe zviitiko zviviri zvakabatsira mukugara kweiyi niches yezvisikwa kusvika ipapo pasina kuvepo kwemhuka dzepamusoro. Kugadziriswa kwema skeleton kwaiva danho rekutanga rekuwana simba guru rinoshanda zvichienderana nekuwedzera kushandiswa kwezvinhu uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwemari.

Dehenya riri kuwedzera kushanda, sezvo huremu hwaro huchidzikira uchichengetedza kuramba uye kuita kuti zvimiro zvaro zvive nyore apo zvichibvumira kukura uye kushanda kwemhasuru kunowedzera kuwedzera muuropi (uropi) uye hukuru hwehungwaru.

Iko kuchinjwa kwedehenya kunorevawo kuumbwa kwechipiri palate, bumbiro rebhonzo repakati nzeve uye nyanzvi yezvimedu zvemazino. Rushaya runoumbwa kubva pabhonzo rimwe chete (mazino) uye ichi ndicho chinhu chikuru chekugumisa kana fossil yemhuka iri chikamu chekirasi yemhuka dzinoyamwisa, nekuda kwekurasikirwa kwemaitiro akapfava kuburikidza nefossilization.

Mitezo inoramba ichimira kutaura pamativi ehunde kuita kudaro pazasi. Nenzira iyi, ichiwedzera kufamba kwemhuka, inoderedza kushandiswa kwesimba nekudzikisa zvinodiwa zvekufambisa uye kubata muviri wakatwasuka.

Kudivi ravo, nhumbu yemukati memwana uye simba rekuvapa chekurarama nacho chezera ravo rekutanga pasina kuzvitsvaga (mukaka), zvakaita kuti vanaamai vakwanise kufamba vakasununguka uye nekufambira mberi mukupona kwavo. simba, zvose zviri zviviri sezvipenyu.

Kuburikidza nekugadziridzwa kwese uku kweshanduko, imwe neimwe yezvimiro zve organic, pamwe nemaitiro emuviri, zvakabatanidzwa. Midziyo yebhayoloji, kana iine hunyanzvi, yaikumbira kushanda kwakanyanya mukufema nekugaya, ichikurudzira kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro ekutenderera nekufema maererano nekushanda kwemuviri, uye iyo yekugaya kugaya kuti iwane hutano hwakanyanya hwekudya. Idzi dzaive dzimwe budiriro dzakawanikwa nemhuka idzi mukushanduka kwadzo.

Iyo yepakati tsinga midziyo zvishoma nezvishoma yakawana saizi uye histological sangano risingazivikanwe mune dzimwe mhuka, uye kusavapo kwemwenje wakatarisana nemarudzi ehusiku kwakabhadharwa nekuvandudzwa kwemamwe manzwi, kunyanya kunzwa nekunhuwa. Zvese izvi zviitiko zvekushanduka-shanduka zvakawanikwa mumazana emamiriyoni emakore, mushure mezvo isu mhuka dzinoyamwisa takakwanisa kudzora hupenyu paPasi.

Evolutionary Theory yeMhuka

Tsanangudzo yekuti mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakabva kune zvinokambaira sezviri pachena inogamuchirwa nezwi rimwe chete, zvichiratidza kuti kukura kwavo kwaive kutora mukana weiyo ecological niches iyo yaimbove isingagone kuchinjika. Kushanduka kwavo kubva kumasynapsids ("mammalian reptiles") kwakaitika zvishoma nezvishoma pamusoro pemakore angangoita mamiriyoni zana pakati peMiddle Permian neMiddle Jurassic, nekuputika kukuru kwezvipenyu kunoitika kuMiddle Triassic.

Yayo homeothermic quality ndiyo yaive poindi yekutangira iyi zvishoma nezvishoma. Apo madzitateguru ekutanga emhuka dzinoyamwisa akakwanisa kudzora tembiricha yemuviri wavo, vakakwanisa kugara munzvimbo dzenzvimbo umo tembiricha yakaderera yakaita kuti zvisakwanise kuti marudzi ectothermic (ane ropa-rinotonhora) ararame, nokudaro achikwanisa kutora tsika dzehusiku uye kubatsirwa nezviwanikwa zvekudya. kuti vasati vasvika kune vakavatangira.

Nechinangwa ichi vaifanira kushandura zvimiro zvavo uye mashandiro avo, kune rumwe rutivi rwekuchengetedza uye kuchinjana kwekupisa nemhoteredzo, uye kune rumwe kuenderana nemamiriro ehusiku. Kugadzirwa kwenyama yakaoma yaizovadzivirira, yelocomotor system inokwanisa kuchengetedza simba panguva yekufamba uye kuderedza nzvimbo yemuviri, uye yenhengo dzekunzwa kuvandudza hunyanzvi hwakakosha ndiyo yaive nhanho yekutanga kutanga kudzora zvisikwa zvitsva.

Nokuwedzera kwekufamba, zvakava zvakakosha kuchengetedza simba, izvo zvakagadzira imwe yakaoma uye inobudirira digestive system, iyo, iyo ichideredza nguva yekudya, yakawedzera chiyero chekudya chakashandiswa. Nechikonzero ichi, kutenderera kweropa kwakawedzera simba uye nyanzvi, zvichiunza kuvandudzwa kwehurongwa hwekufema, iyo yakawedzera huwandu hwayo uye kukwana kwekutsinhana kweokisijeni.

Mune iyi ketani yeshanduko, ese maturusi uye organic masisitimu akashanduka uye akagadziridzwa kwenguva yakareba yemakore anopfuura zana nemakumi matanhatu emakore. Somugumisiro wekutsakatika kunoshamisa kwemadinosaur (kunze kwevazukuru vawo, shiri) pakupera kweCretaceous, makore anenge mamiriyoni 65 apfuura, uye pashure penguva yechinguvana umo shiri hombe (Gastornis) dzakanga dzakawanda, mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakaguma. kumusoro kunokunda muCenozoic.

Kugarisana nevamwe

Uyezve, simba guru rinodiwa nemhuka idzi rinotarisa maitiro adzo, ayo, kunyange achisiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune imwe mhando kuenda kune imwe, anowanzo kunangana nekuchengetedza simba kuchengetedza tembiricha yemuviri.

Kunyange zvazvo mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinogara munzvimbo dzinotonhora dzepasi dzichifanira kudzivirira kurasikirwa nokupisa kwomuviri, idzo dzinogara munzvimbo dzinopisa, dzakaoma dzinonangidzira nhamburiko dzadzo dzokudzivisa kunyanyopisa nokupererwa nemvura. Hunhu hwavo vese, saka, hunotarirwa kuchengetedza hutano hwemuviri, kunyangwe nemamiriro ekunze.

Mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinogara dziripo mumhando dzese dzehupenyu: kune marudzi e arboreal uye mamwe maitiro epasi, kune chete mhuka dzemumvura uye dzimwe amphibians, uye kunyangwe idzo dzinopedza hupenyu hwadzo pasi pevhu dzichichera maberere mujecha. Mataera ekufambisa anosiyanawo, saka: vamwe vanoshambira, uye vamwe vanobhururuka, kumhanya, kusvetuka, kukwira, kukambaira kana kuronga.

Saizvozvovo, magariro evanhu anosiyana zvakanyanya pakati pezvipenyu: vamwe vanogara vari voga, vamwe vanogara vaviri vaviri, mumapoka madiki emhuri, munzvimbo dzepakati nepakati, uye kunyange mumapoka makuru ezviuru zvevanhu. Kune rumwe rutivi, vanoratidza basa ravo panguva dzakasiyana dzezuva: diurnal, nocturnal, twilight, manheru uye kunyange avo vakaita sapok (Chironectes minimus) izvo sezviri pachena hazviratidzi circadian rhythm.

Anatomy uye Physiology yeMammalian Mhuka

Iyo synapomorphic maficha ekirasi yeanoyamwisa akatosimbiswa. Mhando dzayo dzese dzinovapa uye ivo vanosarudzika kukirasi:

  • Zino ibhonzo reshaya chete, iro rinosanganiswa ne squamosal mudehenya.
  • Bone chain yepakati nzeve: malleus (malleus), incus (incus) uye stapes (stapes).
  • Fur panzvimbo yemuviri wake.
  • Mazamu anobudisa mukaka.
  • Manomwe vertebrae aripo muchikamu chekervical chemusana.

Mazino anoumbwa nezvinhu zvisiri chikamu chebhonzo, asi kuti chifukidziro chemuviri kana nhengo, yakadai seganda, misumari uye bvudzi. Zvinhu zvinogadzirwa nehukuru hwezino inzou kana kuti dentin, iyo inowanzovharwa kunze nechimwe chikamu chakaoma kwazvo, enamel, nepo mujinga mezino chivharo chekunze chinoumbwa nechinhu chechitatu chinonzi. simende.

Mumhuka dzinoyamwisa, mazino anogara akaiswa mumapfupa edehenya anosanganisira muromo, ayo ari kumusoro, peya ye maxillae uye peya ye premaxillae, uye pazasi, mandible kana shaya, iyo yakanangana neshaya. iyo braincase.

Iyo yekupedzisira, kune chikamu chayo, inojoinha dorsal spine kuburikidza nembiri yemukurumbira, kana macondyles aripo kune ese mativi eorifice kuburikidza iyo musana wemuzongoza unopinda kuti ubatanidze uropi.

Kunyange zvazvo huwandu hwemapfupa emuzongoza huchichinja-chinja zvikuru zvichienderana nemarudzi, kune mhuka dzose dzinoyamwisa dzine manomwe emumuromo wechibereko kana wemutsipa, kusasanganisa masloth anogona kuva negumi nemanatee ane matanhatu chete. Nekudaro, zvakawedzerwa kune izvi, kune mamwe maitiro ane hukama nemhando idzi dzatinogona kuzviona sechikamu chemutero:

  • Mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinozivikanwa sendiyo yega mhuka ine bhonzo rimwe chete mushaya imwe neimwe, mazino, akabatana zvakananga padehenya. Mabhonzo eshaya dzezvinokambaira akava maviri pamapfupa matatu anoumba cheni yemapfupa yenzeve, nyundo (joini) uye mbava (square). Mastapes anobva kubhonzo chete iro zvinokambaira zvinoratidzira munzeve, iyo columella.
  • Mazino akave akanyanya hunyanzvi nekuda kwemaitiro ekudya, uye anowanzo kutsiviwa kamwe chete muhupenyu (diphyodontia).
  • Kune chipiri palate ine simba rekuparadzanisa mafambiro emhepo kusvika kune trachea kubva pakufamba kwemvura uye chikafu kune nhengo dzekudya.
  • Iyo diaphragm chimiro chemhasuru chinoparadzanisa kamuri yechipfuva kubva mukamuri yedumbu uye inobatsira mukugaya uye kuita kwekufema. Inongowanikwa mumhuka dzinoyamwisa uye marudzi ese anayo.
  • Mwoyo wakakamurwa kuita makamuri mana uye muvakuru chete kuruboshwe aortic arch inogadzirwa.
  • Masero matsvuku eropa ndiwo masero anonzi anuclear mumarudzi akawanda emhuka dzinoyamwisa.
  • Iwo cerebral lobes akasiyaniswa uye iyo cerebral cortex yakashanduka zvakanyanya, ine protuberances yakataurwa inooneka zvakanyanya mumhando dzine hukuru hwenjere.
  • Kubva panguva chaiyo yebumbiro rezygote nemakromosome epabonde, bonde rinotarwa: maviri akasiyana muvarume (XY), maviri akafanana muvakadzi (XX).
  • Fertilization ndeyemukati mumarudzi ose.
  • Ese marudzi ndeye endothermic, zvinoreva kuti anogona kugadzira kupisa nemuviri wavo, uyezve, mazhinji ari homeothermic, zvinoreva kuti vanogona kuchengetedza tembiricha yavo mukati meimwe siyana. Monotremes chete anoratidza zvimwe zvinogumira pakugona uku.

Mhuka Dze Dze Mhuka

Ganda, kazhinji gobvu, rinoumbwa nekunze kwemukati kana epidermis, yemukati layer kana dermis, uye subcutaneous layer yakazadzwa nemafuta ayo utility ndeyekudzivirira pakurasikirwa nekupisa, sezvo mhuka dzinoyamwisa dziri homeothermic mhando. Maviri emasynapomorphies ekirasi yemammalian anowanikwa paganda: fur uye mammary glands.

Ganda rinobatanidzwa zvakananga mukuchengetedzwa kwemhuka, thermoregulatory function, tsvina yemarara, kutaurirana kwemhuka, uye kugadzirwa kwemukaka (mammary glands). Mimwe miviri ine nyanga dzenyanga dziri mumhuka dzinoyamwisa zvipikiri, nzwara, mahwanda, nyanga, uye muromo weplatypus.

Locomotor System

Iyo locomotor system ndiyo yakaoma network yematishu emhando yakasiyana inobvumira kuchengetedza kwemuviri wemhuka uye kufamba kwayo.

Axial Skeleton:

  • Musoro: dehenya neshaya.
  • Vertebral Column: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral uye caudal kana coccygeal vertebrae.
  • Thoracic Chamber: sternum uye mbabvu.

Appendicular skeleton:

  • Shoulder Girdle: clavicle uye mafudzi mashizha kana scapulae.
  • Vaimbova Nhengo: humerus, ulna, radius, carpus, metacarpus uye phalanges.
  • Pelvic bhanhire: ilium, ischium uye pubis.
  • Hindquarters: femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsus, metatarsus uye phalanges.

Pamusoro peizvi, kune mimwe miviri yemabhonzo senge mapfupa eiyo hyoid apparatus (rutsigiro rwerurimi), nzeve yepakati, penile bone yedzimwe carnivores uye kunyange mapfupa emwoyo emamwe bovids umo itsva bone zvinhu cartilage inogadzirwa. Kuwedzera kune bhonzo system, iyo musculoskeletal system inoumbwa neye muscular system uye yakabatana system.

Digestive system

Iyo digestive system inoumbwa negumbo rekupinda, kana esophagus, mudumbu chubhu nekupera kwayo tsvina inoraswa kunze uye mudumbu, pamwe neseti yemagland akabatanidzwa, uko inonyanya kukosha chiropa uye pancreas.

Nezvimwe zvishomanana, chikafu chisati chapinda muhutano hwekudya, inotanga kugadzirirwa nekucheka, iyo inoitwa nemazino, iyo nhengo dzakaoma dzinodzivirira muromo uye nhamba uye chimiro zvinosiyana zvakanyanya zvichienderana nekudya kwemarudzi ose.

Muzviitiko zvakawanda kune, chekutanga, mamwe mazino ekucheka, anonzi incisors, anoteverwa nemazino, kana canines, ayo akakodzera kubvarura, uye, pakupedzisira, mamwe anobatsira pakupwanya uye kugaya, izvo Vanonzi mazino kana molars. .

Kazhinji, mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzine mazino anotevedzana muhuduku hwadzo uye gare gare dzinotsiviwa nedzimwe. Iyo digestive system yemhuka dzinoyamwisa ndeye tubular visceral system umo chikafu chinoiswa pasi pekurapwa kwakadzama kuti uwane bhenefiti huru kubva kune zvinovaka muviri.

Kuburikidza nemufambiro wekugaya kubva panguva yainomwiwa kusvika yadzingwa, chikafu chinoiswa pasi pesimba rakasimba rekuparara kwemechini uye kemikari umo mutsara wezvirongwa zvakabatanidzwa uye matishu zvinotora chikamu.

Dhiyagiramu yeDigestive Transit:

  • Muromo: kutsenga uye kunyudza pamwe nekumisikidzwa kwezvikamu zvishoma.
  • Esophagus: kufambisa ine zvishoma kufananidzwa.
  • Dumbu: Mechanical uye kemikari digestive process ine chikamu chekufungidzira kwezvinovaka muviri.
  • Diki intestine: mechanical uye makemikari digestion (enzymatic uye bhakitiriya) ine kugaya kukuru kwezvokudya.
  • Huru ura: mechanical uye kemikari (bacterial) digestion pamwe assimilation mvura uye mineral munyu, kunyanya.
  • Gore: Kudzingwa.

Iyo physiology uye anatomy yeiyi nhengo system inotariswa zvakanyanya nekudya kwemhuka.

Zvishandiso zvekufema uye zvekutenderera

Aya masisitimu maviri ane basa rekuchinjana kwemagasi uye kugoverwa kwawo mumuviri wese. Mhuka dzinofema mweya weokisijeni kubva mumhepo, iyo inoyamwa mukati kuburikidza nekufema turakiti (muromo, mhino, larynx, uye trachea) uye inoparadzirwa kuburikidza nebronchi uye bronchioles kune yese saccular system, iyo inoumbwa nepulmonary alveoli.

Ropa rinobva mumatishu rinotakura carbon dioxide uye kana rasvika mualveolar capillaries, rinorasa richitora oxygen. Izvi zvichaitwa zvichidzoserwa kumoyo uye kubva ipapo kuenda kune ese matissue kuti avape gasi rinodiwa pakufema kweserura, kudzoka kuzoendesa yakasara kabhoni dhaikisaidhi kumapapu.

Magadzirirwo uye kushanda kwese nhengo idzi uye matishu zvinonyatso wiriraniswa kuita kuti maitiro aite pundutso, kunyanya mumhando dzemumvura kana dzepasi pevhu apo mweya weokisijeni unorambidzwa.

Nervous System uye Sense Organs

The nervous apparatus musanganiswa wakaomesesa wemaseru ane hunyanzvi, matishu uye nhengo dzine chinangwa chekuona zvinokurudzira zvemhando dzakasiyana siyana, kuashandura kuita emagetsi makemikari kuti aendese kuuropi, azvidudzire pano uye kutumira mhinduro inozoziviswa zvakare. sezviratidzo zve electrochemical -kemikari kunhengo kana matishu yakakanganiswa pakuitwa kwayo.

Iyo nervous system inorongwa nenzira inotevera:

Central Nervous System:

  • Encephalon: Cerebrum, cerebellum, uye brainstem.
  • Musana.

Peripheral nervous system:

  • Tsinga.
  • neural ganglia.

Imwe neimwe nhengo yepfungwa, padivi payo, imutumbi une tsinga dzakawanda dzinogumira unokwanisa kududzira zviri kunze zvinokurudzira kuita ruzivo rwekubatanidza munhu nekwaanogara. Kazhinji, kunhuwa, kunzwa, kuona uye kubata ndizvo zvakanyanya kukosha mumhuka dzinoyamwisa, kunyangwe mune mamwe mapoka, zvimwe zvinonzwisiswa senge echolocation, magnetosensitivity kana kuravira zvakanyanya kukosha.

Kuberekerwa

Muhuwandu hwemhuka dzinoyamwisa, kupatsanurwa kwepabonde kuripo uye kubereka ndeye viviparous nature, kunze kweboka re monotremes, iro riri oviparous. Kushanduka kwe embryo kunoperekedzwa nekuumbwa kwekutevedzana kwe embryonic appendages, senge chorion, amnion, allantois uye yolk sac.

Bvudzi rechorion, pamwe chete neallantois, rinonamira kumadziro echibereko ichipa placenta, iyo inonamirwa kune embryo kuburikidza nemutsara weguvhu, uye kuburikidza nayo izvo zvinhu zvinobva mumuviri zvinotenderera kunamai kuenda kumwana.

Nguva yekuzvitakura uye nhamba yevana pamarara inoshanduka zvakanyanya zvichienderana nemapoka. Nguva nenguva, kukura kwemhuka kunobva kwatora nguva yakareba yekuzvara uye kunoderedza nhamba yevana. Mhuka dzakawanda dzinoyamwisa dzinopa vana vadzo tarisiro yevabereki.

Pakupedzisira, kubereka kwayo kwakangofanana nemhuka dzinoyamwisa. Kunyange zvazvo mamwe marudzi ari mazai, ndiko kuti, zai rakasangana rinobuda kunze richiita zai, muuzhinjisa, kamwana kacho kanokura mukati memuviri waamai uye kunoberekwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akati kuti. Kubva ipapo kunouya kupatsanurwa kwekutanga kweboka mumhuka dzinoyamwisa iyo aovan (inokandira mazai) uye viviparous zvinoyamwisa.

Boka rechipiri rinonzi therians, shoko rinobva muchiGiriki chekare rinoreva kuti “mhuka”, uye dziya dzine mazai, prototherian, zvinoreva “mhuka dzokutanga”, sezvo zvisaririra zviripo zvichiita kuti zvibvire kufunga kuti mhuka dzekare dzakabuda mu nyika yakanga iri chikamu cheboka iri.

Kunyangwe mukati meiyo therians, zvinodikanwa kusiyanisa pakati pezvikara izvo vana vanozvarwa vari muchimiro chekukura, izvo zvavanofanira kupedza nguva vari mubhegi iro mukadzi ane paganda redumbu, uye mamwe mavari. kusiyana kwakadaro kunoitika.

Awo anotanga kuratidzwa mametatherian (anonziwo marsupials), zvinoreva kuti, "mhuka dzinosvika kumashure", idzo dzinoenderera mberi nemaprototherian, uye idzo dzinoratidzika kwekupedzisira ndidzo eutherian kana placental zvinoyamwisa. Mukirasi yatinozvitsaurira kwairi, ivava vanoumba voruzhinji zvikuru.

Mhuka Dzakasiyana-siyana Mhuka

Tichingoenzanisa mhuka dzinokosha zvikuru dzakamborarama, nehove yayo yeblue whale inosvika matani 160 ( Balaenoptera musculus) nechiremwaremwa cheKitti ( Craseonycteris thonglongyai ), ichionekwa semhuka diki pane dzose ine vanhu vakuru vanorema magiramu maviri chete, tinogona kuona kuti musiyano pakati pemiviri miviri yemhando huru uye diki yevhoriyamu ndeye 2 miriyoni nguva.

Kuchinja-chinja kukuru kwevanhu vanoumba kirasi iyi kwakavatungamira kuti vazadze zvipenyu zvese zvepasi, izvo zvakapa kuwanda kwekusiyana kweanatomical, physiological uye maitiro, kuvashandura sese kuita rimwe remapoka makuru paPasi.

Vakakwanisa kukunda jasi rakasvibirira remusango uye pasi pegwenga, chando chechando chepolar uye mvura inodziya yemvura inotonhora, nzvimbo dzisingafemeki dzepamusoro-soro uye zvibereko uye savannas yakakura uye masango.

Vamwe vanogona kukambaira, vamwe kusvetuka vamwe vachimhanya, kushambira kana kubhururuka. Vazhinji vavo vanokwanisa kubatsirwa kubva kune dzakasiyana siyana repertoire yezviwanikwa zvechikafu, nepo vamwe vachinyanya kuita zvechikafu. Izvi zvisingaverengeki zvemamiriro ezvinhu zvakamanikidza mhuka idzi kushanduka, dzichiwana kuwanda kwemafomu, zvigadziriso, kugona uye kuita.

Zvinoda kuziva kuti sei, muzviitiko zvakawanda, zvipenyu zviri kure kwazvo kubva kune mumwe nemumwe, zvese geographical uye phylogenetically, zvakatevera zvakafanana morphological configurations, physiological mabasa uye maitiro aptitudes. Iyi peculiarity inozivikanwa se convergent evolution. Kufanana pakati pemusoro wemhumhi yegrey (Canis lupus, placental), uye thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus, marsupial), iri kushamisa, nemhando mbiri dziri kure kure nekure phylogenetically.

Kuchinjika kune Zvakasiyana Zvakasiyana Nzvimbo

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinobva mukukwanisa kujairana nemamiriro ekunze uko kwakaita kuti dzikwanise kupararira munzvimbo zhinji dzepasi. Maitiro akagadzirwa nemhando yega yega kuti awane kuchinjika kune zvakatipoteredza akafambira mberi akazvimirira.

Nenzira yekuti, nepo mamwe marudzi senge bere ( Ursus maritimus) akadzivirirwa kubva kunotonhora nejasi gobvu remvere rinoita sero jena kana richiratidzwa nechiedza, mamwe senge pinnipeds kana kuti cetaceans akakwanisa kuzviita nekugadzira gobvu. matishu ane mafuta pasi peganda rako.

Pane dzimwe nguva, mhando dziri kure kwazvo phylogenetically dzinoshandisa nzira dzakafanana dzekugadzirisa kumamiriro akafanana. Iko kushanduka kwenzeve pinnae yefennec fox (Vulpes zerda) uye African elephant (Loxodonta africana) kuwedzera nzvimbo yekupisa uye kubatsira homeostasis muenzaniso uri pachena.

Kudzokera kumvura nemhuka dzaingove dzepanyika chete chimwe chiratidziro chekugona kuchinjika kwemhuka dzinoyamwisa. Mapoka akasiyana ekirasi akazvigadzirira zvakakwana kuti adzokere kunzvimbo ine mvura uye kutora mukana wegungwa nerwizi niches.

Kuti titaure mimwe mienzaniso inofumura kushanduka-siyana kwemaitiro akagadzirwa kuti aenderane nehupenyu mumvura, maodha maviri ane marudzi emvura chaizvo, Cetacea uye Sirenia, mhuri dzecarnivores Odobenidae (walrus), Phocidae (seals) uye Otariidae ( mabheya neshumba dzegungwa), mustelids akadai sea otter yegungwa (Enhydra lutris) nemamwe marudzi enzizi, makonzo akadai sebeaver (Castor sp.) kana capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus), mvuu ( Hippopotamus amphibius), yapok (Chironectes minimus), platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)…

Kungofanana neshiri nema<em>pterosaur akatsakatika, boka remhuka dzinoyamwisa, zviremwaremwa zvakakwanisa kufamba nokubhururuka kunoshingaira. Havana kungokwanisa kugadzira zvimiro zvakakosha zveanatomical semapapiro, asi vakagadzirawo magadzirirwo emuviri anogonesa kuchengetedza simba, nokudaro kurwisa mari yakawanda inobatanidzwa mukubhururuka.

Mhuka idzi, zvakare, dzinofanirwa kuita murima rakanyanyisa rehusiku uye mukati memapako, dzakagadzirwa nekugadzirisa echolocation system inovagonesa kunyatsoona nyika yakavatenderedza. Moles nemamwe marudzi anochera, kunyanya makonzo, lagomorphs, uye mamwe marsupials anogara pasi pevhu, mamwe anoramba akavharirwa kwehuzhinji hwehupenyu hwavo.

Vakakwanisa kutora nzvimbo yepasi pevhu, asi maonero ekunze kwenyika, kufamba kwepasi pevhu, hukama pakati pevanhu uye zvinovaka muviri nekufema zvinodikanwa zvave zvimwe zvezvinhu zvavaifanira kugadzirisa mukushanduka kwavo, kuyedza kuburikidza ne iyo yakakosha shanduko uye yakakosha nyanzvi.

Uye hunyanzvi uhu hunozoshandura mhuka idzi kuita dziya dzine simba rakakura uye nenjodzi huru. Mukufambira mberi kwayo kwemhindumupindu, kwave kune marudzi mazhinji, mhuri uye kunyange mirairo yose yakatsakatika apo mhoteredzo yechisikigo yavaigara yakachinja.

Somugumisiro, nhasi, zvichida chimwe chinoyamwisa, Homo sapiens, chave chiri chisakiso chakananga kana kuti chisina kunanga chokutsakatika kwenhamba huru yemamwe marudzi. Nenzira yekuti kuderera kwenzvimbo dzekuvhima mhandara kuri kukonzera kutsakatika kweiyo Iberian lynx (Lynx pardina), mhuka inonyanya kutyisidzirwa panyika, kutemwa kwemasango kusingasaruri kwava kuda kukonzera kutsakatika kwegiant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) kana kubatanidzwa kwemarudzi ekunze akadai sekatsi, imbwa kana makava, nekatsi dzemarsupial dzekuAustralia.

Ecological Pepa

Zvakaoma kuedza kupfupikisa basa rezvakatipoteredza rinoitwa nemarudzi anoda kusvika 5.000 XNUMX emhuka dzinoyamwisa sezvazvakaita kuedza kuita kudaro maererano nezvinhu zvipenyu zvose nemhoteredzo yazvo. Iyo yakasiyana-siyana yakagariswa ecosystems, zvipenyu uye magariro maitiro pamwe neanatomy uye morphological kuchinjika kwese, zvinokonzeresa kuita kwakasiyana-siyana kusingatariswe mune chero imwe mhuka kana boka rezvirimwa papasi, kunyangwe riri iro boka risingaverengeke maererano nekusiyana.

Nekune rimwe divi, simba repamusoro rinodiwa nezvinodiwa kuchengetedza tembiricha yemuviri wavo nguva dzose zvinotaridza kuganhurira kuwanda kwekudyidzana kwezvipenyu izvi nemhoteredzo. Kazhinji, zvinotaridzirwa kuti zvikara zvine simba guru pahuwandu hwemhuka yadzo, iyo muhuwandu hwehuwandu huri mamwe marudzi emammalian, kusvika pamwero wekuti izvi zvinogona mune dzimwe nguva kuva chikafu chevamwe vazhinji.

Kune zvipenyu izvo, nevanhu vashoma chete, zvinokonzeresa kudyidzana kwakakura kwezvakatipoteredza, sezvazvakaita nemabea uye nzira dzemvura dzadzinovharira, nepo kune vamwe, kudzvanywa kukuru kunoitwa nehuwandu hwevanhu vanoungana, sezvakaita mapoka makuru ezvikara mumapani kana masavanna. Kufunga kwakasiyana ndiko kudyidzana kunoitwa nevanhu kune yega yega ecosystem, kunyangwe ivo vakagarwa nevanhu kana kwete.

Geographical distribution

Mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinonzi ndidzo chete mhuka dzinokwanisa kupararira pamusoro penyika yose, tisingabatanidzi nyika dzinotonhora dzeAntarctica, pasinei nokuti mamwe marudzi ezvidhindo anozadza mahombekombe ayo. Kune rumwe rutivi, nzvimbo inogoverwa chisimbiso chehispid (Pusa hispida) inosvika kunze kweNorth Pole.

Chimwe chinosiyana ndechekuti inoumbwa nezvitsuwa zviri kure, kure nemahombekombe ekondinendi, uko kune zviitiko zvemarudzi anotakurwa nemunhu, nenjodzi yetsika yezvakatipoteredza iyo izvi zvinosanganisirwa. Munzvimbo dzepasi anowanikwa kubva pagungwa kusvika paurefu hwe6.500 metres, achitora ese aripo biomes.

Uye havaiti pamusoro pepamusoro chete asiwo pasi payo, uye kunyange pamusoro payo, nepakati pematavi emiti uye vachiva neshanduko yeanatomical inovabvumira kubhururuka nesimba, sezvinoitika nezviremwaremwa, kana kuti zvishoma, sezvazviri. of colugos.

Mvura yakagarwawo nemhuka idzi. Pane humbowo hwekuti mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinogara chero papi pasi pano munzizi, nyanza, manyoro, nzvimbo dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa, nyanza, uye nyanza, zvichisvika pakadzika kupfuura mamita 1000 XNUMX. Chokwadi, cetaceans uye marine carnivores ndiwo maviri emapoka akaparadzirwa zvakanyanya emhuka dzinoyamwisa papasi.

Semapoka e-taxonomic, makonzo uye zviremwaremwa, zvakawedzerwa kuva akawanda mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, ndiwo akagara munzvimbo huru, nokuti kunze kweAntarctica, anogona kuwanikwa munyika yose, kusanganisira pazvitsuwa zvisiri pedyo neAntarctica. mahombekombe, ayo kuumbwa kwawo hakugoneki kune mamwe marudzi epanyika.

Nekune rimwe divi, maodha ane marudzi mashoma ndeaya asina kugovaniswa pasi rose, kunyanya kutaurwa kune maviri eatatu maodha eAmerican marsupials anoganhurirwa kune imwe nzvimbo kana shoma shoma yekumaodzanyemba subcontinent, kunyanya monito. del monte (Dromiciops australis), nhengo yega yehurongwa Microbiotheria.

MaSirenians, kunyangwe aine nzvimbo dzakaganhurirwa kune imwe neimwe yemhando shoma ine zvipenyu zvipenyu, inogona kuwanikwa muAsia, Africa, Central uye South America, uye Oceania. Mimwe mirairo yakafanana nemakondinendi chaiwo, kushanduka kwavo kwakasarudzika kubva kune dzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa, sezvakaita cingulates muSouth America, tubuldentates muAfrica kana dasyuroformes muOceania, kutaura mienzaniso mishoma.

Kana tikasabvisa munhu (Homo sapiens), uye mhuka dzakabatana naye, dziri mudzimba uye dzemusango, pakati pemamwe marudzi, pamwe mhumhi grey (Canis lupus) kana gava dzvuku (Vulpes vulpes) ndidzo dzakaparadzirwa zvakanyanya, sezvo zvienzaniso zvadzo zvinowanikwa munzvimbo zhinji dzekuchamhembe kwenyika. Saizvozvowo, ingwe ( Panthera pardus ), inowanikwa kubva kuAfrica kuenda kuIndia, kana kuti puma ( Puma concolor ), kubva kuCanada kusvika kumaodzanyemba kwePatagonia, marudzi maviri ane nzvimbo dzakakura zvikuru dzokugovera.

Shumba (Panthera leo), dindingwe (Panthera tigris) kana bere rebrown (Ursus arctos) ndedzimwe mhuka dzinodya nyama dzakapararira munzvimbo dzakawanda dzepasi kusvika nguva pfupi yadarika, zvisinei nekuti nzvimbo dzadzo dzekugovera dzave zvishoma nezvishoma. yakaderedzwa kusvikira yatsemuka uye yakaguma yanyangarika kubva kune chikamu chikuru chavo nhasi.

Mukupesana, huwandu hukuru hwadzo hunogara munzvimbo dzakaganhurirwa uye kwete dzese nekuti dzakadzikiswa nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero, asi nekuti mukati mekuita kwavo kwekushanduka-shanduka havana kukwanisa kana kuti havana kudikanwa kuti vawedzere kupfuura izvo zvinogarwa.

Kunyange zvakadaro, haasi marudzi akati chete ndiwo akatsakatika munzvimbo dzakakura zvikuru dzepasi, asi mamwe mapoka ose emhuka dzinoyamwisa dzaimbogara mumakondinendi chaiwo haasati akwanisa kurarama kusvikira nhasi.

Equidae, somuenzaniso, iyo yaimbogara musango munenge munyika yose, nhasi inongovapo chete murusununguko muAsia neAfrica, yave yadzorerwa nomunhu mumusha wenyika mune mamwe matunhu epasi. Ukuwo, kupinza netsaona kana kuti nemaune kwemamwe marudzi munzvimbo dzaasina kwaisa pangozi marudzi eko uye kwakatokonzera kutsakatika kwawo.

Nhamba Yezvipenyu neNyika

Kana huwandu hwemarudzi, kana nyika dzese dzakatsanangurwa muchikamu chinotevera pamusoro pehuwandu hwemarudzi ezvinoyamwisa pasi rose:

  • Africa: Democratic Republic of the Congo (430), Kenya (376), Cameroon (335), Tanzania (359).
  • North America: Mexico (523), USA (440), Canada (193).
  • Central America: Guatemala (250), Panama (218), Costa Rica (232), Nicaragua (218), Belize (125), El Salvador (135), Honduras (173).
  • South America: Brazil (648), Peru (508), Colombia (442), Venezuela (390), Argentina (374), Ecuador (372), Bolivia (363).
  • Asia: Indonesia (670), China (551), India (412), Malaysia (336), Thailand (311), Burma (294), Vietnam (287).
  • Europe: Russia (300), Turkey (116), Ukraine (108).
  • Oceania: Australia (349), Papua New Guinea (222).

Hukama pakati pevanhu nedzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa

Nokuumba munhu ari mumhuka iyoyo ine mhindumupindu huru yakamutungamirira kuva munhu anofunga, akakwanisa kuva nesimba kwete pamusoro pemhoteredzo yake asi pamusoro pemamwe marudzi ose aripo. Kubva mukutsamira uku pakabuda zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokwanisa kuva zvezvakanaka kana zvakaipa uye izvo zvatinoreva pazasi.

Negative zvinhu

Pane dzimwe nguva, vanhu vakafunga nezvemhando dzakawanda dzisina kunaka pasi pekuongorora kunoshanda asi pane dzimwe nguva dzave dziri pasi pekutya kusina musoro. Mamwe marudzi emhuka dzinoyamwisa anodya zviyo, michero, uye zvimwe zvirimwa, zvichitora mukana wezvirimwa zvevanhu kuti zvive chikafu.

Kudivi radzo, mhuka dzinodya nyama dzinogona kurangarirwa kuva tyisidziro kukuvapo kwemombe uye kunyange kwomunhu amene. Dzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinogara munzvimbo dzemumaguta nemumadhorobha dzinokonzera mamwe matambudziko kune huwandu hwevanhu: tsaona dzemotokari, kuparadzwa uye kupa zvinhu zvisina basa zvezvinhu, zvinotapukira uye tupukanana, nezvimwe. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti boka iri rinosanganisira mhuka dzesango kana quasi-musango uye mhuka dzepamusha.

Pakati pemhuka dzinogona kushanda semienzaniso yemamiriro ezvinhu engozi chaiyo kana kuti inogona kuva yengozi kuvanhu pane kangaroo muAustralia, raccoon muNorth America kana makava nenguruve dzomusango muMediterranean Europe. Mukuwedzera, mamwe marudzi emhuka dzinoyamwisa, nguva dzose muukama hwepedyo nevanhu, anonyatsobatanidzwa nehosha dzakadai sechimbwamupengo, bubonic plague, tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis kana leishmaniasis.

Kune izvi tinofanira kuwedzera kuti marudzi emumba, kunyanya zvisikwa zvakabatanidzwa mune zvitsva zvipenyu, zvakakonzera uye zviri kukonzera matambudziko eecological echokwadi mumaruva nemhuka dzeko, izvo zvinokanganisa zvisina kunanga kwete vanhu chete, asiwo pasi rose. marudzi epasi, angave mhuka kana zvirimwa.

Muzvitsuwa zvakawanda zvegungwa, kubatanidzwa kwezvipfuwo zvakaita sembwa kana katsi, mbudzi kana hwai kwaireva kutsakatika kwemarudzi mazhinji.

Zvinhu zvakanaka

Mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinoonekwa sechinhu chakakodzera chehupfumi kuvanhu. Mhuka dzakawanda dzakachengetwa kuti dziwane kubva kwavari zviwanikwa zvekuzvidyisa: mukaka wemombe, nyati, mbudzi nehwai, nyama yemhando idzi nedzimwe senguruve, tsuro, bhiza, capybara nemamwe makonzo uye kunyange imbwa mune dzimwe. nzvimbo dzeSoutheast Asia.

Nekune rimwe divi, takashandisa mhuka dzinoyamwisa pakutakura kana kuita mabasa anoda simba kana mamwe masimba ayo munhu asina: equidae sembongoro, bhiza nemusanganiswa waro mahesera, makamera akadai sellama kana Dromedary, bovids. semombe kana kuti yak, nzou yekuAsia kana imbwa dzinodhonza zvireyi mienzaniso yatinogona kutaura.

Zvisinei, zvisati zvawana ukuru, kunobvira zvikuru kuti mhuka dzepakutanga dzinoyamwisa dzaifanira kuchinja kuva mhuka dzeusiku kudzivisa makwikwi nemadinosaur. Uye zvinokwanisika kuti, kuti vakunde kutonhora usiku, vakatanga kugadzira endothermy, ndiko kuti, kutonga kwemukati kwekushisa kwemuviri wavo (inowanzonzi "ropa rinodziya"), nekuda kwekuonekwa kwemvere uye sebum inozviparadzanisa. iyo (kubuda kwesebaceous glands), uye nekudikitira kwedikita.

Sezvo endothermy yakasimukira, mhuka dzechokwadi dzepakutanga dzakakudza kusimba kwadzo pamakwikwi kune dzimwe tetrapods dzepasi, sezvo nguva dzose metabolism yadzo yakadzigonesa kutsungirira mamiriro ekunze akaipa, kukura nekukurumidza, uye kubereka vana vakawanda. Mukuwedzera kune skeletal aspects uye nezvimwe zvakatotaurwa, kuvapo kwemvere uye ganda glands, izvo zvakavapa hukuru panyika kubva paPaleocene, mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinoratidza mamwe maitiro asina kusiyanisa.

Fiber nematehwe zvinogona kuwanikwa kubva kune dzimwe mhuka dzekugadzira zvipfeko, shangu uye zvimwe zvishandiso: makushe emakwai, alpacas, llamas nembudzi, dehwe remombe dzakaurayiwa kuti dzidyiwe, kana iyo yemhuka dzemvere dzakasimudzwa muhutapwa. chinangwa, vanogona kushanda semienzaniso.

Dzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakachengetwa kuti dzive mhuka dzinovaraidza, imbwa iri pasina mubvunzo iri padyo nemunhu parinenge pasi rose uye inonyanya kushandiswa (kufudza, kununura, kuchengeteka, kuvhima, kuratidza ...). Kune dzimwe dzakaita sekatsi, hamster, guinea pig, tsuro, ferret, muswe mupfupi, uye dzimwe primates dziri pakati pezvipfuyo zvine kuwedzera kukuru kwepasirese.

Kuvhima chimwe chiitiko icho vanhu vanobatsirwa nacho kubva kumhuka dzinoyamwisa. Kubva pakatanga vanhu kusvika nhasi, kuvhima kwave uye kunoramba kuri chikafu chakakosha mune dzimwe nzanga dzevanhu. Saizvozvo, dzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinochengeterwa mabasa emitambo kana emitambo: maitiro akadai sekutasva bhiza anosanganisira kushandiswa kweimwe yemhando dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa uye dzinokosheswa dzemhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinenge tsika dzese nemagariro: bhiza (Equus caballus).

Zvose zvinokwezva zvemasekisi uye mazoo zvakare matanho maviri umo munhu anotora mukana wemhuka dzinoyamwisa nemamwe marudzi. Zvakare dzimwe mhuka dzesango dzinoreva kubatsira kwakananga kumunhu pasina iye kutora chikamu mune chero chinhu. Nemamwe mashoko, zviremwaremwa zvinobatsira zvikuru kurwisa zvipembenene muminda kana munzvimbo dzine vanhu vakawanda, nokudaro zvichidzorawo vatakuri vezvimwe zvirwere zvinotapukira uye zvipembenene zvinoisa hutano hwevagari panjodzi huru.

Kuchengetedza

Mumakore mazana mashanu apfuura, marudzi anopfuura 80 akasiyana-siyana akatsakatika. Kudzvinyirirwa kwenyika, kuparara kwenzvimbo inogara vanhu, kuparara kwenzvimbo dzavanogovaniswa nadzo, kubatanidzwa kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana nezvimwe zvinopesvedzera zvinoitwa nevanhu zvinotyisidzira mhuka dzinoyamwisa pasi rose.

Nhasi, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) inofungidzira kuti mamwe marudzi anoda kusvika 1 000 ari pangozi huru yokutsakatika. Pane zvinhu zvakati wandei zvinoita kuti zvipenyu zvingangotsakatika, zvinosanganisira:

  • Kune mhando dzisina kujairika nemasikirwo, uye nhamba yavo yakaderera yezvienzaniso chinhu chakakosha chenjodzi.
  • Saizvozvovo, idzo dzinoda nzvimbo dzakakura dziri kutyisidzirwa, panguva ino nekuda kwekurasikirwa kwenzvimbo dzakasununguka kubva pakuvapo kwevanhu uye kupatsanurwa kwenzvimbo, sezvakaitika kuIberian lynx.
  • Rudzi rwupi norwupi rwuri mungozi kuvanhu kana kuti kuzvinhu zvavo kana kuti zvinhu zvavo runotyisidzirwa zvakakomba nokunetswa nokutambudzwa kwavanoiswa, sezvakaita thylacine.
  • Mhando dzesango dzinoshandiswa sechikafu kana nzira dzehupfumi nemunhu, dzinogara dziri panhanho dzakakomba, muenzaniso weizvi mawhales uye rhinoceroses.
  • Sezviri pachena, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kunochinja nzvimbo yokugara ingozi, kwete chete kumhuka dzinoyamwisa asi kuzvinhu zvose zvipenyu zviri panyika.

Mienzaniso yeMhuka Mhuka

Mhuka dzinoyamwisa mhuka dzinorarama dzakaratidzirwa nemhaka yokuti hadzi dzinodyisa vana vadzo kupfurikidza negomba rezamu rinobudisa mukaka. Heino rondedzero yezvimwe zvinomiririra zvinoyamwisa zvekirasi.

Whale: Ndiyo cetacean, ichi mhuka inoyamwisa yakajairana nehupenyu mumvura. Kusiyana nehove, macetaceans ane kufema kwemapapu kunyangwe aine muviri wakafanana neiwo, sezvo ese ane hydrodynamic physiognomies.

Bhiza: Iyi imhuka inonzi perosidactyl, kureva kuti ine zvigunwe zvisinganzwisisike zvinopera mumahwanda. Magadzirirwo emakumbo ayo nemahwanda haawanikwe mune chero humwe hupenyu. Chikafu chayo chine herbivorous.

Chimpanzi: Primate yepedyo yemajini kumunhu, izvo zvinoratidza kuti marudzi maviri aya ane madzitateguru ane hukama.

Dolphin: Kune marudzi emaoceanic dolphin uye rwizi dolphin. Iwo macetaceans, kungofanana nemawhale.

Tembo: Ndiyo mhuka huru yepasi, iyo uremu hunogona kusvika kupfuura matani manomwe uye zvisinei nekuti kureba kwayo kwemamita matatu. Dzimwe nzou dzinorarama makore anosvika makumi mapfumbamwe. Vanogona kutaurirana kuburikidza nekudengenyeka kwavanoita muvhu.

Katsi: Kunyangwe imbwa ichiita seyakanyanya kunaka mhuka yekumba, katsi yakagara nevanhu kweanoda kusvika zviuru gumi zvemakore apfuura. Vane hukuru hukuru, nekuda kwekushanduka kwemakumbo avo, kushandiswa kwemuswe wavo uye "righting reflex" yavo inovabvumira kushandura muviri wavo mumhepo kana vachidzika uye saka vanogara vakamira pamakumbo avo. Nekuda kwepurasitiki yavo inoshamisa, vanotsungirira kudonha kubva pakakwirira.

Gorilla: Ndiyo hombe pamhungu uye inogara mumasango eAfrica. Chikafu chayo chine herbivorous uye majini ayo ane 97% akafanana neavanhu. Vanogona kusvika kureba kwemamita 1,75 uye uremu hwavo hunogona kukwira kusvika 200 makirogiramu.

common mvuu: Semi-aquatic mammal, kureva kuti, inoswera iri mumvura kana mumadhaka uye kana kwadoka chete inouya kumahombekombe ichitsvaga mishonga yekudyira. Pane madzitateguru ane hukama pakati pemvuu nemacetaceans (whales, porpoises, nevamwe). Huremu hwadzo hunogona kusvika matani matatu, uye zvakadaro, nemhaka yenhengo dzadzo dzine simba, dzinogona kumhanya nokukurumidza, pasinei nokuwanda kwazvo, uye nokumhanya kwakafanana nekwemunhuwo zvake.

Twiza: Imhuka inonzi artiodactyl inoyamwisa, kureva kuti, magumo ayo ane kunyange nhamba yeminwe. Huzhinji huvepo huri mukondinendi yeAfrica uye ndiyo mhuka yakarebesa yepasi, inosvika 6 metres. Inogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, dzakadai semapani, masango, uye masango akashama. Zvinotendwa kuti kureba kwayo ishanduko yekushanduka-shanduka inoita kuti isvike mashizha emuti asingasviki kune dzimwe mhuka.

Shumba yegungwa: Imhuka yegungwa, inobva kumhuri imwe chete sezvidhindo uye walrus. Kufanana nedzimwe mhuka dzemugungwa, ine mvere pane dzimwe nzvimbo dzemuviri, dzakadai sepamuromo, uye chidimbu chemafuta kuti ive nekurasikirwa nekupisa.

León: Mhuka yemhuka inogara kumaodzanyemba kweSahara Africa uye kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweIndia. Imhuka iri panjodzi yekutsakatika, saka mienzaniso yakawanda inochengetwa munzvimbo dzakachengetwa. Chikara chinodya nyama, chikara chinonyanyo dya dzimwe mhuka hombe dzakaita semhara, impala, mbizi, nyati, nilgós, nguruve dzesango nemhembwe. Kuti dziwane zvokudya, mhuka idzi dzinowanzovhima dziri mapoka.

Bat: Zvinozivikanwa semhuka chete dzinoyamwisa dzinokwanisa kubhururuka.

otters: Mhuka dzinodya nyama dzinogara zvakanyanya mumvura, asi hadzina kurasikirwa nemvere dzadzo sedzimwe mhuka dzemumvura. Kudya kwavo kunobva pahove, shiri, matatya nemakanje.

Ornithorrinc: Monotreme, iyi ndeimwe yemhuka shoma dzinoyamwisa (senge echidnas) dzinokandira mazai. Iyo ine muchetura uye inoyevedza nekuda kwechitarisiko chayo, sezvo, zvisinei nekuti muviri wayo wakafukidzwa nevhudzi semhuka zhinji dzinoyamwisa, ine mhuno yakada kufanana nemuromo wedhadha. Kuvapo kwayo kunongozivikanwa kumabvazuva kweAustralia uye pachitsuwa cheTasmania.

Mhuka yekunechando: Inoonekwa seimwe yemhuka huru dzepanyika dziripo. Inogara munzvimbo dzinotonhora dzekuchamhembe kwehemisphere. Muviri waro wakajairana nekudziya kwakadzika nekuda kwemateya akati wandei ebvudzi nemafuta.

Rhino: Imhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinogara muAfrica neAsia. Zvinozivikanwa zviri nyore nenyanga dziri pamhino dzadzo.

Munhu: Vanhu chikamu cheboka remhuka dzinoyamwisa uye chikamu chikuru chemaitiro azvo ose anogovaniswa zvakaenzana nevanhu. Bvudzi remumuviri wemunhu ndiko kushanduka kwemvere dzemamwe matsoko.

Tigirisi: Mhuka yemhuka inogara muAsia kondinendi. Chikara chakakosha, kwete chemhuka dzinoyamwisa neshiri chete, asiwo chezvimwe zvikara zvakaita semhumhi, mapere nemakarwe.

Zorro: Mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinowanzorarama dziri dzoga. Mazamu avo akakura zvakanyanya. Sechikamu chekurwisa kwake uye hurongwa hwekudzivirira, ane kunzwa kwepamusoro pamwe nekuona kwakanyanya kushanduka kuti aone murima.

Imbwa: Imhando yewolf order, yemhuri ye canidae. Zvinopfuura 800 mhando dzembwa dzinozivikanwa, iyo inodarika pachena kupfuura chero mamwe marudzi. Imwe neimwe yakasiyana ine misiyano inocherechedzwa muhunhu hwayo hwese, kubva kubvudzi uye saizi kusvika kune maitiro uye hupenyu.

Mimwe mienzaniso yemhuka dzinoyamwisa ndeidzi: Almiquí, Koala, Alpaca, Leopard, Squirrel, Llama, Armadillo, Raccoon, Kangaroo, Porpoise, Nguruve, Orca, Deer, Grizzly Bear, Coati, Anteater, Weasel, Gwai, Tsuro, Panda, Dhiyabhorosi weTasmanian. , Panther, Chisimbiso, Gonzo, Cheetah, Mbeva, Hyena, Mole, Jaguar, Mhou, nezvimwewo.

Iko Evolutionary Kubudirira kweMammalian Mhuka

Zvisaririra zvakawanikwa munguva pfupi yapfuura zvakaratidza kuti, meteorite isati yapedza upenyu uye kutonga kwemadinosaur, mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakanga dzichitoisa hwaro hwokutonga kwadzo mune remangwana munyika. Vatsvakurudzi vanowanzoshamisika kuti mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakava rini uye sei mhuka dzine mapfupa emuzongoza. Zvisinei, kusvika panguva iyoyo pakanga pasati pawanikwa zvisaririra zvakakwana panhau iyi.

Mumakore 15 achangopfuura kwave kune nhevedzano yezviwanwa zvakapa ruzivo pamusoro pekusiyana-siyana uye kukunda kwekirasi iyi uye zvinojekesa basa rakaitwa nekutsakatika kwemadinosaur. Zvakawanikwa zvakadaro zvakaratidza kuti mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakatanga kare kupfuura zvaifungidzirwa uye kuti dzakagadzira mhatsa yehunyanzvi panguva yekutonga kwemadinosaur. Kutsakatika kwakamwe kamwe kwema<em>dinosaur kwakagadzirira nzira yemhuka dzinoyamwisa dziri muropa.

Pamamwe manheru echando mukuvamba kwa1824, nyanzvi yeChirungu uye mufundisi William Buckland akataura neGeological Society yeLondon. Imba yakamutswa nekutarisira. Buckland akanga ava nemukurumbira nokuda kwehurukuro dzake dzokufarira paOxford University, kwainzi, akapfeka zvipfeko zvake zvose zvedzidzo, aizopfuudza nhengo dzemhuka nezvisaririra pakati pavadzidzi vake vanoshingaira.

Kwemakore runyerekupe rwakanga rwapararira rwekuti yaigara mapfupa akakura ezvisaririra, akawanikwa nevanotema matombo munzvimbo ine makomo yeEngland. Pashure peanenge makore gumi achidzidza, akanga agadzirira kuribudisa pachena. Akaudza vateereri kuti mapfupa iwayo akanga ari chikamu chemhuka iri kure yakafanana nedzvinyu asi yekare zvikuru kupfuura mhuka ipi neipi inokambaira nhasi, yaanodana kuti Megalosaurus. Boka revanhu rakanyura. Buckland yakanga yaunza dinosaur yekutanga.

Kuvira kwezuva ikoko yakanga iri nguva inokosha munhau yesayenzi, ichinyandura fariro namadinosaur ari kupfuurira nanhasi. Asi chinowanzo kanganwa ndechekuti pazuva rimwe chete Buckland akaita chimwe chizaruro; yehukuru hudiki, asi huchimurenga zvakaenzana. Kuburikidza nekudzidza kwemamwe mafossils akawanikwa pamwe chete ne megalosaurus mu scree, akaongorora "zvinoshamisa" kuwanikwa kwemhino mbiri dzemammalian dzine mwero, dzakafanana muhukuru kune shaya dzegonzo.

Kusvikira ikozvino, nyanzvi dzaiona mhuka dzinoyamwisa kuva dzemazuva achangopfuura uye dzakabuda gare gare pachiyero che geological, mushure mekuderera kwemadzvinyu uye gigantic salamanders. Aya mashaya maviri madiki aitakura mhuka dzinoyamwisa uye ndiyo yekutanga nzwisiso yekuti nhoroondo yekirasi iyi yaive yechikuru.

Idzo mhuno dzaiunza nhevedzano yemapikicha: Mhuka dzaiyamwisa dzaiva nemakore mangani? Vakanga vakaita sei uye vakakwanisa sei kurarama kuburikidza nehutongi hurefu hwemadinosaur? Zvinhu zvaro (ganda, mazamu, uropi hombe, mazino akaoma kunzwisisa, uye pfungwa dzakakura) zvakatanga sei? Uye nei rimwe boka, ma<em>placental, raizivikanwa nokubereka vana vakasimukira uye nhasi rine marudzi anopfuura 5.000 XNUMX, kubvira pazviremwaremwa zviduku kusvika kumahove makuru, rakakwanisa kukunda nyika?

Anenge mazana maviri emakore mushure memusangano weBuckland, iyi mibvunzo yakaramba ichinetsa kupindura, zvichipihwa huwandu hwakadzikira hwezvisaririra zvezvikara zvepakutanga izvi. Asi mumakore gumi nemashanu apfuura kwave kune zvakawanda zvakawanikwa zvepaleontological izvo, shure kwezvose, zviri kuita kuti zvikwanisike kutsanangura kushanduka kwayo, kubva kune tupukanana tunogara mumumvuri we megalosaurus kusvika kune zvinoshamisa siyana nhasi.

Mavambo Akazvininipisa

Kungofanana nemadzimambo mazhinji, mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakabva pamwana muduku. Mukutaura kwesainzi, mukurongeka kwemuti wehupenyu, boka remhuka remhuka dzinoyamwisa rinosanganisira monotremes (oviparous), marsupials (kutakura vana vadiki mubhegi), uye placentals, pamwe nezvizvarwa zvese, zvino zvakanyangarika, zve tateguru vose.

Mhuka dzapakuvamba dzine chitarisiko nomufambiro zvakafanana neizvo zvezvinoyamwisa zvemazuva ano dzakanga dziri boka rakasiana rainzi mamaliaforms, zita rakakodzera zvikuru rehama dzepedyo dzemhuka dzechokwadi dzinoyamwisa. Ivo vakabva kuma cynodonts, marudzi echinyakare ayo aichengeta akawanda mareptilian.

Mavambo eMammalian Brain

Kunzwa kwakaomarara kwekunhuwidza uye kubata kunogona kutangira kushanduka kwehuropi hwemammalian. Ongororo yezvakasaririra zvakasara zvemhuka zvisati zvatanga zvinoyamwisa zvinoratidza kuti nzvimbo dzehuropi dzakabatana nekunhuhwirira uye kubata, pamwe neuromuscular harmonization, yakasimudzira kushanduka kwehuropi munzira yekushanduka-shanduka kwakakonzera mhuka dzinoyamwisa.

Kuongororwa kwezvisaririra kubva makore angangoita mamirioni zana apfuura kwakaitwa, kunyanya kwaMorganucodon neHadrocodium, madzitateguru emhuka dzinoyamwisa, dzakatorwa kubva kuJurassic fossil deposit muChina. Vese vaive nehuropi hukuru kupfuura hwaitarisirwa kune zvienzaniso zvenguva yavo uye zvichienderana nekuwanda kwemuviri wavo.

Kunyangwe zvimiro zvekunze zvemadehenya emhando idzi dzakatsakatika zvakaongororwa kwemakore, maratidziro avo emukati aisazivikanwa. Kuburikidza nepamusoro-resolution computerized axial tomography (CAT), vatsvakurudzi vave kukwanisa kugadzira mufananidzo chaiwo wehuropi hwavakachengeta. Iwo akakandwa aienderana neCT scans yemafossils kubva kune gumi nemaviri marudzi, anosanganisira cynodonts, ekare zvinokambaira zvakatangira mhuka dzinoyamwisa, uye dzinenge 12 dzemazuva ano mhuka dzinoyamwisa.

Zvichienderana nekuenzanisa kwakadaro, zvakagumiswa kuti, muMorganucodon neHadrocodium, uropi hunotarisa hunotungamira pfungwa dzekunhuhwirira uye kubata, pamwe neuromuscular harmonization, yakange yafambira mberi zvakanyanya kupfuura humwe huropi. Kuvapo kwekunyatsonzwisisa kunhuwidza uye kubata kungave kwakabatsira mukubatsira mhuka dzinoyamwisa kurarama uye kubudirira padanho rekutanga renhoroondo yedu yekushanduka-shanduka.

Mhuka Mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakanyangarika kubva kuSouth America

Zvicherwa zvichangobva kuwanikwa muChilean Andes zvinoreva mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana dzaimbofamba-famba muSouth America. Zvakawanikwa zvakadaro zviri kukanganisa pfungwa dziripo pamusoro pezviitiko zve geological mukondinendi.

Kumucheto kwemafuro makuru, mhuka mbiri dzine mahwanda, dzakaita sebhiza, notoungulate chiyeuchidzo chemhembwe, uye simbe yepasi, inodya zvakadzikama, isina hanya netyisidziro yakadzimirira. Zvakare zvakanyura chinchilla uye kambeva kakaita semarsupial kunyura pambeu dziri pedyo.

Kamwe kamwe, njodzi inorova: rimwe remakomo akatsemuka, akafukidzwa nesinou ari pedyo anoputika. Rukova rwemadota ane madhaka runokandwa pamateru arwo. Nguva yakati gare gare, makore iwayo ane makore anopinda mubani ndokuviga mhuka dzisingafungiri munzira yadzo.

Kumhuka dzakavigwa, rukova urwu rwaiva nenjodzi. Kune paleontology, zvakasiyana, zvaizova rombo rakanaka. Makumi emamiriyoni emakore mushure mekufa nguva isati yakwana kwemhuka idzodzo dzinoyamwisa, simba rekufukunura reorogenesis uye kukukurwa kwevhu kwakazotevera zvakafumura zvisaririra zvemapfupa azvo ezvisaririra muAndes pakati peChile.

Vakawanwa muna 1988, vachitsvaka zvisaririra zvemadinosaur mumupata une materu woRwizi rwaTinguiririca, pedyo nomuganhu neArgentina. Kuwanikwa kwacho kwakabereka zvibereko zvekuti kubva musi iwoyo nzvimbo iyi yakadzoserwa gore negore kuti ienderere mberi neongororo yezvisaririra zvacho. Kusvika pari zvino, zvisaririra zvinopfuura 1.500 zvemhuka dzekare zvakafukunurwa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzepa paleontological pakati peAndes muChile.

Nyaya inoenderana:
Mhuka Dziri Mungozi Yokutsakatika

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