Wakambozvibvunza here kuti mhuka dzinotaurirana sei? Kupfuura zvatinonzwa zvakatipoteredza, kutaurirana kwemhuka kunonakidza nekuda kwekusiyana kwadzo nekuoma kunzwisisa. Kubva pakudzvova kwakadzika kusvika pakuridza mhere-mhere, kudzvanya uye kutevedzera, mhuka dzinoshandisa ruzha runoshamisa. kupa mashoko, nyevero, mirangariro, uye kunyange kunyengera avo vakavapoteredza.
Muchinyorwa chino, tichanyura munyika yekurira kwemhuka, tichiwana ese ari maviri magadzirirwo anoagadzira uye anoshamisa mabasa adzo. Tichaongorora mienzaniso yekuda kuziva, nyaya dzekuteedzera mazwi, masaini akasarudzika, uye nzira iyo mhuka dzakasiyana semadrongos, sperm whales kana kunyange vanhu vanoshandisa ruzha. kurarama, kubatana, kana kutonga zvakatipoteredza. Gadzirira nzeve dzako nekuti zvawave kuda kudzidza zvichachinja zvachose nzira yaunoona kutaurirana kwemhuka.
Nei mhuka dzichikurukurirana? Mabasa akakosha ekutaurirana kwemhuka
Kukurukurirana chimiro chepasi rose munyika yemhuka. Mhuka dzese, kubva kutumbuyu diki kusvika kumhuka hombe dzinoyamwisa, dzinoda kuchinjana ruzivo. kurarama uye kubereka. Uku kutapurirana kunogona kunge kuri kuda kana kusaziva, asi nguva dzose inotsvaka kumutsa mhinduro mumugamuchiri.
Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda nei mhuka dzichikurukurirana. Vamwe vanotsvaga kunyevera nezvenjodzi, vamwe kukwezva kutarisa kwemudiwa kana kumaka ndima yavo.Nokuda kwavamwe, kurukurirano inzira yokuronga, batira pamwe, kana kuti kunyange kunyengera avo vakavapoteredza. Maitiro uye zvimiro zvinoshandiswa kuita izvi zvinosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune imwe mhando kuenda kune imwe, uye zvichienderana nenharaunda yavanogara (nyika, mvura kana mhepo)..
Mumhuka dzenzanga, Kubatana mukati meboka hakugoneki pasina kutaurirana. Somuenzaniso, Meerkats nenzou vanoshandisa akasiyana masaini masaini kunyevera nezvezvikara uye kuzvironga.. Mamwe marudzi, akadai seshiri kana kuti cetaceans, akagadzira masisitimu enzwi akadaro zvekuti anogona kutariswa, muchidimbu, chimiro chemutauro.
Inzwi renzwi: mhando dzemhuka dzinorira uye basa radzo
Rutivi rwakasiyana-siyana runobudiswa nemhuka rwakafara zvinoshamisa. Kubva kune infrasounds inopukunyuka nzeve yemunhu kuenda kune ultrasound isinganzwike kwatiri, mhuka dzinotora mukana weiyo acoustic spectrum yese. kutaurirana
Manzwi emhuka anogona kuiswa mumapoka makuru zvichienderana nebasa rawo:
- Alarm: Zviratidzo zvinonyevera nezvenjodzi dziri pedyo, sekuvapo kwezvikara.
- kudzivirira: Ruzha rwekutyisidzira vavengi kana kunyevera vapambi.
- Territorial: Mazwi anoganhura nzvimbo yemunhu, anowanzoenderana nekupfimbana uye makwikwi pakati pevarume.
- Zvepabonde: Kufona chaiko kukwezva mukwanyina uye kufambisa kubereka.
- Aggregation uye chiratidzo: Ruzha runounganidza vanhu munzvimbo dzekudya, pekugara kana kugarisana nevamwe.
Kuoma kwemanzwi aya hakusi mukusiyana kwavo chete, asi muhunyanzvi hwemitezo inoburitsa nekuigamuchira.Semuenzaniso, zvipembenene zvakaita sekiriketi zvinogadzira stridulation. achikwiza nhengo dzomuviri wake, nepo mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakaita sevanhu nenzou dzine nhengo dzenzwi dzakanyanya inokwanisa kugadzira acoustic nuances yakaoma kwazvo.
Organs uye nzira dzekuburitsa nekugamuchira manzwi
Evolution yakaita kuti pave nekusiyana kwakakura kwezvigadziriso zveacoustic communication. Mumhuka dzakapfava, kungokweshana kwenhengo dzomuviri kunobatsira kubudisa zviratidzo, asi mumapoka epamusoro nhengo dzinobudisa inzwi dzazova dzakaoma kunzwisisa zvikuru..
Pakati peanonyanya kunakidza mameshini tinowana:
- Stridulation: Kukwesha kwezvimiro zvakaomarara (zvakadai semapapiro kana makumbo) zvinowanzoitika muzvipembenene.
- Pounding: Kushandiswa kwenhengo dzemuviri kurwisa pasi kana mvura, kunoonekwa munzou dzinotumira masaini madaro marefu.
- Nyanzvi dzezwi: sehuro yemunhu, inokwanisa kuburitsa ruzha rwakasiyana-siyana nerunyoro rwakasiyana-siyana.
- Vibrating membranes: Kufanana negumo renzeve remhashu kana michina yakagadziridzwa kuona kuzunguzika muvhu.
Kuti dzigamuchire manzwi aya, mhuka dzakagadzirawo nhengo dzokunzwa dzakasiyana. Kubva pakareruka cutaneous mechanoreceptors mune invertebrates, kusvika pakunzwa kwakaoma kwemhuka dzinoyamwisa, dzinokwanisa tora ma frequency akasiyana uye kusiyanisa nuances miniminimum. Uku kufambirana kwakafanana pakati pemutakuri uye inogamuchira ndiyo kiyi yekunzwisisa hupfumi hwekudyidzana kweacoustic muchisikigo.
Vocalizations uye kudzidza: hunyanzvi hwekutevedzera uye kudzidza manzwi
Drongos
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kushamisa pakukurukurirana kwemhuka kukwanisa kwemamwe marudzi kudzidza uye kutevedzera matauriro evamwe. Havangotauri chete nevezera ravo, asi mune dzimwe nguva vanotobereka manzwi kubva kune mamwe marudzi, vachizarura musuo wekunyengera uye kushandiswa..
Nyaya ye drongos Shiri ine forked-tailed inonyanya kuratidza. Idzi shiri dzemuAfrica hadzingoburitse maalarm adzo chete, asi dzinokwanisawo kukopa nemazvo ma alarm masaini kubva kune dzimwe mhuka dzakadai se meerkats kana shiri dzakavakidzanaDzinoshandisa mano aya kunyengedza nokubira zvokudya: padzinotevedzera nyevero yerimwe rudzi, mhuka dziri pedyo dzinotiza, dzichifunga kuti kune ngozi, uye madrongo anoshandisa nguva yacho kudya.
Iyi nzira inoda kudzidza kwakasarudzika. Drongos haatevedzere chero ruzha rwakangoitika, asi sarudza izvo zvakanyanya zvinobatsira uye chete zvezvipenyu izvo zvinowanzogara nazvo. Iyi sarudzo inoratidza chimwe chikamu chepamusoro chekuziva, kupfuura kudzokorora kuri nyore. Iro izwi rekunyengedza zano rinoshanda zvekuti, kana izwi richidzokororwa zvakanyanya, Vanotambudzwa vanodzidza kusiyanisa unyengeri, ndosaka ma drongos achigara achichinja nekuvandudza repertoire yavo.
Haisi iyo yega mhando inokwanisa kuita manomano akadaro: iyo cuckoo, semuenzaniso, inoshandisa kutevedzera inzwi kuita vana vayo mumatendere evamwe vanhu tevedzera kuridza runhare kwepwere dzemarudzi anogamuchira, nokudaro kuva nechokwadi chokuti dzinodyiswa pasina kumutsa kunyumwira.
Kleptoparasitism uye kunyengera kwezwi: iyo yakasarudzika kesi ye drongos
Maitiro e drongos akafadza masayendisiti nekuti anomiririra imwe yemhando dzakanatswa dze interspecific acoustic manipulation.. Kutevera meerkats kana shiri dzinotsvaga chikafu, Vanomirira nguva yakakodzera kuti vatevedzere aramu vobva vabata chikafu chakasiiwa..
Zvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi yapfuura zvakaonekwa hukuru hwekuziva kushanduka kwe drongos, iyo isingagoni kungodzidza mazwi matsva nokukurumidza, asiwo kugadzirisa maitiro avo zvichienderana nekubudirira kwekunyengera. Izvi zvinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pekuti kune "chinangwa" chekuziva shure kwekunyengera kana kuti inongova mugumisiro wekusimbisa kudzidza..
Sezvakataurwa nenyanzvi yezvinhu zvipenyu Thomas Flower, “madrongo anoziva nzira yokutevedzera nayo marudzi aanoronda, uye nemhaka yeizvi anogona kuchengeta inoshanda sezvipembenene zvekunyengera kwemakore, izvo zvinoratidza kuti ganhuriro dzokudzidza kwemhuka dzinogona kuva dzakafara zvikuru kupfuura zvataifunga.”
Kutaurirana kwemhuka munzvimbo yemvura: cetaceans uye shanduko yemutauro
Urume whale
Kana panyika iyo repertoire yakapfuma, mumvura kutaurirana kwemhuka kunosvika pamazinga ekuoma kunoshamisa. Cetaceans-whales, dolphin, uye sperm whales-inoonekwa sevamwe vevatauriri vepamusoro-soro munyika yemhuka.Maitiro avo emagariro anoda chaiyo acoustic exchange akachinjirwa kune svikiro uko kutapurirana kwenzwi kunoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura mumhepo.
Iyo ichangoburwa MIT kudzidza pane sperm whales yakaratidza kuvapo kwe "phonetic alphabet" yechokwadi yakavakirwa pamatanho ekudzvanya kana codasMasperm whales anoshandisa marudzi gumi nemasere akasiyana ekodha, ayo anosanganisa kuita nhevedzano inochinjika zvakanyanya. Vanogadzirisa nguva, rhythm uye kushongedza kwekudzvanya zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, kusvika kune anopfuura 150 akasiyana maitiro anozivikanwa..
Chinhu chinoshamisa ndechekuti Wese munhu anogona kugadzirisa mabhatani avo kuti ape ruzivo rwakasiyana, chimwe chinhu chakanga changonyorwa bedzi mumitauro yavanhu. Vatsvaguri, vachishandisa hungwaru hwekunyepedzera, vari kutanga kuburitsa chirevo chenhaurirano idzi. Vanoita sevanodarika yambiro iri nyore kana nzvimbo: Vaigona kutaura mirairo, manzwiro, uye kunyange kutuka zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu.
Kudzvova uye kuzhambatata: shanduko yekurira kwakanyanya
Kana zvasvika pakutumira mameseji ekukurumidza uye ane simba, hapana chinoshanda kupfuura a mhere kana mhere. Mhuka zhinji dzinoshandisa manzwi aya kwete kungotyisa kana kuvhundutsira, asi sekudaidzira rubatsiro, chiratidzo chenyevero, kana kutotsvaga shamwari mumamiriro ezvinhu ane njodzi..
Somuenzaniso, Kudzvova kweshumba dzegungwa kunoratidza nharaunda yadzo uye kunotyisidzira vakwikwidzi., ukuwo mhembwe dzichifurira panguva yekusvirana kuti dzikwezve hadzi nekukwikwidzana nedzimwe hono. Kuchema kwakakoshawo pakudzivirira: Shiri dzinoburitsa makwiriro akakwirira kunyevera nezvezvikara uye kuronga kutiza kwakabatana..
Muvanhu, kuridza mhere kunoshanda mabasa akati wandei: kubva pakuputika kwemanzwiro ekupemberera, senge chinangwa munhabvu, kusvika pakusunungurwa kwekutya, kurwadziwa, kana hasha. Neurologically, kupopota kunomutsa nzira dzakananga dzehuropi, senge amygdala, iyo inokonzeresa njodzi, inotsanangura kushanda kwayo kwekushanduka-shanduka..
Ongororo yakatungamirwa naMuzvinafundo Harold Gouzoules yakaratidza kuwanda kwekuridza mhere kwemunhu uye kuti tingakanganisa sei manzwi, senge muridzo wakakwirira, wekuridza mhere nekuda kwehunhu hwavo hwakafanana. Izvi zvinosimbisa kuti zvinhu zvakaita sekwikwidzi yepamusoro uye kushata ndizvo zvinoita kuti inzwi rionekwe sekuridza mhere, mumhuka nevanhu..
Dzimwe nzira dzekutaurirana: mavara, kunhuwa, kuzunguzika uye nezvimwe
shumba dzegungwa
Kunyangwe manzwi achitora nzvimbo yakakurumbira, Mhuka zvakare dzinotaurirana nenzira dzisiri-acoustic. Mutauro wemuviri, mavara akajeka, kubuda kwehwema, kana kutinhira kwemagetsi kunopindirana, uye mune dzimwe nguva kutsiva, manzwi..
Kukurukurirana nemaziso kwakakosha pamhando dzemazuva ese kana dzakavhurika, dzakaita seshiri kana zvinokambaira, izvo zvinoshandisa mavara kunyevera nezvehuturu kana kukwezva shamwari. Zvimwe, zvakadai sehove kana zvipembenene, zvinogadzira zviratidzo zvemagetsi kana kudengenyeka kunogona kuonekwa chete nenhengo dzemarudzi avo, zvichiita kuti pave nekukurukurirana kwakangwara uye kunobudirira.
Kushandiswa kwezvinonhuhwirira kwakanyanya mumhuka dzinoyamwisa nemajuru. Mapheromone anoita kuti mashoko afambiswe kure kure, zvakadai sokuwanika pakubereka kana kuti nzvimbo yezvokudya.. Electromagnetic masaini uye vibrations anoita basa rakafanana mukudyidzana nekudzivirira..
Kudzidza uye kuchinjika: Hunyanzvi hwekuziva hwemhuka hunosvika papi?
Kiyi yemhando yepamusoro yekukurukurirana kwemhuka ndeye kugona kudzidza, kubata nemusoro, uye kugadzirisa zviratidzo zvinoenderana nezviri kutaurwa. Dzimwe shiri, mhuka dzemugungwa, uye zvichida dzimwe mhuka dzine kushanduka kunoshamisa mukugadzirisa mutauro wavo, izvo zvinovabvumira kuti vapindure kune shanduko yezvakatipoteredza uye yemagariro zvakanaka..
Muvanhu, kudzidza mutauro kunosanganisira kududzira mitemo yakaoma yefonetiki, zviratidzo, nezvimiro. Mumhuka, kunyangwe dhigirii rehunyoro kazhinji kazhinji rakaderera, zvakaratidzwa izvozvo Kuteedzera kwezwi, kusarura kwemaitiro, uye kuvandudza repertoire zvakanyanya kuenzaniswa nemaitiro ekudzidza mutauro wemunhu.
Nekuongorora kutaurirana mumhando yemhuka, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani marongero adzo uye kuoma kwekudyidzana kwavo. Kubva kune drongos dzakangwara dzinonyengera nekutevedzera kwavo, ku iyo yakaoma acoustic codes yesperm whalesKubva pakuchema kwemanzwiro evanhu, kudzidza kwekurira kwemhuka kunoratidza kubatana kunonakidza pakati pemarudzi akasiyana. Inotikoka kubvunza nekuwedzera yedu kunzwisisa kwenyika yechisikigo, kuratidza kuti kukurukurirana ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa uye zvinogoneka muupenyu.
