Mukaka wave uripo munhoroondo yevanhu sechimwe chezvokudya zvakakwana, zvakakosha pakudya kwemamiriyoni evanhu. Zvisinei, waiziva here kuti hadzisi mombe chete dzinotipa chikafu chinokosha ichi? Munyika yemhuka, kune vakawanda vanopikisa, vamwe vanozivikanwa uye vamwe vasingafungidziriki zvechokwadi, vanobudisa mukaka kana zvimwe zvakafanana kuti vadyise vana vavo.. Uye hatisi kungotaura nezvemhuka dzinoyamwisa: shiri, tupukanana, uye kunyange hove dzakagadzira shanduro dzadzo dzimene dzeiyi mvura inokosha, zvichiratidzira kuti uchenjeri hunogona sei kuva hwechisikigo kana toreva nezvekudzivirira vana vahwo.
Nhasi tichapinda munyika inonakidza ye mhuka dzinobereka mukaka, kuongorora zvinhu zvose kubva kumarudzi anowanikwa mukudya kwedu kune zvipenyu zvinoshamisa izvo mazano akasiya vatsvakurudzi nevadi vezvisikwa vasingatauri. Gadzirira kuwana hupfumi hwechokwadi chinonakidza, nyaya dzisingazivikanwe, uye zvipenyu zvakaomarara izvo zvinoita kuti iwe uone mukaka neimwe mwenje.
Ndedzipi mhuka dzinobereka mukaka chaiwo?
Izwi rokuti "mukaka", mupfungwa yakasimba, zvinoreva mvura inovaka muviri inobudiswa nenhengo dzemammary dzemhuka dzinoyamwisa. Icho, chaizvoizvo, chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zveboka iri remhuka. Mhuka dzose dzinoyamwisa, kubva panzou huru kusvika kune mbeva duku, dzinobudisa mukaka kuti dzidyise vana vadzo, uye maumbirwo, kunaka, huwandu, uye chinangwa chekudya chemukaka chinosiyana zvakanyanya pakati pemarudzi.
La kugadzirwa kwemukaka wemukaka inoita mabasa akakosha: inopa simba, mapuroteni, mafuta, shuga, mavitamini uye masoja ekudzivirira chirwere, kusimbisa masimba ezvirwere zvemuviri uye kubvumira kubudirira kwakakwana mumatanho ekutanga ehupenyu. Uyezve, Kuyamwisa kunosimbisa chisungo chepfungwa pakati paamai nemwana, zvichikosha kuti marudzi akawanda ararame.
Zvikuru zvemukaka zvinoyamwisa munyika
Kunyangwe isu tichiwanzo batanidza mukaka nekudyiwa kwevanhu uye mhou. Dzimwe mhuka dzakawanda dzinoyamwisa dzinobudisa mukaka mutsika nenharaunda dzakasiyana.. Mamwe acho anewo kukosha kukuru kwehupfumi nemagariro. Zvinoenderana neFAO uye kwakasiyana kwakasiyana masosi, idzi ndidzo dzakanyanya kukosha mhuka dzemukaka:
- Mombe: Mutungamiriri asina kupokana mukugadzirwa kwenyika, inopa ingangoita 83% yemukaka wepasi rose. Mhou inokwanisa kuburitsa marita ari pakati pegumi kusvika makumi mana pazuva, ine mafuta nemaprotein anosvika 10-40%. Mukaka wemombe ndiwo unonyanya kudyiwa uye ndihwo hwaro hwezvakawanda zvinobva sechizi neyoghurts.
- Mbudzi: Yakanyanya kufarirwa munzvimbo dzine nzvimbo dzakaoma. Mukaka wako, akapfuma mune zvinovaka muviri uye ane 4-5% mafuta, inokosheswa nekugayiwa kwayo uye nekuve hwaro hwechizi dzechiratidzo. Mbudzi yepakati inogadzira marita maviri kusvika mashanu pazuva.
- Makwai: Yakakosha pakugadzirwa kwemachizi ane kunhuhwirira kwakanyanya uye kunhuhwirira kwepamusoro. Mukaka wemakwai une mafuta anosvika 8% uye 6%. Kugadzirwa kwaro kwezuva nezuva kunowanzova pakati pe1 uye 2 malita pamhuka.
- Nyati: Munzvimbo dzinopisa uye dzine mwando, nyati dzinokosha. Mukaka wayo unonyanya kufarirwa ne mozzarella, ine mafuta ari pakati pe7 ne9%.
- Ngamera Yakakosha kunharaunda dzinotama-tama munzvimbo dzisina mvura. Mukaka waro unokosheswa zvose nokuda kwehutano hwepamusoro uye nokuda kwemishonga yayo..
- Mare: Muma steppes eCentral Asia, mukaka wemhare unodyiwa uchangobva kana kuviriswa nenzira yekumis uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvechinyakare.
- Mbongoro: Zvinoshamisa zvakakosha nekuda kwekufanana kwayo nemukaka wevanhu uye nekuda kwezvizoro uye mishonga yemishonga. Ndiyo imwe yezvinodhura zvikuru munyika.
- Yak: Yakakosha paTibetan Plateau uye nzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro, uko pasina imwe mhuka inogona kurarama. Mukaka waro ndihwo hwaro hwezvigadzirwa zvakakosha zvenharaunda dzemakomo marefu.
- Alpaca: Kunyanya kukosha muAndes, uko zviwanikwa zvese zvinoshandiswa kurarama mumamiriro akanyanya. Mukaka wavo, kunyange zvazvo uri mushoma uye uchinetsa kuuunganidza, wakakosha pakudya kwenzvimbo..
- Reindeer: Munzvimbo dziri pasi pevhu, mhuka inonzi reindeer ndiyo yave iri tsime remukaka kune vamwe vanhu veko.
Hapana kushaikwa kwezvimwe zvipenyu zvakadai semhembwe, makava, mbira, uye kunyange zvisimbiso, izvo, kusvika pamwero muduku uye mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwoiwo, zvakavewo manyuko emukaka unoshandiswa navanhu.
Mukaka kupfuura mhou: mhando dzisina kujairika uye rarities
Kusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana kunoshamisa. Somuenzaniso, muSweden vakatomukama moose, kunyange zvakadaro Kugadzirwa kwayo kwakanyanya kushoma uye kunoda maitiro akakosha. Pamwe pacho sembongoro. Mukaka unodhura zvakanyanya pasi rose unowanikwa kubva pauri, unoshandiswa muzvigadzirwa zveumbozha kana kushandiswa kwezvizoro nekuda kwezvimiro zvawo..
Mukaka wekamera chinhu chikuru muAfrica neAsia, ukuwo kuSouth America, chizi dzine munyu dzinokosha zvikuru dzinogadzirwa kubva mumukaka wealpaca, uchienderana nemamiriro akanyanya emakomo eAndean. Kana iri iyo, yak inokosha pakurarama kwenharaunda dzeTibet, kwete chete nemukaka wayo, asiwo pakupa nyama, faibha, uye kunyange huni nendove yayo.
Kunyange mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakasiyana seye platypus Vanobudisa mukaka, kunyange zvazvo vasina mazamu: amai vanobudisa mukaka kuburikidza nemapores mudumbu, uye vana vanonanzva zvakananga kubva paganda.
Mhuka dzisiri-mammalian dzinobudisa mavhinga akafanana nemukaka
Nepo mukaka chaiwo uchingoitirwa mhuka dzinoyamwisa chete. Zvisikwa zvinotishamisa nemhuka dzakagadzira zvakavanzika izvo, pasina kuva mukaka, zvinozadzisa basa rimwechete: kudya nekudzivirira vana vavo.. Aya magadzirirwo anoratidza hunyanzvi hwekushanduka-shanduka uye kukosha kwekutarisira kwevabereki.
Pakati pezviitiko zvinonyanya kukosha tinowana:
- Njiva: Vose varume nevakadzi vanobudisa inonzi "mukaka wezvirimwa." Mvura chena, inopenya iyi inogadzirwa muhomwe yegurokuro (chirimwa) uye inodzokororwa kudyisa nhiyo mumazuva awo mashoma ekutanga. Kuwanda kwayo kweprotein uye lipid kunowedzera kukura nekukura kwevana.
- Emperor penguins: Shiri dzepolar idzi dzinogadzira chinhu chakaita semukaka, zvakare muzvirimwa zvadzo, kudyisa nhiyo dzadzo munzvimbo dzakaoma dzeAntarctica. Inomira kunze kwemafuta ayo uye mapuroteni.
- Flamingo: Dzinoburitsawo goho rekudyisa vana vadzo, kunyange izvi zvisinganyanyi kuzivikanwa neveruzhinji.
- Tsetse fly: Chipembenene ichi chemuAfrica chine mukurumbira wehosha dzekurara, asi chinoburitsawo mukaka muchibereko chaamai nekuda kwemakonye acho. Uyu "mukaka" une huwandu hunoshamisa hwe60% mapuroteni uye 12% mafuta.
- Mapete (Diploptera punctata): Mamwe marudzi emapete anobereka kurarama achiri muduku, uye panguva yekukura kwezvipembenene, vanobudisa "mukaka" wakapfuma muprotein crystals uye zvokudya zvinovaka muviri, zvinoonekwa seine simba guru kwazvo.
- Pseudoscorpions: Aya ma<em>arachnid madiki anobudisa rudzi rwe “mukaka” une shuga kuburikidza nematumbu emudumbu kuti adyise vana vawo. Kuumbwa kwayo kunomira kune yakakwira shuga yemukati (kusvika 40%) uye mapuroteni (5%).
- Discus fish: Muhove dzeAmazonian idzi, hove nehadzi dzinobudisa huturu hwakazara nezvinorwisa utachiona, mapuroteni, uye zvokudya zvinovaka muviri, izvo vana vavo vanodya nokukwenya ganda revabereki vavo mumavhiki okutanga oupenyu.
Kunyanya uye curiosities pamusoro pemukaka wemhuka
Kupfuura chiitiko chekudyisa vadiki, mukaka wemhuka inyaya izere nezvinhu zvinonakidza uye zvinoshamisa chokwadi chinoratidza kuchinjika uye kukosha kwekushanda kwechikafu ichi:
- Kuumbwa kwakasiyana-siyana: Mukaka wemunhu, semuenzaniso, unotapira nekuda kwelactose, shuga huru iripo. Zvisinei, mukaka wembudzi une acidic nuances, nepo mukaka wehwai wakatanhamara nekuda kwekunaka kwawo uye huwandu hwemafuta akawanda.
- Mukaka wakanyanyisa: Mukaka wegrey seal une rekodhi yekuve wakafuta zvakanyanya (kusvika pa53%), uchibatsira maputi kutsungirira kutonhora kwepolar, nepo mukaka mutema wechipembere ndiwo wakatetepa (chete 0,2% mafuta).
- Mutengo uye kushomeka: Mukaka wembongoro unogona kutora mitengo yakakwirira kwazvo, inosvika ku40 euros per litre nekuda kwekushomeka kwayo uye zvinhu zvinobatsira.
- Kuchinja ruvara uye kunaka: Izvo zvinodyiwa nemhuka zvinokanganisa kunaka uye kunyange ruvara rwemukaka wavo: mhou dzakadyiswa beet kana karoti dzinogona kuburitsa mukaka wepinki, kana neinonhuhwirira manotsi kana ikadya zvinomera senge hanyanisi kana gariki.
- Kushandiswa kwakawanda kwemhuka dzemukaka: Mhando dzakawanda, kunze kwemukaka, dzinopa nyama, fiber, traction, uye kunyange manyowa anoshandiswa sefetereza kana mafuta, achienderana nezvinodiwa nenharaunda munzvimbo dzakanyanyisa.
- Mukaka wakaviriswa: Mutsika dzakawanda, mukaka unogadzikiswa kuita mamwe marudzi, akadai sekumis kuCentral Asia, yak cheese muHimalayas, kana kuti munyu weAndean cheeses anogadzirwa nemukaka wealpaca.
Kukosha kwetsika nehupfumi hwemukaka
Kugadzirwa kwemukaka kunodarika nharaunda yebiological uye inova chinhu chakakosha muhupfumi uye tsika dzebudiriro dzakawanda:
- Nomadic tsika: Mukaka wengamera, wak, kana wembongoro unogona kureva musiyano uri pakati poupenyu norufu munzvimbo umo kurima kusingashandi.
- Iconic zvigadzirwa: Machizi akadai seManchego, feta, pecorino, uye mozzarella anotorwa kubva mumhando dzakasiyana dzemukaka wemhuka uye nzira dzekuchengetedza dzakabvumira vanhu kuve nekudya kwakachengeteka gore rose.
- Innovations uye kugadzirisa: Kubva pamukaka wepasteurized, uyo wakashandura kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu, kuenda kuzvitoro zvemukaka zvepamhepo, mukaka unoenderera mberi nekushandura magariro nehupfumi hwenyika.
- Kushandiswa uye kuchengetedza: Nhasi, kudiwa kwemukaka uye zvigadzirwa zvemukaka kuri kuramba kuchikura, asi kune gakava riri kukura rakatenderedza kurapwa kwemhuka uye kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza kwemapurazi akasimba.
Zvakakosha kuziva kuti nzvimbo dzakaita seSpain dzinozvirumbidza nepamusoro-soro mukugadzirwa kwemukaka, Spain iri iyo inotungamira mukugadzira mukaka wemakwai nembudzi mukati meEuropean Union, uye yechinomwe mumukaka wemombe.
Nguva inotevera paunonakidzwa negirazi remukaka kana chizi chakanaka, funga nezvemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvipenyu uye mazano anoita kuti chikafu ichi chive chakanyatsobatanidzwa nenhoroondo yedu uye kurarama. Mukaka unoratidza kugadzirwa kwehupenyu kuve nechokwadi chekuenderera kwezvisikwa zvahwo, uye tsvakiridzo nekunakidzwa kwayo zvinoramba zvichipa ruzivo rutsva, zvinonaka uye nzira dzekunzwisisa nharaunda yedu yechisikigo.