Apo kutonhora kwemamiriro okunze kunosvika uye zviwanikwa zvinova zvishoma, bhatiri remazano rinoshandiswa mumhuka yemhuka iyo, kuisa pachena uye yakaipa, haisi chinhu chiduku. Iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa ndeye hibernation, mamiriro ekuchengetedza simba kwakanyanya kunotibvumira kurarama kwenguva refu, yechando yakaoma. Kunyange zvazvo tichiwanzofunga nezvemapere, chokwadi chacho chakafara zvikuru uye chinonakidza.
Mugwaro rino, tichaburitsa kuti hibernation chii, kuti inosiyana sei kubva kune torpor, brumation, aestivation, kana diapause, uye kuti ndedzipi mhando dzinozviita. Iwe uchaona mienzaniso inoshamisa (kubva kumarmots kusvika kumatatya anoshivirira chando muropa ravo), kutonga kwehupenyu shure kwayo, uye kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze uye maitiro evanhu ari kushandura aya maitiro.
Chii chinonzi hibernation?
Hibernation imamiriro emuviri we yakaderera kwazvo metabolic chiitiko iyo inoonekwa, pamusoro pezvose, mukati temperate zone mammals nemwaka wechando wakajeka. Munguva iyi, tembiricha yemuviri inoderera zvakanyanya, moyo unorova zvishoma, uye kufema kunova kushoma. Mhuka inoramba ichifamba mugomba, isingazive uye isingafambi.
Nyika iyi inogona kugara mavhiki kana mwedzi, zvichienderana nelatitude uye mamiriro ekunze egore: munzvimbo dzeArctic inogona kugara kusvika kumwedzi minomwe, nepo munzvimbo dzakadzikama inowanzotora miviri kana mitatu. Mafuta ekupfuura munguva yechando ndiwo emafuta akaunganidzwa mumwedzi yapfuura, ayo anounganidzwa kuchengetedza zvakakosha zvinodiwa.
Hazvisi zve "kurara zvakanyanya", asi nezve a Kuora mwoyo kwakadzama kwemetabolic nekudonha kwakanyanya mumoyo uye kufema, uye tembiricha yemukati padyo nekamuri tembiricha mumhando dzechokwadi dzekunyura. Kunyangwe zvakadaro, mhuka zhinji dzinosangana ne periodic micro-awakening kuti dzigadzirise mabasa akakosha.
Hibernation nedzimwe nyika dze dormancy
Pasi peamburera ye dormancy inosanganisirwa akati wandei mhinduro dzinomisa kukura, kukura uye chiitiko. La hibernación ndomumwe wavo, asi kwete imwe chete. Zvakakosha kusiyanisa mazwi zvakajeka kuitira kuti usavhiringidze pfungwa.
Hibernation (Mhuka dzepahomeothermic)
Muenzaniso wemhuka ropa rinodziya (homeotherms)Iyo inobvumira chipenyu kuti chirambe chiri mhenyu pane yakaderera asi inodzorwa tembiricha yemukati, iine kushoma kwekushandisa simba uye kuvimba nemafuta ekuchengetedza (kusanganisira brown mafuta, inova kiyi yekuzotevera "kudziya"). Zvinowanzoitika mumhuka diki dzinoyamwisa (marmots, dormice, uye mamwe maremwaremwa), kunyangwe paine zvimwe zvakakosha, zvakaita semapere.
Lethargy kana torpor
Lethargy is a torpor isina kudzika uye ipfupi-inogara Izvi zvinogona kuva zuva nezuva kana mwaka. Dzimwe mhuka dzinodya nyama, dzakadai semapere nemabheji, dzinopinda mu "hope dzechando" nekuderedzwa kwakaratidza kurova kwemoyo uye kufema, asi pasina kudonha kwakanyanya kwekushisa kwehubernation yakasimba; vanogona kumutswa nokukurumidza uye nemaune kana pane kuvhiringidza kana kutyisidzira.
Brumation (zvinokambaira uye amphibians)
Mumhuka dze ropa rinotonhora (poikilothermic)Kune zvinokambaira uye amphibians, iyo yechando analogue ndeye brumation. Tembiricha yemuviri wavo inotevera tembiricha yemukati, mwero wekuita kwavo unodzikira zvakanyanya, uye vanogona kugara kwenguva refu vasina kudya, kunyangwe dzimwe nguva vachinyorova kana kupiswa nezuva kana tembiricha yakwira. Haisi yakajairika hibernation: iyo physiology inobatanidzwa yakasiyana.
Aestivation
Ndiyo mhinduro kune zvakapesana zvakanyanyisa: kupisa nekusanaya kwemvuraDzimwe mhuka dzinoderedza kushandiswa kwemetabolism uye dzinopotera mumakamuri ane unyoro kana mumakamuri mukati memwaka unopisa zvikuru, dzichichengetedza mvura nesimba kusvikira mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka adzoka.
Diapause
Muenzaniso weakawanda arthropods (zvipembenene, dandemutande, mamwe makustaceans) uye dzimwe hozhwa. Zviri a kumbomira mukukura uye metabolism izvo zvinogona kuitika muzvikamu zvakasiyana (zai, gonye, pupa kana mukuru). In nyuchi dzomusangoSemuenzaniso, vadiki vanoramba vari pasi pevhu kana mumakomba nemetabolism yavo yakapotsa yamira kusvika muchirimo.
Sei mhuka dzichirara?
Chikonzero chikuru ndechekuti kushomeka kwezvokudya zvemwaka pamwe chete nechando chakanyanya. Munguva yechando, kutsvaga zvokudya kunogona kudhura simba rakawanda kudarika rinopa. Hibernation inotibvumira "kuvhara zvinenge zvese" uye kudhirowa pane zvakachengetwa kusvika nharaunda yapora.
Pamusoro pekudzivirira njodzi dzemamiriro ekunze akaipa, hibernation inodzivirira pazvikara (nekuramba yakavigwa mumakomba akatsiga) uye, mune dzimwe mhando, inowiriranisa kuberekana: mapere echikadzi kubereka munguva yechando, kuva nechokwadi chokuti vana vanoberekerwa munzvimbo ine ngozi uye ine mwero.
Chenjerera kusandurwa kwenzvimbo: kutemwa kwemasango uye kurima kwakanyanya kunovhura kucheneswa uye chidimbu masango, kuparadza nzvimbo dzehubernationKutapwa kunogonawo kukanganisa kutenderera kwechisikigo; mamwe mapere akanunurwa, mushure memakore ekuvharirwa, anorasikirwa nemaitiro awo ekurara uye anoda nguva yekupora munzvimbo dzakafanira.
Physiological control: uropi, mahomoni uye brown mafuta
Iyo yepakati "switch" yeku hibernation iri mu hypothalamus, chiumbwa chiri muuropi chinoronga mashandiro anoita muviri otomatiki uye kuchengetedza kubatana negondo repituitary. Kukuvara kunzvimbo iyi kunodzivirira hibernation uye kushandura kusiyanisa kwemuviri kwakafanana nekuhibernation.
Panguva yekuvharira maitiro e hypothalamic neurosecretion uye zviratidzo zvehomoni zvinogadzirisa metabolism, tembiricha, uye kushandiswa kwesimba substrates. Pakumuka kunofambira mberi, mafuta ebrown (thermogenic tissue) "anobatidza" mhuka, ichiita kupisa uye kusimudza tembiricha yayo kusvika yadzokera kumabasa enguva dzose.
Kumuka panguva isiriyo kunogona kuuraya: simba rekushandisa rekumutsa rinowedzerwa, kupisa matura nekukurumidzaDzimwe mhuka diki dzinoyamwisa, mushure menguva refu, dzakatonhora, dzinoda mazuva kuti dzidzore kushanda kwekugaya dzisati dzadzokera kune zvakajairika kudya.
Mhando uye emblematic kesi
Bears: inonyanya kuzivikanwa "yechando hope"
Mapere ndiyo chiratidzo chechando, asi yavo ndeye torpor kwenguva refu pane kurara kwakasimba. Tembiricha yemuviri wavo inodonha madhigirii mashoma (kuchengeta pamusoro penzvimbo), kunyangwe kupuruzira kwavo kunogona kudzika kubva pa40 kusvika ku8-10 kurova paminiti, uye vanogona kusvika kumwedzi mitanhatu vasina kudya, kunwa, kuita weti, kana kuita tsvina. Zvikuru sei, Mabere Ivo vanogadzirira iyo nguva nekunyanyisa kushandiswa muvhuvhu kuti vaunganidze matura.
Uhu hupfumi hwakanyanyisa hunobvumira vanhukadzi berekera mugomba uye kurera vana vevana zvakachengeteka. Kugadzirira kwavo kunosanganisira kudyisa mukudonha kuunganidza mafuta uye kugadzirisa mhango nezvinomera zvekudzivirira.
Marmots: masters of hibernation
Kana tikafunga nezve hibernation yechokwadi, iyo groundhogs Ivo vari pamberi. Vanogona kupfuura mwedzi misere pasi pevhu, nekurova kwemoyo kungoita 3-4 kurova paminiti uye tembiricha yakadzikira, kuchinjika kwehope huru nediki-kumuka.
Bats: Savings Nyanzvi
Zviremwaremwa zvakawanda (kunyanya izvo zvemumhuri yeVespertilionidae) zvinorara mumapako kana mumakomba emiti ane hunyoro hwepamusoro uye tembiricha yakagadzikanaMunguva yechando, vanoderedza kurova uye kufema kusvika kushoma, vachizorora kweinenge mwedzi mitanhatu munzvimbo inotonhora.
Torpor iri pasi pekutonga kwavo: vanogona kumutswa nenjodzi kana shanduko yekushisa, asi izvi zvinowedzera metabolism yavo uye kukanganisa kuchengetedza kwavo. Kuvhiringika kwevanhu (zvakadai sekupinda mumakoroni echando) zvinogona kukonzera kumuka uye kukonzera kufa kwenzara kunotevera.
MuChile, hibernation yemhando dzekuzvarwa ikadzidzwa zvishoma, kunyangwe paine humbowo hwemazuva ese torpor mukati Myotis chiloensis uye Histiotus magellanicus mumamiriro ekunze anotonhora, zvichiratidza kukwanisa kwenzvimbo dzakadzika munguva yechando. Chinhu chinokatyamadza kuwana: hibernation inogona kunonoka kuchembera kwezvinhu zvipenyu muzviremwaremwa, maererano nebasa richangoburwa.
Hedgehogs: vagadziri vedendere
Kusati kwatonhora, the hedgehogs Dzinodya nehana kuti dziunganidze mafuta uye dzinovaka matendere ane mashizha nemashanga kwadzinopedza mavhiki kana mwedzi dzichineta. Kuparadzaniswa kwepokugara Izvo zvakakosha senge simba buffer kuchengetedza akakosha mabasa kusvika padiki.
Matatya: kushivirira kwechando
Garter Nyoka: Community Brumation
Garter nyoka dzinoita brumation uye kusiyana nevamwe, vanozviita mukati kuunganidzwa kukuruMazana kana zviuru zvinoungana mumakomba kuti vapedze nguva yechando, vachideredza metabolism yavo uye kufamba kusvika kushoma, nekumbobuda panze kana tembiricha yakwira.
Kamba: Fema usingafemi
Mune turtles dzakawanda (dzakadai sebhokisi turtles) brumation inogona kubva mwedzi mitatu kusvika mishanuVanononoka kurova kwe 5-10 paminiti uye vanogona kumisa kufema kwepulmonary kwenguva yakareba, vachitora mukana wekuchinjana kweokisijeni kumativi emuviri (seganda) mumvura inotonhora, ine okisijeni.
Hozhwa: epipragma kununura
Hozhwa zhinji dzinonamira nekunamira goko radzo nerunyoro rwakaomarara, the epipragma, iyo inochengetedza unyoro uye inomisa kurasikirwa kwesimba. Inoponesa upenyu munguva dzose kutonhora neyakaoma, uye inoita zvakare kana mamiriro ari nani adzoka.
Nyuchi uye bumblebees: diapause uye cluster
Mune bumblebees, varume vese nevashandi vanofa muchando, nepo Hibernating queen (diapause) pasi pevhu kusvika muchirimo, apo koroni itsva inotangwa. Pakati penyuchi (Apis mellifera), nyuchi "hadzivharike": inoumba boka rinopisa rinokomberedza mambokadzi mukati memukoko, nevashandi vanotenderera nzvimbo uye vachidya zvakachengetwa.
ari nyuchi dzesango uye dziri dzoga Vanotevera script yakasiyana: vanhu vakuru vanofa pakupera kwemwaka uye vanosiya vana mumakomba kana ivhu. Vechidiki vanorara vachizorora, dzimwe nguva sezvipukanana uye dzimwe nguva sevasingasimukira vakuru, nemetabolism yavo yakapotsa yamira kusvika mamiriro ekunze abvumidza.
Flat-tailed dwarf lemur: the hibernating primate
Madagascar imusha kune yakasarudzika kesi: iyo flat-tailed dwarf lemur, nyati inozivikanwa chete Inoita hibernates. Zvinotora mukana weiyi nzira kutsungirira mwaka wokusanaya kwemvura, zvichideredza tembiricha yayo uye kurova kwemwoyo kwenguva yakareba apo zvokudya zvinenge zviri zvishoma.
Squirrels: kubva pakuchengetedza kusvika kune supercooling
Arctic pasi squirrels inopikisa miganhu yehupenyu ne controlled supercooling mumaberere pasi pechando. Dzimwe tsindi, kune rumwe rutivi, dzinosarudza kuchengeta chikafu uye kuchinjana pakati pekurara kwenguva refu uye kunombofamba kunodya.
Shiri: kubva kune torpor kuenda kune yakasarudzika
Kazhinji, shiri hadzina hibernate: dzakawanda dzinogadzirisa nguva yechando migration kana zvikamu zvipfupi zve torpor. Iyo ine mukurumbira inosarudzika ndeye nightjar (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii), inokwanisa kurebesa mumwaka kuneta senge hibernation.
Tsuro nembira: torpor isiri kuraramira
Dzimwe mhuka dzepakati nepakati, dzakadai se mbira Tsuro, kana tsuro, dzinoderedza zvikuru basa radzo munguva yechando uye dzinopotera mumakomba akadzika. Havana kunyura muchando, asi vanopinda mutorpor, izvo zvinovabvumira kuita nekukurumidza kune zviratidzo zvengozi kana kugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze.
Katsoko: chisaririra mhenyu chine masimba makuru
Chilean marsupial (Dromiciops gliroides), chinyorwa chenhoroondo yeChile, chinochinjana pakati pemwaka uye zuva nezuva torpor, kunyangwe muzhizha. Hibernate pedyo ne0 ºC uye kuwedzera nguva kusvika kumwedzi minomwe kana misere kana mafuta akachengetwa achibvumira.
Inoshamwaridzana: inoumba mapoka evanhu 4-9 mumatendere equila uye mosses, vachichinjana kupa kupisa kuboka (inozivikanwa zvikuru "guatero effect”). Kana ukamuka panguva isina kujairika, mashandisiro esimba rako anokwira zvakanyanya uye zvinogona kutora mazuva kuti udzore kugaya kuzere, njodzi yakakomba kana pasina chikafu chiripo.
Geographical, zvakatipoteredza uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze
Nguva uye kudzika kwehubernation inosiyana nelatitude, urefu, uye kuoma kwechando. Sezvo nguva yechando ichiwedzera kunyorova nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, mamwe marudzi ari kupfupisa nguva yavo yekurara kana kugadzirisa nguva yavo yekumuka kuti iwane kuwanikwa kwezviwanikwa, zvichikanganisa kubereka uye kurarama.
Kuenzaniswa nekutama, hibernation inodzivirira mari huru yekufambisa, asi inoda kurarama nemari yakachengetwa uye kuwana nzvimbo dzekugara dzakatsiga zvikuru. Mamwe marudzi anosanganisa ese ari maviri: mamwe zviremwaremwa anotamira kunzvimbo dzine mwero uye anorara ipapo, achiwedzera sarudzo dzawo.
Zvirimwa uye dormancy: imwe nguva yechando
Zvirimwa hazvifiridzi, asi zvinopinda muhubernation. dormancy: Dzinombomira kukura uye kuita kuti dzimirire chando kana kusanaya kwemvura. Iyi dormancy inogona kuva "predictive" (inogadziriswa mamiriro ezvinhu asina kunaka asati asvika, kutevera photoperiod uye tembiricha) kana "zvinokonzeresa" (mukupindura zvakananga kumatambudziko). Mune greenhouses, chiedza chekugadzira chinogona kukanganisa wachi iyi uye "kunyengera" chirimwa.
Habitat, kuchengetedza uye basa redu
Hibernation inoda matumba akakwana: mapako, makomba, mapako, migodhi, uye masango anoramba aripo. Kutsemuka nekuda kwekutemwa kwemasango uye kurima kwakanyanya kunobvisa akawanda enzvimbo dzakakosha idzi. Kutsigira kuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo, kudzoreredzwa kwemikoto yezvipenyu, uye nzvimbo dzekuchengetedza mhuka chaidzo zvinobatsira kudzivirira kutenderera uku kubva kuputswa.
Hibernation, torpor, brumation, aestivation uye diapause zvinoumba huwandu hwemazano uye curiosities yakanyatsorongeka kune mamiriro ekunze uye zviwanikwa. Kubva pamapere asingadyi kwehafu yegore Kubva pamatatya anorarama neaizi munyama yawo, kusvika kunyuchi dzinoumba mapoka anopisa, uye madiki marsupials anobatira pamwe kuti adziyirwe, kurara kwemuchando kunofananidzira hungwaru hwekushanduka-shanduka hwatinofanira kunzwisisa nekudzivirira nhasi kupfuura nakare kose.
