Zvinhu zvishoma muzvisikwa zvinomutsa kunakidzwa kwakafanana nemhuka bioluminescence.. Ichi chiitiko, icho zvimwe zvipenyu zvinokwanisa kugadzira chiedza pachazvo, chakashamisa masayendisiti, vaongorori, uye vanoda mhuka dzesango kwemazana emakore. Aya haasi kungopenya murima: kupenya kwese inovanza nyaya dzekushanduka-shanduka, chemistry uye mazano nzira dzekupona sehungwaru sekunaka kwadzo.
Ziva zvakavanzika zve bioluminescent mhuka Inovhura hwindo kune zvisingaverengeki zvinoshamisa zvinogadziriswa., kubva pakupenya kwesquid, kusvika pakupenya kunotyisa kwezvisikwa zvakadzika mugomba rakadzika-dzika, kusvika Kupenya kusinganzwisisike kwezvipembenene uye fungi mumasango ehusiku. Mumitsetse inotevera, iwe unowana yakadzama uye inovaraidza kutarisa kune zvese sainzi inoziva (uye ichiri kutsvagisa) nezve bioluminescence.
Chii chinonzi bioluminescence uye chinoshanda sei mumhuka?
Bioluminescence ndiko kugona kuburitsa mwenje kuburikidza nekuita kwemakemikari mukati mezvipenyu.. Chiedza ichi chinogadzirwa pasina kusunungurwa kwekupisa, mu-ultra-fast process yakanyatso kuenderana nenharaunda inogara mhuka yega yega. Chiitiko chinoitika mukati mhuka, mabhakitiriya, fungi uye vamwe varatidziri.
Iyo biochemical kiyi iri muzvinhu zviviri: luciferin uye luciferase. Luciferin ndiyo mukomboni unoburitsa chiedza kana oxidized, nepo luciferase ndiyo enzyme inokonzera kuita uku. Muzvipenyu zvakawanda, apo luciferin inopindirana neokisijeni pamberi pe luciferase uye kazhinji ATP (simba remagetsi), Mhedzisiro ndeyekubuda kwemafotoni, ndiko kuti, chiedza chinooneka. Rudzi rwechiedza ruchaenderana nerudzi rwe luciferin, pamwe nemasefa nezvimwe zviri muganda remhuka kana matishu.
Mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana dzakazvimiririra dzakagadzira nzira dzekuburitsa chiedza.. Kune zvose zviri zviviri intracellular bioluminescence (mumasero anokosha anobuda kunze) uye extracellular bioluminescence (umo maitiro anoitika kunze, nekuda kwekudzingwa kwemakemikari). Mukuwedzera, kune zvipenyu zvisingabudisi ivo pachavo luciferin, asi pane kudaro Vanozviwana kubva kune symbiotic microorganisms senge mabhakitiriya kana algae, vakarara mumatissue avo.
Bioluminescence inogona kuwanikwa mumvura, yepasi, uye yemvura yakachena ecosystems, kunyangwe ichinyanya kuwanda mugungwa.. Muchokwadi, zvinofungidzirwa kuti anosvika zvikamu zvitatu muzvina zvemhuka dzemugungwa dzine imwe mhando yebioluminescence.
Evolutionary nhoroondo yebioluminescence: Yakabuda rinhi uye nei?
Kuonekwa kwebioluminescence mumhuka kunotangira makore anopfuura mamiriyoni 540., maererano neazvino phylogenetic zvidzidzo zvakaitwa pa octocorals, boka remadzitateguru emarine cnidarians. Zvaimbofungidzirwa kuti zvakabva mune dzimwe crustaceans, genetic data uye fossil kuongororwa zvakatibvumira kudzosera wachi yekushanduka-shanduka kune kuputika kweCambrian, apo hupenyu hwakaoma hwakatanga kusiyanisa zvakanyanya mumakungwa.
Bioluminescence yakashanduka yakazvimiririra kanenge ka94 muzvisikwa.. Boka rega rega rakazvigadzirisa kune zvinangwa zvakasiyana kwazvo: kuvharidzira, kupfimbana, kutaurirana, kudzivirira kune zvikara, kana kuvhima mhuka. Chiitiko ichi chinoramba chiripo nekuti hachidyi simba zvakanyanya — simba rakawanda rinoburitswa rinoshandurwa kuita mwenje unotonhora, kwete kupisa — uye nekuti rinopa zvakanakira hunyanzvi munzvimbo dzine chiedza chezuva chakaganhurirwa kana kuti musipo.
Pazasi pegungwa, bioluminescence ndeyechokwadi yechisikigo chiratidziro.. Chisikwa chimwe nechimwe chakasiyanisa chiedza chacho munzira dzine chiuru: kune kupenya kwechinguvana kuvhiringidza zvikara, zviratidzo zvinopenya zvekupfimbana, mwenje unotevedzera masaisai ekuvanza, uye maapndages anoshanda seanouraya.
Sei mhuka ichipenya? Mabasa uye zvakanakira bioluminescence
Bioluminescence inoshanda zvinoshamisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemabasa mumhuka., ese ane chekuita nekupona uye kubudirira kubereka:
- CamouflageMhuka zhinji dzemugungwa, senge squid nedzimwe hove, dzinoshandisa bioluminescence kuenzanisa nemwenje wepamhepo inosefa mukati kubva pamusoro, zvichiita kuti masilhouette adzo atsakatike kubva kune zvikara zvakatarisa pasi. Izvi zvinozivikanwa se "backlighting."
- Kupfimbana nekuberekanaFireflies ndiwo muenzaniso wakakurumbira. Matani emwenje chaiwo anoshanda kukwezva vakaroorana uye kusiyanisa marudzi. Mugungwa, dzimwe hove nemacrustaceans anoshandisawo mwenje kutsvaga uye kukwezva vanoita zvepabonde.
- Kudzivirira uye yambiroDzimwe mhuka dzisina mutsipa nehove dzinoburitsa kupenya kutyisa kana kuvhiringa zvikara zvadzo, kana kukwezva vamwe vavhimi vakakura vanogona kurwisa chikara chekutanga. Vamwe, semillipede Motyxia, vanopenya kunyevera nezvehuturu hwavo.
- Kukwezva mhukaIyo inopenya appendage yeabyssal anglerfish imhando yemhando yepamusoro. Zvimwe zvipenyu zvinokwezvawo mhuka dzisina mutsipa kana hove diki dzinopenya nechiedza.
- Kukurukurirana uye sangano revanhuMuzvikoro zvehove uye mapoka emhuka dzebioluminescent, masaini emwenje anoshanda kurongedza mafambiro, kunyevera nezvenjodzi kana kumaka ndima.
- Ambient lightingDzimwe mhuka, kunyanya munzvimbo dzakadzika, dzinogona kushandisa chiedza chadzo kuongorora nzvimbo dzadzo dziripo.
Panyika, bioluminescence haina kunyanya kuwanda, asi isingabatsiri.. Zvipembenene zvakadai semumhuni uye tucu tucus zvinozvishandisa kudare kana kudzivirira zvikara. Kune fungi, dzakadai sePanellus stipticus, ine mwenje inokwezva zvipembenene zvinobatsira kuparadzira spores.
Ndivanaani vatambi vakuru mu bioluminescence?
Kusiyana kwemhuka dzine bioluminescence kwakakura uye kunotangira kubva kune tudikidiki kusvika kune hove hombe.. Isu tinoongorora akanyanya zviratidzo mapoka uye marudzi:
1. Bioluminescent marine mhuka
Makungwa ndiwo ecosystem par excellence ye bioluminescence.. Mhemberero chaiyo yezvisikwa zvinopenya:
- JellyfishKubva kuRainbow Jellyfish (inokwanisa kuratidza mavara ese eiyo spectrum) kune iyo comb jellies (ctenophores), iyo inoburitsa bhuruu kupenya uye kugadzira muraraungu mhedzisiro nekufambisa cilia yavo.
- Calamares: The firefly squid (Watasenia scintillans), vampire squid kubva kugehena (Vampyroteuthis infernalis) uye bobtail squid (Euprymna scolopes) inyanzvi dzechiedza. Mafotophores avo anogona kuvavhara, kukwezva mhuka kana kutsausa zvikara.
- hove yakadzika-gungwaHove dzakakurumbira dzinoti anglerfish kana dhiragoni dzine nhengo dzinobudisa chiedza, dzinoshandiswa semachira uye pakutaurirana. Hove dzemwenje (Melanocetus) ine chiedza chinopenya pamusoro wayo iyo inokwezva nayo mhuka uye shamwari.
- Plankton uye dinoflagellates: Noctiluca scintillans uye mamwe ma dinoflagellate anoumba makore echiedza chebhuruu paanomutswa nemasaisai kana vanoshambira, achigadzira makungwa chaiwo ane nyeredzi.
- SharkLantern shark inoburitsa chiedza kubva kuphotophores yakagoverwa mukati mezvimbi zvayo uye pasi pedumbu rayo, zvese zvekuvharisa uye kuratidza nhengo dzekubereka panguva yekupfimbana.
- Krill uye crustaceansMakrill mazhinji uye madiki crustaceans ane nhengo dzinopenya padumbu uye appendages, izvo zvavanogona kudzinga mukuvanzika senzira yekuvhiringidza.
Zvimwe zvipembenene zvemugungwa zvakaita sema octopus, makonye nemasalps, zvinewo bioluminescence., kazhinji mukubatana nesymbiotic bacteria.
2. Bioluminescent terrestrial mhuka
Kunyange zvazvo iri shoma, panyika tinowana mienzaniso yakakurumbira yemhuka dzinobudisa chiedza chadzo.:
- Fireflies uye zvipembeneneFireflies (mhuri yeLampyridae) ine nhengo dzinobudisa chiedza mudumbu mavo. Kupenya kwayo kunoshanda kupfimbana uye kunyevera zvikara nezvehupfu. Zvimwe zvipembenene, sezvipembenene (Pyrophorus), zvakare ari bioluminescent.
- Glowworms: "Glow worm" (Phengodidae) yeAmerica inowanikwa mumatanho erukova neakura, ichiburitsa mapatani emwenje kuvhima kana kuzvidzivirira.
- Luminous millipedes: The millipede Motyxia Inoyambira zvikara zvehuturu hwayo nekupenya kusingakanganisike.
3. Fungi uye microorganisms
Dzimwe fungi, dzakadai sePanellus stipticus, uye mabhakitiriya emugungwa anogadzira chiedza chavo chemakemikari.. Fungi dzinobudisa chiedza chinogara chiripo uye dzinoshandisa kukwezva tupukanana tunoparadzira sporo.
Kushanda kwema molecular uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvebioluminescence
Iyo molecular mechanism yebioluminescence inosiyana kubva kuboka kuenda kune rimwe boka, kunyangwe iyo yakakosha chirongwa chakafanana.: A luciferin (yakasiyana nemhuka, fungi uye mabhakitiriya) inobata neokisijeni uye, pasi pechiito che luciferase, simba rinobudiswa nenzira yechiedza.
Mune mamwe mapoka, akadai sejellyfish uye ctenophores, mapuroteni efluorescent anosanganisirwa anotora mwenje kubva pakuita kwekutanga uye oiburitsa zvakare kune akasiyana wavelengths.. Muenzaniso unozivikanwa ndeye green fluorescent protein (GFP) yejellyfish Aequorea victoria, iyo yakachinja mamolecular biology.
Mamwe ma bioluminescence anodzorwa nemazvo., zvichiita kuti chiedza chioneke mumapateni, kupenya, kana kutoumba makore “anopenya” ari mumvura kana mumhepo. Mubhakitiriya, maitiro anodzorwa nesero density (quorum sensing), kuitira kuti mwenje ungoonekwa chete kana paine ma microorganisms akakwana akaungana pamwechete.
Sosi yesimba inoshanda zvakanyanya: Kusvikira ku90% yesimba inoshandurwa zvakananga kuva photons, iyo inodzivirira kupisa uye inoita kuti bioluminescence igoneke kumhuka duku kana munzvimbo inotonhora, yakadzika.
Inonakidza mienzaniso yemhuka dzebioluminescent uye maitiro avo
Pazasi tinoongorora zvimwe zvinoshamisa uye zvakanakisa zvinyorwa zvemhuka bioluminescence.:
Rainbow Jellyfish
Yakawanikwa pedyo neTasmania, jellyfish iyi ine mukurumbira nekukura kwayo uye kunaka kwayo.. Iyo inoyera inenge 13 cm, uye kungobata nyore kunokwana kuikuvadza. Iyo bioluminescence yaro inoshandiswa searamu: kana yabatwa, inopenya kukwezva chikara chikuru chinosunungura muvengi wekutanga.
Firefly squid (Watasenia scintillans)
Squid iyi, inenge 7 cm kureba, inogara kumadokero kwePacific uye inokwira kumusoro panguva yekubereka kwayo.. Iine photophores pamwe chete nemuviri, kunyanya pamatende uye pedyo nemeso, iyo inobudisa chiedza chebhuruu. Kupenya kwayo kunoronga chikoro che squid uye kuvhiringidza vavengi.
Abyssal anglerfish
The mythical anglerfish muvhimi wepakadzika pegungwa. Mupendero wechikadzi une chirauro chakavhenekerwa chinoshanda sechirauro chehove dzisingafungiri. Yakwezvwa nokupenya, mhuka inoshambira inoshambira yakananga mumuromo memhuka. Iyo anglerfish zvakare ine zvigamba zvinopenya pane dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri wayo.
Fireflies
Zvisikwa izvi chiratidzo chehusiku hwechirimo pasi rose.. Vanoburitsa kupenya ne oxidizing luciferin mudumbu. Varume vanovheyesa mwenje yavo vachitsvaga mhinduro yemukadzi, iyo ine chiedza chechiedza chinoshanda se 'password' yekukwira. Bioluminescence inovabatsirawo kunyevera zvikara nezvehupfu hwavo.
Dinoflagellates uye plankton
Mumhenderekedzo dzegungwa dzakawanda dzinopisa, kubvongodza mvura kunoita kuti mamiriyoni evanhu vasingaoneki vavheneke.. Aya ndiwo dinoflagellate akadai Noctiluca, iyo inopindirana nekupenya kwebhuruu kune kukanganisa. Chinangwa ndechekukwezva hove dzinogona kudya plankton-predating crustaceans.
Krill uye bioluminescent crustaceans
Zvizhinji mumakungwa anotonhora uye ane mwero, zvipenyu izvi zvinoshandisa chiedza chazvo zvose kukwezva shamwari uye kukanganisa vavengi.. Vanogona kusunungura makore ezvinhu zvinopenya kuvhiringa zvikara uye kuwedzera mikana yavo yekupukunyuka.
Mamwe ma protagonist asingazivikanwe
Pakati pemamilipedes, genus Motyxia inomira pachena seyambiro yengozi yaro sezvo ine chepfu.. Pakati pezvipembenene, kunze kwezvipembenene, tucu tucus inoshandisa mavara akareruka kutevedzera mhuka huru uye nokudaro kuvhiringidza vavengi vayo.
Bioluminescence vs. Biofluorescence: Ndizvo Zvakafanana?
Bioluminescence uye biofluorescence zvinowanzovhiringidzika, asi hazvina kufanana.. Musiyano wakakosha uri mumabviro echiedza:
- Bioluminescence: Iko kugona kuburitsa chiedza chakazvimirira, nekuda kwemukati memakemikari reactions (luciferin-luciferase). Zvizhinji zvipenyu zvemugungwa, zvipembenene uye fungi zvinoratidzira zvakajeka.
- Biofluorescence: Iko kugona kutora mwenje weimwe wavelength uye woiburitsa zvakare semumwe ruvara. Muenzaniso: hawksbill turtle, zvinyavada. Inoda chitubu chekunze (senge ultraviolet mwenje).
Dzimwe mhuka dzinoratidza zviitiko zviviri. Semuenzaniso, hawksbill turtle yaive yekutanga reptile yakanyorwa ine biofluorescence, ichiratidza marambi matsvuku uye egirinhi kana akaiswa mubhuruu kana UV mwenje.
Bioluminescence mufungi uye mabhakitiriya: vasingaonekwi vanobatana vemhuka
Kwete mhuka chete, asiwo fungi uye mabhakitiriya akashanduka kuti agadzire chiedza. Mumasango ane hunyoro eAmerica, Europe neAsia, mhando dzakadai sePanellus stipticus dzinobudisa chiedza chinogara chakasvibira-chichena usiku, zvichikwezva zvipembenene zvinotakura spores kune nzvimbo itsva.
Marine mabhakitiriya akadai Vibrio fischeri y Vibrio harveyi chikamu chakakosha chebioluminescence. Marudzi mazhinji esquid nehove anotsamira paaya ma microorganisms anowirirana; Yakakura mumitezo yakasarudzika, mhuka "dzinodzipa" uye nekudzoka dzinogamuchira mwenje kuti dzizvivhare kana kutaurirana.
Maitiro ari mubhakitiriya anodzorwa zvakanyanyisa. Chete kana paine huwandu hwakanyanya hwehutachiona, kugadzirwa kwechiedza kunoitwa kuburikidza nequorum sensing system, iyo inogonesa kushandiswa kwesimba uye kudzivirira vanhu vakazvimiririra kubva "kutambisa" zviwanikwa.
Sainzi uye tekinoroji mashandisirwo ebioluminescence
Kudzidza uye kushandiswa kwebioluminescent mapuroteni uye majini kwakashandura biomedical uye genetic research.. Green fluorescent protein (GFP), yakawanikwa kubva kumarine jellyfish, inoshandiswa sechiratidzo chekutaura kwemajini, ichibvumira kuratidzwa kwemaserura maitiro munguva chaiyo, kubva mukuparadzirwa kwekenza maseru. Neuronal chiitiko, kusvika pakuona utachiona uye kuronda mavhairasi akadai seHIV.
Kufambira mberi mukugadzirwa kwemajini kwakatoita kuti zvibvire kuedza zvirimwa nemhuka zvakagadziridzwa kuti zvipenye murima.. Pave nemaroto ekugadzira miti inopenya kuti ivheneke mumigwagwa kana kuona kusvibiswa kwechikafu uchishandisa bioluminescent organisms.
Muindasitiri, ruzivo rwebioluminescence rwakagonesa kuvandudzwa kweanocherekedza masisitimu ekuona., zviratidzo zvekuchengetedza uye zvinhu zvakafuridzirwa nekugadzirwa kwemhuka photophores kuitira chiedza chakanaka.
Ndekupi uye nguva yekucherechedza bioluminescence mune zvakasikwa?
Mikana yakanakisa yekuona bioluminescence mukuita iri munzvimbo dzinodziya dzemahombekombe uye makungwa anopisa., muusiku hune rima apo plankton inopenya pasi pemasaisai kana kuti apo zvikoro zvehove zvinobonderana. Masango akadzikama uye anonaya mvura yakawanda anopa zvinokatyamadza zvezvipfuti nehowa munguva yekunaya kwemvura.
Mamwe marudzi, akadai sefirefly squid muToyama (Japan), anogadzira vashanyi vechokwadi "mafambiro", nemakungwa ebhuruu pasi pemwedzi nekuda kwekuwanda kwevanhu vanopenya panguva yekubereka.
Bioluminescence Curiosities: Chii Sayenzi Ichiri Kuongorora
Bioluminescence inoramba iri inonakidza uye isinganzwisisike nzvimbo yesainzi.:
- Mabviro chaiwo ekushanduka kwebioluminescence anoramba asina kujeka.Kunyangwe isu tichiziva kuti yakasimuka mazana emamiriyoni emakore apfuura, pamwe mukuita kuti kuderedze huturu hweokisijeni, matanho ekutanga uye zvinangwa zvekutanga zvechiitiko ichi hazvina kunyatsotsanangurwa.
- Iko kusanganiswa kwemavara kunenge kusingagumi.Kunyange zvazvo mhuka dzakawanda dzichibudisa chiedza chebhuruu kana chegirini, mhando dzinokwanisa kuburitsa kupenya kwakatsvuka dzakangowanikwa (semuenzaniso, deep-sea jellyfish), zvichida dzakachinjirwa kunzvimbo dzinogara dzisina chiedza chezuva.
- Mune mamwe marudzi, chiedza chinogadziriswa chemakemikari mukusimba, kuwanda uye patani, iyo inobvumira kutaurirana kwakanyanya kuoma uye kudzivirira kupfuura zvakambofungwa.
- Bioluminescence inoshanda zvekuti hainyanyi kusimudza tembiricha yemuviri wezvipenyu., zvichiita kuti zvive zvakanakira upenyu munzvimbo dzakadzika, dzinotonhora dzegungwa.
- Mamwe marudzi akagadzirisa bioluminescence yavo kuti vabatsirike, senge bobtail squid iyo "inodyisa" shuga kune mabhakitiriya ayo anopenya.. Hukama hwesymbiotic iyi ireferensi modhi yezvidzidzo zvekudyidzana kwe interspecific.
Mhedzisiro yebioluminescence inodarika nyika yechisikigo. Ongororo yaro yakasandura zvinhu zvese kubva kubhayoroji yebhayoroji kuenda kumararamiro emugungwa nemishonga, inokurudzira matekinoroji ekuvhenekesa, masensa, mishonga yemishonga, uye maturusi emajini nemashandisirwo anga asingafungidzike makumi mashoma emakore apfuura. Sezvo kuongororwa kwemvura yakadzika yemakungwa uye ecosystem yehusiku ichienderera mberi, zvitsva zvinowanikwa zvicharamba zvichiburitsa zvakavanzika zveizvi zvisikwa zvinopenya.
