Nyika yebhuruu inorarama zvinoenderana nezita rayo: inoda kusvika 70% yePasi penyika yakafukidzwa nemvura, uye makungwa anoumba 99% yenzvimbo inogarwa pasi rose. Kunyange zvakadaro, inenge 5% chete yegungwa yakaongororwa, ichisiya hwindo guru rakazaruka kune zvitsva zvitsva uye maitiro asati azivikanwa.
Zvinopfuura 230.000 zvipenyu zvemugungwa zvakatsanangurwa. (uye inofungidzira kuti inodarika miriyoni kure kure), zvichisimbisa kuti hupenyu huzhinji huri paPasi huri mumvura. Kudzidza nezve kusiyana uku hakusi kungonakidza chete: Chinhu chakakosha kuidzivirira, nekuti inokanganisa hutano hwemakungwa nenzizi Zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze, hupfumi uye kugara kwedu zvakanaka.
Hupenyu mumvura: ukuru, mabasa uye nei zvichikosha
Gungwa rinogadzirisa mamiriro ekunze, rinofambisa zvinovaka muviri kuburikidza nemhepo, uye rinopa zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinotsigira cheni dzekudya dzepasi rose. Huremu hwayo hwemvura hwakatenderedza 1,3 × 10 ^ 9 km³ uye inoisa 97,5% yemvura yepasi (ine avhareji salinity ye3,5%).
Microorganisms inomiririra inenge 70% yezvipenyu zvegungwa. uye kutungamirira maitiro anokosha akadai seoceanic photosynthesis uye carbon, nitrogen, uye phosphorus cycle. Marine viral activity-kunyanya bacteriophages-inodzokorora kabhoni nekupwanya mabhakitiriya uye nekusimudzira maruva matsva.
Kubva kumafuro euswa hwegungwa kusvika kumasango emukelp, zvinomera zvemumvura zvinogadzira nzvimbo dzekutizira uye nzvimbo dzekuberekera dzezvipembenene nehove. Zvisikwa zvakaita sePosidonia oceanica zvinodzikamisa marara uye kuwedzera kujeka kwemvura, zvine chekuita nekusiyana kwezvipenyu zvemahombekombe.
masiponji egungwa
Upenyu hweMicroscopic mumvura yakadzika, hydrothermal vents kana pasi peAntarctic ice inoratidza kuchinjika kwakanyanya (barophiles inopfuura 10.000 m, microbes pa122 ° C), nepo pamusoro peiyo neuston inotora mukana wefirimu remvura kurarama uye kufamba.
Chokwadi chisingarambiki chekuziva nezvemhuka dzemumvura
Jellyfish yave iripo kwemakore 650 miriyoni, kare kare madinosaurs ne shark. Nhoroondo yavo yekushanduka-shanduka inoita kuti vave veterans vechokwadi vegungwa.
Masiponji emugungwa akazivikanwa semhuka muna 1825. Uye kunyangwe ivo vasina mitezo, tsinga kana huropi, vanochengeta filtration system inoshanda zvekuti inochengetedza hupenyu hwavo mumvura kutenderera pasirese.
Iyo electric eel inokwanisa kugadzira mashock akakwana kuvheneka magirobhu akawanda. (chiziviso: iyi imhando yemvura yakachena, asi inoratidza inoshamisa bioelectricity yemhuka dzemumvura).
Madolphin anorara nehafu yeuropi hwawo huchishanda uye ziso rimwe rakavhurika. kugara uchiona zvikara uye kuchengetedza maitiro.
Octopus ine moyo mitatu uye ropa rayo ibhuruu nehemocyanin, pigment yemhangura inovandudza kutakurwa kweokisijeni mumvura inotonhora.
Oyster inogona kuchinja zvepabonde muhupenyu hwavo hwose., nzira inovandudza kubudirira kwekubereka zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu.
Mwoyo weshiri uri mumusoro, anatomical peculiarity inogara ichishamisa.
Turtles dziripo mumakondinendi ese kunze kweAntarctica., uye marudzi akati wandei emugungwa anotama zviuru zvemakiromita pakati pekudyisa nekugara.
Sailfish ndiyo inomhanyisa gungwa, nenhongonya dzinopfuura 100 km/h panzendo pfupi.
Hove dzomugungwa dzinogonawo kunzwa nyota: Ne osmosis, vanofanirwa kunwa uye kudzinga munyu wakawandisa kuti vachengetedze mukati.
Hofori dzegungwa: whales uye mamwe colossi
Rurimi rweblue whale runogona kurema senzou yakura., uye kurira kwadzo kunosvika kunosvika 188 dB, mamwe emhuka dzine ruzha rukuru zvikuru dzakarekodhwa.
Blue whale ndiyo mhuka hurusa yati yambovapo., kusvika ku 30 m kureba uye kurema 180 matani. Zvakadaro inodya padiki krill muhuwandu hukuru.
Mahombe ecetaceans anogona kurara achishambira zvishoma nezvishoma., maitiro anoderedza njodzi mugungwa rakashama.
Whale shark ndiyo hove huru, kusvika 12m uye 12 matani; zvakakodzera kuyeuka kuti whales mhuka dzinoyamwisa, kwete hove.
Singularities zvinokatyamadza: kusarudzika kugadzirisa
Mumaseahorses, ndiye murume anobata uye "anobereka" kune vadiki., chiitiko chechienzi chemabasa ekubereka akadzokororwa.
Parrotfish inobudisa jecha rakaisvonaka pazvitsuwa zvekorari., kupwanya korari nokuabvisa setsvina, chinhu chinokosha pamhenderekedzo dzeparadhiso.
Iyo brunette inovhura uye inovhara muromo wake kufema, kwete kutyisidzira.; chitarisiko chake chinonyengera, asi kuti “grimace” imhepo.
Iyo ribhoni eel inoshandura ruvara uye zvepabonde muhupenyu hwayo hwose.: dema pakutanga (mukomana wechidiki), bhuruu pamunhu mukuru uye yero kana yava mukadzi.
Mamwe nudibranchs "harness" chiedza chezuva nekuba ma chloroplast kana photosynthetic symbionts., chirongwa chinonzi kleptoplasty.
Frogfish inoshaya mazino uye inomedza mhuka yayo yose.; vakawanda vanoshandisa cephalic appendage sehwambo kukwezva vanyajambwa.
Iyo boxfish inotamba bhonzo sebhokisi rezvombo ine maburi emeso, muromo uye zvimbi, dhizaini uye inoshingirira.
Makakanje “anotsenga” ane mazino mudumbu, rudzi rweguyo remukati rinonzi gastric gizzard.
The thresher shark inoshandisa muswe wayo wakareba setyava kushamisa hove dzakawanda dzisati dzadzidya.
Zvatinofunga imhuka yemumvura
Ndivo vanopedza hupenyu hwavo hwese kana chikamu chakakosha chekutenderera kwavo mumvura, nyowani kana munyu. Vanogona kufema okisijeni yakanyungudika (gills, ganda) kana mweya (mapapu), zvichienderana neboka uye kugadzirisa.
Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakura zvokuti hazvisati zvanyatsotsanangurwa., asi, sepanyika, dzakaiswa mumapoka emhuka dzine vertebrates uye invertebrates, zvichienderana nechimiro chadzo uye kuronga kwemuviri.
Mhando dzemhuka dzemumvura: vertebrates uye invertebrates
Vertebrates
Zvinosanganisira hove, zvinokambaira, zvinoyamwisa uye shiri, ine musana uye, kazhinji, skeleton yakagadzirwa zvakanaka.
- Hove: nekufema kwegora.
- Agnatos: isina shaya, semarambi.
- Chondroichthyes: cartilaginous skeleton, semashaki nemwaranzi.
- osteichthyes: bony skeleton, se tuna.
- Reptiles: mapapu, ganda rinopisa uye kubereka oviparous kana ovoviviparous (turtles dzegungwa, nyoka dzegungwa, marine iguana, ngwena).
- Zvipfuwo. Dzimwe semi-aquatic terrestrials kufanana nemvuu, vanoshandisa mvura sehutiziro uye thermoregulation.
- bird: yakagadziridzwa minhenga, kudzivirira kwakanaka uye kudya kwegungwa kana mvura yakachena (penguin, pelicans, seagulls, herons).
Invertebrates
Ivo vanoshaya yemukati bony skeleton uye vanogadzira mutsara wakasiyana., kubva pamafomu e-sessile kusvika kune vanoshambira vanoshingaira.
- Arthropods: crustaceans nehombodo uye gills (crabs, shrimp).
- Mollusks: ine kana isina goko (mussels, clams, octopus, squid).
- Echinoderms: mukati calcareous skeleton uye radial symmetry (nyeredzi, gungwa urchins, brittle stars).
- Madhiri: annelids, nematodes uye platyhelminthes, akawanda sediment-kudya kana parasitic.
- porifera: sefa siponji pasina matishu chaiwo.
- Cnidarians: jellyfish, corals, anemones uye hydras, ane masero anoruma.
Zvinhu zvakakosha zvehupenyu hwemumvura
Kufema: ne gills (shark, mwaranzi), ganda (starfish uye urchins yegungwa mukutsinhana kwegasi) kana mapapu (dolphins, whales, turtles).
Habitat: mvura yemunyu (makungwa nemakungwa) kana mvura yakachena (nzizi, madziva, nyanza), ine chaiyo osmotic adaptations.
ZvokudyaMugungwa, vakawanda vanodya phytoplankton; munzizi nemadziva, mune zvikara, mhuka dzinodya nyama dzakawanda, uye mhuka dzepamhenderekedzo dzegungwa, dzine kudya kunoenderana nezvinowanikwa munharaunda.
Kuberekerwa: zvepabonde (oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous) uye asexual (e.g. kunze kwekubereka mu starfish), nemaitiro anoshamisa.
Tembiricha yemuviri: kubva ku ectotherms ine thermoregulatory maitiro kune zvipenyu zvine hunyanzvi hwekudzivirira (mafuta, minhenga, zviyero).
