Paunenge uchitaura nezvenyika yemhuka, chimwe chezvikamu zvakakosha zvinoenderana nekudya kwavo. Muchikamu chino, tichatarisa kune avo vanodya nyama: mhuka dzinodya nyama. Kana kushingaira kuvhima mhuka dzavo kana kudya zvakaoraMhuka idzi dzinoita basa rakakosha mukati meecosystem, kudzora huwandu hwevanhu uye kuchengetedza chiyero chechisikigo.
Ziva zvakadzama mashandiro avanoita, zvavanodya, zvakaiswa mumapoka uye basa ravanoita mumhoteredzo yayo inotibatsira kunzwisisa zviri nani mafambisirwo echisikigo. Pazasi, isu tichataura nezve ese ezvipenyu izvi zvinonakidza zvakadzama zvakadzama.
Chii chinonzi carnivorous mhuka?
Mhuka dzinodya nyama ndidzo dzinowana chikafu chadzo nekudya nyama yemhuka., nokuvhima kana kuti kushandisa zvisaririra zvemhuka dzakafa. Kudya kwavo kunogona kusanganisira nyama, mapfupa, nhengo, uye kunyange ropa kana mazai. Vamwewo vanovadaidza zoophagous, izwi rinoshandiswa muecology kureva rudzi urwu rwekudya.
Kurongeka nerudzi rwekudya kwecarnivorous
Zvichienderana nerudzi rwematishu emhuka avanodya, carnivores inogona kukamurwa mumapoka akati wandei:
- Avivores: Dzinonyanya kudya shiri.
- Hematophages: Kudya kwavo kunoenderana neropa, sezviremwaremwa zvevampire.
- zvipembenene: Dzinopedza tumbuyu; muenzaniso ndewemurume anonamata.
- piscivores: Dzinodya hove dzakadai semhembwe kana shark.
- Ovivores: vanodya mazai evamwe.
- Vermivores: Chikafu chavo chikuru ihonye nedzimwe mhuka dzakapfava dzisina mutsipa.
Mhando dzemhuka dzinodya nyama zvichienderana nekuti dzinowana sei chikafu
Zvichienderana nenzira yekudyisa, carnivores inogona kukamurwa kuita:
- Zvikara: imhuka dzinoshingaira kuvhima mhuka dzadzo. Vanowanzova nemagadzirirwo akaita semazino, mazino akapinza, uye pfungwa dzakakura zvakanyanya kuona nekuuraya mhuka dzadzo. Mimwe mienzaniso ishumba, makudo nemazizi.
- scavenger: Dzinodya masara emhuka dzakafa. Magora anomira pachena muboka iri, kunyangwe mamwe mazhinji, senge coyotes uye kunyange mapere, anosanganisa zano iri nekuvhima kwakasimba, achiaita mukana wekudyisa.
Kurongeka zvichienderana nehuwandu hwenyama mukudya kwavo
Tinokwanisa kuisa mhuka dzinodya nyama zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekudya kwadzo hunoumbwa nenyama:
- Vakasimba kana vechokwadi vanodya nyama: Kudya kwavo kunobva kumhuka chete. Mienzaniso: shumba, ngwena, ingwe, uye polar bere.
- hypercarnivores: Kupfuura 70% yekudya kwavo nyama. Makondo, shark, katsi dzepamusha, uye salmon zvaizowira muboka iri.
- mesocarnivores: Vanodya pakati pe50% ne70% nyama. Mhuka dzakaita sembwa, makava, nembira dzinowanikwa pano.
- hypocarnivores: Vanowana isingasviki 30% yezvokudya zvavo kubva munyama. Kunyange zvazvo vachidya zvimwe zvokudya zvinovaka muviri zvakadai semichero nemiriwo, vanowanzonzi omnivores. Izvi ndizvo zvakaita mapere uye vanhu.
Hunhu hwemhuka dzinodya nyama
Kuti zvienderane nekudya kunoenderana nenyama yemhuka, zvisikwa izvi zvinoratidzira nhevedzano yehunhu hwemuviri uye hwepanyama hunovabvumidza kuvhima, kugadzira, uye kugaya nyama. Pakati pezvinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndezvi:
- Specialized dentures: Dzine mazino akapinza uye matinji ane mativi ekucheka nyama. Dzimwe, dzakaita semhuka dzinodya nyama, dzine 6 incisors uye imbwa mbiri pashaya.
- Dzakagadzirwa nzwara: Kazhinji, dzinenge dzine minwe ina ine zvipikiri zvakapinza kana kuti nzwara dzekubata uye kubata mhuka yadzinenge yabata.
- Ipfupi uye inoshanda digestive systemDigestive system yavo iri nyore kana ichienzaniswa nemhuka dzinodya zvirimwa. Inosanganisira muscular dumbu uye simba gastric acid kukurumidza kuputsa mhuka mhuka.
- Kusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana mumuromo: Kune zvimiro zvemhando yepamusoro zvakaita semuromo wakakombama werukoni, rurimi rwunodzokororwa rwerwere, kana kuboorwa kwemosquito inosveta ropa.
- Special gizzard mushiriShiri dzakawanda dzinodya nyama, dzakadai serukoni, dzine mhezi dzinobatsira kupatsanura mapfupa, mvere, kana minhenga, izvo zvinozodzokorodza kuita tubhora tuduku.
Hugaro hwemhuka dzinodya nyama
Mhuka dzinodya nyama dzinogara munharaunda yese yepasi.Zvichienderana nemhando inowanikwa, inogona kuwanikwa mu:
- Nzvimbo dzepasiKubva kumasango anogara achinaya mvura kusvika kumagwenga, savanna, masango, uye tundra, shumba, mapere, mhumhi, makava, uye shiri dzakawanda dzinodya nyama dzinogara pano.
- Nzvimbo dzemvura: zvakaita semakungwa, nzizi, kana madziva. Pano tinowana shark, dolphin, seal, uye hove dzakawanda dzinodya nyama.
- Mhepo: Shiri dzakaita serukova, magora nemazizi dzinovhima kubva mudenga kana kudzedzereka dzichitsvaga zvakaora.
Kukosha kwezvakatipoteredza zvemhuka dzinodya nyama
Mhuka dzinodya nyama dzinoita basa guru mukugadzirisa zvipenyu.Nekudzora huwandu hwavo hwemhuka, vanodzivirira kuwandisa kwevanhu kunogona kupedza zviwanikwa zvemhoteredzo.
Mukuwedzera, vanobatsira kuchengetedza chikafu chekudya uye Vanofambisa kudzokororwa kwezvinhu zvakasiana nekubvisa zvisaririra zvemhuka dzakafaKukanganisa kwemhuka dzinodya nyama kunoonekwawo muhukama hwetrophic pakati pechikara nemhuka, iyo inogona kuverengerwa zvichienderana nehukama huripo pakati pehudzvinyiriri hwemhuka uye chiyero che predation:
- Tora I: Huwandu hwekutapurirwa hunogara huripo zvisinei nekuti vangani vanobatwa.
- Type II: The predation rate inowedzera pakutanga asi inodzikama.
- Tipo III: mwero wepredation unowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma uye sigmoidally.
Chiyero ichi chinogonawo kuchinjwa kana chikara chichiisa pfungwa kune imwe mhuka itsva, yakawanda yakawanda, nokudaro ichigadzirisa madyiro ayo.
mienzaniso yemhuka dzinodya nyama
Pazasi pane akasiyana rondedzero ye carnivores zvinoenderana neboka ravo taxonomic:
Zvipfuwo
- Mhuka dzakadai seshumba, tiger, puma uye katsi yemumba.
- Makani akadai grey wolf kana coyote.
- Mustelids senge ferret kana weasel.
- Chiremwaremwa chepolar nezvimwe zvipembenene zvinodya zvipembenene kana kuti zvinodyisa ropa.
- Mhuri yese yecetaceans (whales, orcas, dolphin).
Reptiles
- Makarwe ese, alligators uye gharials.
- Nyoka dzakaita seanaconda, python, cobra kana nyoka.
- Vamwe vavhimi nekamba dzegungwa.
Hove uye amphibians
- Sharks emarudzi akasiyana-siyana.
- Hove dzinodya nyama dzakadai sesalmon, piranhas kana cod.
- Matatya evakuru, matodhi uye salamanders.
Puma
bird
- Diurnal raptors semakondo, hawks uye kites.
- Shiri dzehusiku dzakaita sezizi nemazizi.
- Shiri dzegungwa dzakadai sepelican uye penguin.
- Magora, nyanzvi dzekupakura.
Invertebrates
- Madandemutande, zvinyavada netwupembenene zvakaita semhashu.
- Mollusks akadai mamwe gastropods, squid uye octopus.
- Mhuka dzemhuka dzepasi pegungwa.
Mhuka dzinodya nyama dzinoita basa rakakosha mukuenzanisa kwezvipenyu, dzichiita sezvigadziriso zvechisikigo zvinochengeta kuwirirana pakati pezvipenyu. Magadzirirwo avo akasiyana-siyana uye nzira dzekuvhima dzinovaita mienzaniso inonakidza yekushanduka kwechisikigo.
