Mhando dzeMasango, Hunhu, Flora, Mhuka uye nezvimwe

  • Masango anofukidza chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chePasi uye akakosha kune zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana.
  • Vanopa zviwanikwa zvinokosha, zvakadai sezvokudya nemishonga, kuvanhu.
  • Masango anoita seanogadzirisa mamiriro ekunze, anotora CO2 uye anogadzira oxygen.
  • Iwo anokamurwa zvichienderana nekwaakabva, latitude, urefu uye mhando yezvinomera.
Infinita Naturaleza

13 maminitsi

ari Forest Types, zvinoenderana neboka rimwe nerimwe rezvakatipoteredza umo rudzi rwezvinomera rwuri uye rwakanyanya. Tichirangarira kuti dzakaparadzirwa pasi rose. Nemamiriro avo ekunze, mhuka, pakati pezvimwe. Zvitsvage pano.

Forest Types

marudzi emasango

Kune Planet Earth, mhando dzesango dzinomiririra nehukuru hwadzo husingaenzaniswi uye kusiyana-siyana:

  • Chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chenzvimbo yese.
  • Huwandu hunodarika zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvekuwedzera, nzvimbo kana nzvimbo yefoliar yemaruva epasi.
  • Inosanganisira 70% yecarbon inopiwa nezvisikwa zvipenyu.

Mupfungwa iyi, ine basa rekudzikisa, kudzikisira kana kudzikisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze munyika. Nokudaro, usati watanga marudzi akasiyana-siyana emasango, zvakakosha kuziva chii masango nezvimwe zvinhu.

Masango inzvimbo yekugara kana nharaunda, inosiyaniswa uye inosiyaniswa nekuunza boka risingaverengeki revakasiyana Mhando dzemiti. Uyezve, marudzi akasiyana-siyana emakwenzi, anotarisa kune kunaka kwezvokudya, aripo mumhando dzakasiyana dzevhu. Kudzora uye kudzienzanisa, nekuda kwekufamba kwemvura ye hydrological, iyo iyo, iyo yavanokwanisa nayo kushanduka, kukura uye zvakare kukura.

Izvo, nzira yavanozviita nayo ndeyekupfuura uye yakakosha kupikisa kutyisa uye kunoparadza kudziya kwepasirese, uko, sekuzivikanwa, kunokonzerwa nekupararira kwemagasi anobva mugreenhouse effect.

Ukuwo, masango inzvimbo inokosha, inokosha uye inochengeterwa zvinhu zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana. Nekuti ihwo hugaro hwekuwanda kwemaruva nemhuka, marudzi edzimba dzemiti, makwenzi uye zvakasiyana siyana zvezvinomera. Kuve akatanhamara huwandu hwemhuka uye zvipenyu zvinogara munzvimbo idzi. Nezve izvo zvinogona kushandiswa sekuenzanisa kwevamwe, senge humambo:

  • mhuka (mhuka)
  • plantae (miti)
  • fungi (fungi)
  • Protista kana Protoctista (eukaryotic organisms, inoumbwa neunicellular uye multicellular microorganisms)
  • Monera kana Prokaryote (zvipenyu zvisingawanikwi, zvisina musimboti wakatsanangurwa)

Kukosha kwemhando dzesango

Kukosha kwe mhando dzesango nokuti chii chinonzi Planet Earth noupenyu, inomiririra zvikuru. Zvikonzero zvinotevera zvinoonekwa:

  • Ndiyo huru uye yakakura kwazvo nzvimbo yekugara yemiti nemhuka, inogara inopfuura 80% yeiyo iripo.
  • Ndivo tsime rezviwanikwa.
  • Rinopa vanhu nzira dzekupona nadzo. Pakati pazvo ndezvi: chikafu, huni, zvigadzirwa zvemishonga, zvigadzirwa zvekuvaka, fiber dzakasiyana, pakati pevamwe.
  • Vanodzivirira mabheseni e-hydrographic, ayo ari matsime anopa mvura yakachena kunzizi.
  • Dzinodzivirira nekunzvenga kukukurwa kwevhu.
  • Vanodzivirira kuputsika. Vanomira kutsvedza.
  • Ivo vanoita maitiro e photosynthesis.
  • Vanogadzirisa mamiriro ekunze ezvakatipoteredza.
  • Vanoderedza kuitika kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze.
  • Dzinotora carbon dioxide uye dzinobudisa oxygen.
  • Ivo vanogadzirisa hydrological kutenderera kwemvura.
  • Vanopa kuenderera kumarudzi.
  • Vanoderedza kusanaya kwemvura.
  • Vanochengeta uye vanogadzira hupenyu.
  • Vanopa kutonga kune hunyoro hwemhepo.
  • Vanotora mvura uye vanokwanisa kuichengeta.
  • Vanodzivirira mafashamo.

Hydrological Cycle in Forest Types

Geographic nzvimbo yemhando dzesango

Mhando dzemasango akagovaniswa kana kuti aripo munharaunda dzese dzemarudzi epasi. Imo mutsauko uripo mukuwedzera uye maitiro ayo. Izvo izvo munhu anofanirwa nazvo, vanoenda zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze, urefu, zvinomera, mashizha, dhigirii rekupindira uye zvimwe zvinosiyana. Idzo dzine basa rekugadza mumiriri wemhuka.

Nyika dzine hombe Territorial Area yeForest Types

Maererano neruzivo rwakapihwa neFood and Agriculture Organisation yeUnited Nations, inozivikanwa seFAO, mugore ra2015. mhando dzesango, akanyoreswa pasi rose ndeaya anotevera:

  • Russia, ine 20%, inomiririra 50% yenzvimbo yenyika.
  • Brazil, ine 12%, inomiririra 59% yenzvimbo yenyika.
  • Canada, ine 9%, inomiririra 38% yenzvimbo yenyika.
  • United States of America, ine 8%, inomiririra 34% yenzvimbo yese yenyika.
  • China, ine 5%, inomiririra 22% yenzvimbo yese yenyika.
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo, ine 4%, inomiririra 67% yenzvimbo yese yenyika.
  • Australia, ine 3%, inomiririra 16% yenzvimbo yese yenyika.
  • Indonesia, ine 2%, inomiririra 53% yenzvimbo yese yenyika.
  • Peru, ine 2%, inomiririra 58% yenzvimbo yese yenyika.
  • India, ine 2% inomiririra 24% yenzvimbo yese yenyika.

hunhu hwesango

Mhando dzakasiyana dzemasango dzine hunhu hunotevera:

  • Habitat: Nzvimbo yekugara ndiyo Forest feature vane mukurumbira. Nokuti zvarinoreva kuva musha wezvose zviri zviviri zvinomera nemhuka.
  • Kusiyana-siyana: Mavari ndimo mune yakakura uye yakasiyana-siyana yakasiyana-siyana yemiti. Pamwe chete nemhuka dzakasiyana vertebrate uye invertebrate.
  • Ecosystem: Ine boka rezvisikwa zvipenyu, zvine hukama, kushanduka, kukura uye kukura pakati pavo. Kutora kana kushandisa zvinhu zvezvakatipoteredza.
  • Kupatsanura: Zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze nenzvimbo, zvibvumire kuiswa mumapoka. Pamusana pekuti pane kuratidzwa kwezvinomiririra zvinomera uye mhuka.
  • Vanopa zvokudya: Kubva makare-kare marudzi emasango aizivikanwa nekuti aidya vanhu zvakanyanya, pamwe nekusiyana kwemhuka.
  • Vanogadzira oxygen: Kuburikidza nekushandiswa kwezvinomera zvakakura uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogadzirisa nzvimbo yazvo uye mamiriro ekunze, masango ndiwo makuru uye makuru emagetsi eokisijeni pasi rose.
  • Ndivo tsime rezvinhu zvakasvibiswa: Ese marudzi emasango agara achionekwa seanobva zvinhu mbishi. Kumira kunze, mune zvese uye munzvimbo dzine simba.

Mhando dzemasango zvichienderana nekwaakabva

Zvichienderana nekwavakabva, mhando dzesango Zvinogona kuva:

Primary kana Native

Izvi zvinosanganisira masango anongobuda chete. Inozivikanwawo kana kuzivikanwa se "virgin sango". Iyo yaunayo, kuti munhu haagadzirise chero chiito chinochifarira, saka chakamira. Izvo ndizvo zvinozivikanwa nezita rekuti "anthropic intervention".

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti masango aya haana pesvedzero, kupindira kana kuita kwemunhu maererano nekupinda kwavo kana kushandiswa kwavo. Kutakura nenzira yakasarudzika yekuti biodiversity yayo ndeyekutanga.

Mhando dzeMasango Masango

Secondary Forests

Masango anogamuchira zita iri ndeaya ayo, nekuda kwesimba remunhu kana pesvedzero yekunze, anouya kuzovandudza. Ndiko kuti, dzinobudirira zvakare, dzisingadzokeri kumarudzi adzo epakutanga. Mienzaniso yemasango aya ndeaya anovandudzwa mushure mekunge atemwa zvakanyanya. Izvo ndizvo zvinowanzoitika, kana munhu akashandisa simba rake, kutora huni uye purofiti kubva mairi.

Anthropogenic Masango

Iri ndiro chirevo chinopiwa kumasango, ayo, nokuda kwepesvedzero, zviito uye kusadzora maitiro evanhu, anouya kuzotambura shanduko huru. Saka sango haringambovi zvaraimboita, nekuda kwekuchinja kukuru kwakakonzerwa.

Artificial Forests

Ndiko kunonzi, masango anomuka nekuda kwechiito chinoitwa nemunhu. Kuve kunyanya mushure mekudyarwa kwemiti yakawanda yemhando dzakasiyana. Pamwe nemhando dzakasiyana dzemakwenzi, pakati pevamwe. Uchifunga kuti mamwe maitiro anokuzivisa iwe achaenderana ne mamiriro ekunze yenzvimbo iyo inotemerwa kana kuwanikwa.

Mhando dzemasango maererano nelatitude uye mamiriro ekunze

Zvichienderana nelatitude uye mamiriro ekunze, mhando dzesango Zvinogona kuva:

Tropical

Aya ndiwo marudzi emasango, ayo anoratidzirwa nekuve ari munzvimbo dzenharaunda, uko kunonaya kunonaya nechiitiko chikuru. Vanewo hunhu hwekuti miti yavo inosiyana pakuti ine mashizha akatambanuka zvichienzaniswa nemimwe. Izvi ndizvo, nechinangwa chekuvhara nzvimbo yakakura, iyo ivhu rakavharwa.

Saizvozvowo, nenzvimbo yakafukidzwa, zvinonzi zvinonetsa kuti mwaranzi yezuva ipinde mumhando dzevhu. Nokudaro, hunyoro hwakareba, zvichiita kuti sango rive rakakora muzvinomera, nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kunogadzirwa.

Nekudaro, tembiricha inogarogara muchikamu che27°C, ichipisa zvakanyanya. Kunaya kwemvura kunowanzo kuve pakati pe2.000 kusvika ku5.000 mamirimita pagore. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti masango aya ndiwo anotekeshera munzvimbo dziri pedyo nepasi.

subtropical

Aya ndiwo masango, umo avhareji yetembiricha yegore negore inoramba iri mumhando inotenderera 22°C. Inowanikwa munzvimbo dziri padyo nenzvimbo inopisa, uko mamiriro ekunze anotaridza kuve ari subtropical. Zvinomera izvi mhando dzesango Iyo yakawanda, ine mashizha akafara. Mvura inonaya kakawanda uye yakadzikira zvishoma pane inonaya mumasango anogara achinaya mvura. Kutakura kuvapo kwemwaka wegore.

Mhando dzeMasango eMasango

Boreal

Iyi ndeimwe yemhando dzemasango, ayo anoratidzwa nekuve nenzvimbo yakananga kuNorth nzvimbo yepasi. Nekuvapo kwenzvimbo dzine matanda dzekushisa kwakadzika, kureva, kutonhora.

Kugadzira kana kuve nekuvapo kwemwaka wegore, uko muzhizha kazhinji kacho kunokwira kunosvika 20°C. Munguva yechando, kazhinji zvishoma zvishoma zvinosvika -60 ° C, saka mamiriro ekunze ari subpolar. Muzvinomera zvaro, miti yemisipiresi inomira, pamwe chete nemipaini, ine mikoko yakawanda yeevergreen.

temperate

Izvi mhando dzesango, ndeaya anowanikwa munzvimbo dzine miti, umo mune kuvapo kwemamiriro ekunze anodziya. Pamwe chete nekondinendi kana chando, zvinoreva kuti inowanikwa mumativi maviri ehemispheres (North uye South). Izvi zvine chiitiko chakajeka chemwaka yegore, ine misiyano yakajairika pakati pechirimo nechando, uye tembiricha iri kushiviririka uye isinganyanyi kunyanyisa.

Miti inozviratidza pakati pemashizha uye yakasanganiswa, umo miti ine mashizha akafara. Zvisinei, miti yeconiferous ine kuratidzwa kwemashizha anogara akasvibira inokosheswawo. Ivhu rakaorera, nekuda kwechivharo chechirimwa chisingachinji.

Mhando dzemasango maererano nekukwirira

Zvichienderana nekukwirira, mhando dzesango Zvinogona kuva:

lowland

Iyi ndiyo imwe yemhando dzemasango anokura pakati pegungwa nepamusoro pe1.000 mamita ekukwirira. Aya akajeka, akajeka kana basal. Iinewo nzvimbo dzemafashamo. Ukuwo, vane hunhu hwekugamuchira miti yakasiyana-siyana.

Ivhu rayo rakaorera zvakanyanya uye rinoonekwa nekuve nenzvimbo dzekusvika zvakanaka. Masango aya ndiwo ane maitiro makuru ekuitika kwevanhu, pamwe nekunyangarika, zvese nekuda kwezvibatsiro zvaanopa, izvo zvakawanda.

Of Gomo

Idzi mhando dzemasango ndidzo dzinonyanya kutekeshera munzvimbo, uko kukwirira kunopa chiratidzo chakasiyana maererano neiyo inogadzirwa munzvimbo dzakadzika. Mune iyo tembiricha yakaderera inofambidzana nekusiyana kwehurefu. Sezvo inogona kuva:

  • Premontane
  • Montano
  • Subalpine

Mhando dzesango zvinoenderana nemashizha

Zvichienderana nemashizha, mhando dzesango Zvinogona kuva:

deciduous

Aya ndiwo marudzi emasango, ayo anozivikanwawo nezita re subdeciduous. Mune izvo zvinonzi mashizha akaomeswa anoratidzwa, izvi zvinoreva kuti, maererano nemwaka wegore, miti ichave kana kuti haizove nemashizha. nokuti ava vachave nehunhu hwekushandura mashizha avo vachitora mukana wenguva yegore yavanowanikwa.

evergreen

Izvi mhando dzesango, pane zvinopesana, ndezviya zvinoratidzirwa nekupa izvo zvinonzi mashizha asingagumi. Zvinoreva kuti miti yayo mikuru icharamba yakasvibira nemashizha ayo gore rose. Zvisinei nemwaka wegore mavari. Aya anozivikanwawo nezita remasango akasvibira.

Mhando dzesango zvinoenderana nezvinomera

Zvichienderana nezvinomera, marudzi emasango anogona kuva:

coniferous

To the mhando dzesango ye conifers, ivo vanozivikanwawo nezita re "taiga". Nzvimbo yaro yakamiswa kuchamhembe kwehemisphere yepasi. Tembiricha zviri pachena kuti inotonhora, ine ivhu rakaorera rakaderera. Zvakajairika kuona izvi munzvimbo dzine makomo. Miti yaro yakawanda ndeye conifers, iyo inoratidzwa nekuve miti yakasvibira.

Mhando dzeConiferous Forests

Hardwood kana Broadleaf

Iyi ndiyo imwe yemhando dzemasango, ane kusiyana kukuru maererano neiyo inowanikwa mumakoniferi. Miti yayo ine mashizha akafara, ine hukuru hwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana. Kuvapo kwehunyoro kunonyanya kuoneka, kuve nemamiriro ekunze anopisa uye kunyange ane mwero.

Akasanganiswa

Ichi ndicho chimwe che mhando dzesango, izvo zvinopa maitiro avo ezvinomera, zvose coniferous, pamwe chete nezviripo mune mashizha. Pane kuwirirana uye kuenzana pakati pezviviri izvi, nekuvapo kwezvinomera zvakasanganiswa pasina kubatanidzwa zvakanyanya.

Mhuka kana fauna dziri mumhando dzemasango

Mhuka dziripo mune dzakasiyana siyana mhando dzesango, yakanyatsobatanidzwa nemamiriro ekunze ayo inokura kana kuti inopa. Pamwe nekukwirira kwakati kunowanikwa. Mupfungwa iyi, tine zvinotevera Mhando dzemhuka sezvakanyanya mumasango:

  • Coniferous: Mumasango aya mune kugara kuripo kwemhuka dzakadai sepetigrises, hares, magpies, mhumhi, raccoons, owls, scorpions, prairie dogs. Uyewo zviremwaremwa, nyuchi, hangaiwa, nyoka dzenyoka, pakati pezvimwe.
  • Hasha: Musango rine mwero, zvakajairika kuona mapere, mhembwe, mbudzi, makudo, raccoon, matanda ehuni, zvikara zveumambo, pakati pezvimwe.
  • Tropical: Mumhando idzi dzesango, kuvapo kwemhuka dzakadai senyati, nondo, ingwe, shumba, antelopes, pachyderms, twiza. Uyewo zvipembere, lemurs, chimpanzi, ingwe, zviremwaremwa, gorilla, nezvimwe.

Kune rumwe rutivi, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kunewo marudzi emhuka ane hunhu hweimwe nzvimbo kana sango, sezvaanogona kuva anogara kwairi.

Mhuka dzeMasango Mhando