Mhuka dzakawanda dzinotiyeuchidza nezvemakonzo pakutanga kuona: muviri mutete, mhino inopinza, nzeve dzinoonekwa uye muswe FeaturedNekudaro, pasi pechitarisiko ichi pane dzakasiyana nyaya dzekushanduka-shanduka uye a kusiyana kukuruKubva padiki mbeva dzemumunda kusvika kune hofori yemumvura inova capybara. Mugwaro iri, tinopaza kuti mhuka idzi dzakaita semakonzo ndedzipi, ndedzipi dziri makonzo, uye ndedzipi dzinongofanana nadzo nekusangana kwakachena.
Mukuwedzera kune mienzaniso yakajeka uye kuvhiringidzika kwakajairikaIsu tinoongorora maitiro emazino, maitiro, kurongeka kwakazara kweiyo Rodentia kurongeka, zviitiko zvinozivikanwa zve "makonzo enhema" asiri kana makonzo, basa rawo rezvakatipoteredza, hukama nevanhu, zvirwere zvakabatana uye kuvapo kwavo mutsika dzakakurumbira. Kana ukaona incisors isingaregi kukura uye diastema isina canines, uri kutarisa mbeva… asi kune muto nuances akakodzera kuziva.
Zvinorevei kuti mhuka “inotaridzika” segonzo?
Kana tichiti mhuka yakaita segonzo, tiri kutaura nezve "morphotype": muviri yakareba uye yakareruka, makumbo zvishoma, mutsipa mupfupi, mhino yakatenderedzwa uye inooneka, dzimwe nguva yakashama muswe. Iyo muenzaniso Inowanikwa mumakonzo mazhinji (order Rodentia) uye inoitikawo mumhando dzisiri makonzo asi dzakasangana muchimiro nekuda kwenzvimbo yadzinogara.
"Siginicha" yechokwadi yemakonzo haisi muswe wavo, asi incisors.: vaviri Mukuru uye zvimwe pasi hombe, ine enamel chete pachiso chepamberi uye kukura endereraPakati pema incisors nemazino ekumashure pane nzvimbo isina canine inonzi diastema. Magadzirirwo aya inotsanangura hunyanzvi hwake hwekutsenga uye kubudirira kwake kwezvakatipoteredza.
Ngwarira makonzo enhemaPyrenean desman (inozivikanwa se“gonzo remvura”), inonzi “marsupial mice,” uye mamwe “makonzo” eNyika Itsva haasi makonzo. Ivo ndevemamwe maodha (Eulipotyphla, Didelphimorphia, kana Dasyuromorphia). Sezvineiwo, zviremwaremwa hazvisi makonzo zvakare.
Kukurumidza kuona kwemakonzo (Rodentia)
Rodentia ndiyo yakakura kurongeka yemhuka dzinoyamwisa., nzara 2.277–2.280 marudzi emazuva ano anotsanangurwa (inenge 42% yemhuka dzinoyamwisa). Ivo varipo pamakondinendi ese kunze kweAntarctica, uye akati wandei marudzi Vakaunzwa nevanhu kuzvitsuwa nenharaunda dzavasina kugariswa..
Chimiro chavo chakajairika ndeye inogara ichikura incisors., sharp sechisel kuvonga kune anterior enamel uye posterior dentin, iyo inochengetedza kana yapera. Vanokura mamirimita akati wandei pasvondo, akawanda mumhando vacheri vane mazinoImwe yese yemazino inosiyana zvichienderana nekudya uye kune mitsetse ine molars inokurawo enderera.
Saizi inotangira padiki Mus minutoides kana goho rekukohwa (pasi pe5 g) kusvika pa capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), inogona kusvika 100-130 cm uye 50-60 kg. Pakati, vazhinji kureba pakati pe8 ne30 cm, “kukura kwemakonzo” kwatakajaira.
Suborders nemhuri dzine chitarisiko che "rat-like".
Nekutarisisa, Rodentia yakakamurwa nhasi kuita mashanu makuru madikiVazhinji venhengo dzaro Ivo vanokwana pekutanga kuona neiyo mbeva-senge/kuba, asi kusiyana kwomukati kwakakura.
- Sciuromorpha: Inosanganisira Aplodontiidae (gomo beaver), Gliridae (dormice) uye Sciuridae (squirrels, marmots, prairie dogs). Mazhinji dormice akafanana nembeva dzakasimba; squirrels-mantled endarama anogovera mhepo yemhuka yakatetepa.
- Castorimorpha: Castoridae (mabheya) uye Geomyoidea game Geomydidae (gophers) uye Heteromyidae (kangaroo rats) Makonzo eKangaroo ane “kutaridzika” kwakajeka kwekonzo duku; beavers, kunyange zvakadaro yakakura uye ine muswe wakatsetseka, Vanochengeta maitiro emakonzoKuti udzidze zvakawanda nezvemakonzo emumvura, shanya mhuka dzomugungwa uye dzomumvura.
- Anomaluromorpha: Anomaluridae (anomalous, mamwe eAfrica "squirrels anobhururuka") uye Pedetidae (Cape hare). Mhando dzinoverengeka, kunyanya Pedetes, vanovhiringika ne“makonzo makuru” nemhaka yemuviri wavo nemhino.
Zvikamu zvinofambisa kunyengera
Perpetual incisors uye diastema: mana incisors (maviri kumusoro, maviri pasi), hapana canines, uye diastema pamberi pe premolars / molars. Iyo enamel inongovhara kumeso chete. yapfuura of the incisor; kumashure, dentini inopera nekukurumidza uye inosiya kumucheto. Kana kupfeka kukundikana, mazino anogona kukombama uye kuva dambudziko guru.
guinea pig
Mwero wekukura kwemazino: 2-3 mm / vhiki mumhando dzisina kuchera uye kusvika ku 5 mm / vhiki mune mazino-kuchera geomids. Munguva yekurara, kukura kunonokaMune mamwe mapoka (gomo beavers, geomyids, chinchillas, cavids) mazino emashure haana midzi uye anokura. toda la vida.
Kusiyana mu "gnawing injini": the tsandanyama morphology uye dehenya rinotsanangura zvina classic masticatory zvigadziriso: protrogomorphic (chishandiso chishoma), sciuromorphic (yakajairika squirrels nehama), hystricomorphic (medial masseter ichipfuura nepakati infraorbital foramen huru; caviomorphs, anomalous), uye myomorphic (yakagadziridzwa kutsenga; muroids). Misiyano iyi tsanangura kushanda kwekutsenga zvokudya zvakasiyana.
Zviyero, locomotion uye pekugara
Makonzo anogara anenge ese emvura yakachena uye nyika niches.: kubva pamatanda kusvika masango anogara achinaya mvura, magwenga nemakomo marefu. Vanhu vakawedzera mamwe marudzi ehemerophilous, uye pamwe chete nezviremwaremwa ndivo chete terrestrial eutherian avo vakatonga Australia vari voga (Nyika Yekare murids).
Yakasiyana-siyana locomotion: quadrupeds runners, jumpers (gerbils, kangaroo rats, South African hare hare rat), burrowerssubterranean (African mole rats, mole rats), arboreal gliders (flying squirrels uye anomalans) uye semi-aquatic (beavers, muskrats, coypu, crab-eating rats, Australian water rats).
Zvimiro zvinozivikanwa: musana ne7 cervical, ~ 13 thoracic, 6 lumbar, uye nhamba yakasiyana ye caudal; tibia uye fibula zvakasanganiswa zvishoma mujumpers; elongated metatarsals mu gerbils; clavicle iripo kana kuderedzwa zvichienderana nemararamiro; chiuno chakasimba.
Kuberekwa: ry K mazano
Myomorphs: "ra tope": nhumbu mapfupi, marata makuru y kukura pabonde early. hamsters: ~16 mazuva ekuzvitakura; Mastomys anosvika 24 vana; the vakashama mole gonzo anogona kusvika 27. Young altricial, dzinokura nokukurumidza.
Caviomorphs: "K uye akadzikama": nhumbu refu (kusvika ~ 280 mazuva mu pacarana), marita maduku uye vana precocial (Vanoberekwa vane vhudzi uye maziso akasvinura, uye vanofamba maawa gare gare.) Vanoshandura script yakajairika "mouse" iyo isu tose tinofungidzira.
Kugovera, kushanduka uye phylogeny
Rodentia ndeyeGlires pamwe neLagomorpha (tsuro netsuro), mukati meiyo superorder Euarchontoglires (ine Euarchonta: primates, dermoptera, uye scandentians). Genetic analysis endorsementiyo monophyletism yemakonzo uye kuparadzaniswa kwavo kubva kune lagomorphs muUpper Cretaceous.
Nhoroondo uye kupatsanura: Linnaeus (1735) akabatanidza ma“glire” akawanda pamwe chete; kubva 1821 zvichienda mberi yakabatanidzwa RodentiaKwemakumi emakore, tsandanyama dzeshaya uye masticatory zvakashandiswa kuapatsanura (sciuromorphs, myomorphs, hystricomorphs), gare gare yakatsiviwa neshanu dzazvino suborders, dzinotsigirwa nemolecular phylogeny.
Zvisaririra uye mwaranziMakonzo ekare zvechokwadi anobva kuThanetian; muEocene, dzakapararira muEurasia neAfrica, nemwaranzi yakakura yakananga kuRupelian. Eurymylidae neAlagomyidae vanoonekwa semapoka ehanzvadzi dzepedyo, kwete basal rodents.
Nzendo dzinoshamisa: Macaviomorphs akasvika kuSouth America muOligocene, zvichida mumiti yemiti kubva kuAfrica, uye yakabata niches yakafanana neartiodactyls (kusanganisira mafomu makuru akadai sePhoberomys). Australia yakakomberedzwa neOld World murids mumafungu akati wandei 10-5 miriyoni makore apfuura.
Rat Hare
Utano, zvipembenene uye kuchengetedza
Zvipembenene zvekurima nemadhorobha: pakati pe200-300 marudzi anofungidzirwa tupukanana. Kukuvadzwa kwechirimwa (semuenzaniso, muIndonesia, ~ 17% yemupunga yakarasika), zvivakwa, uye chikafu chakachengetwa. Kuwedzera kwevanhu ndiko kunowanzokonzera kukakavara.
Zvirwere zvakabatana: kuruma (pasteurellosis, rabiye, iyo yekupedzisira ishoma kupfuura mune dzimwe mhuka dzinoyamwisa), tsvina (salmonellosis, leptospirosis, hemorrhagic fever), kunwa (trichinosis) uye vectors (nhata: typhus nedenda) Kubata hutsanana nekudzora chinhu chakakosha pakugara mumaguta.
Mamiriro ekuchengetedza: the IUCN nyora zvimwe 31 marudzi yakatsakatika (yakawanda insular), 56 yakatsakatika zvakanyanya uye 98 yakatyisidzirwa. Mienzaniso inosanganisira giant hutias (Heptaxodontidae †), Megalomys, rudzi rweSphiggurus, Gran Canaria giant rat; muAustralia, marudzi eConilurus uye Leporillus. Kutambudzwa se“zvipembenene,” kuvhima makushe, uye kuparadzwa kwepokugara ndidzo dzinotyisa.
Hukama nevanhu
Zvokudya uye zviwanikwa: guinea pigs (yakapararira muPeru), makonzo enzimbe (Thryonomyidae, akaberekerwa kuWest Africa) uye dormice MuRoma yekare (yakakora mu glirarium) mienzaniso yekudyiwa. Mune furrier, chinchillas, muskrat uye coypus zvinobuda pachena.
Sayenzi nenzvimbo: inopfuura 80–90% yemhuka dzerabhoritari dziri rodents (mbeva, makonzo, guinea pigs), nekuda kwehukuru hwadzo, kubereka nyore, uye nekukurumidza kutenderera kwehupenyu. Muna 1961, mbeva neguinea pigs Vakafamba muchadenga paVostok 3A; gare gare vakabhururuka makonzo uye heteromyids.
Zvipfuwo: guinea pigs, hamsters, mbeva, makonzo, Mongolian gerbils, degus, chinchillas, squirrels, mamwe marudzi edormice ... Kwete marudzi ose Ivo vanojairana zvakanaka nemba (husiku, sociability kana nzvimbo zvinodiwa).
Yakakurumbira tsika: pakati pekufungira uye tsitsi
Iyo gonzo muChinese zodiac inomiririra hunyengeri uye chivimbo.; muIndia, Ganesha anotasva gonzo. Kumadokero, gonzo kazhinji inomiririra "zvakaipa" kana zvisina kunaka (Orwell, uswa), nepo mbeva ichiwanzo yevedza uye yakangwara (Mickey, Tom naJerry, Speedy gonzales; Kafka naJosephine wake). Kune zvakare mareferensi mune yakakurumbira tsika ine chekuita ne Vhidhiyo pamusoro pemhuka dzinoita semakonzo.