Makoral reef anoumbwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemhuka, zvichiita kuti ive imwe yezvinhu zvinoyevedza zvemakungwa. Kuwanda kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvipenyu zvinogara mazviri, zvichiwana pokugara uye zvokudya imomo. Mhuka inonyanyozivikanwa ndeye coral, iyo, kunyangwe isina hupenyu, inoita basa rakakosha mune ino ecosystem. Ziva nezve Mhando dzeMakorari zviripo.
Mhando dzeMakorari
Patinonzwa shoko rokuti Coral, mifananidzo yeGreat Barrier Reef yeAustralia inobva yangouya mupfungwa. Pasina kuvapo kwemhuka idzi dzinoumba calcareous exoskeletons, matombo akadaro, anokosha kuhupenyu hwegungwa, aisagona kuvapo. Zvakasiyana-siyana zvinozivikanwa marudzi emakorari emugungwa, kusanganisira humwe hunyoro. Asi unoziva here kuti marudzi mangani emakorari aripo? Muchikamu chino, unogona kudzidza pamusoro pezvakasiyana-siyana, pamwe chete nemaitiro ayo anokosha uye nzvimbo.
Coral Characteristics
Makorari chikamu cheCnidaria phylum, sezvakaita jellyfish. Vazhinji vacho vanoiswa mukirasi yeAnthozoa, kunyangwe paine vamwe vari vekirasi yeHydrozoa. Iwo ma hydrozoan anoburitsa calcareous skeleton, anonzi makorari emoto nekuti kuruma kwawo kune njodzi. Iwo chikamu checoral reef. Kunyangwe mazhinji emhando dzemakorari achiwanikwa munzvimbo dzinopisa dzemvura mumvura yegungwa, dzinogarawo mumvura yenzvimbo dzinotonhora.
Kune akawanda marudzi emakorari emugungwa uye angangoita 6.000 marudzi. Tinogona kuwana marudzi emakorari zvakaoma, izvo zviri izvo zvine calcareous exoskeleton, vamwe vane flexible horny skeleton uye vamwe havagadziri skeleton pachayo, asi pane spicules akaiswa mudermal tissue, iyo inoshanda sekudzivirira. Makorari mazhinji aripo musymbiosis ne zooxanthellae (symbiotic photosynthetic algae) inopa zvakawanda zvezvokudya zvavo.
Dzimwe dzemhuka idzi dzinoungana mumapoka makuru uye dzimwe dzinogara dziri dzoga. Une matende akatenderedza muromo anobvumira kuunganidza chikafu chinoyangarara mumvura. Sokunge mudumbu, vane mhango ine tishu inonzi gastrodermis, inogona kuva septate kana nenematocysts (masero anoruma, sejellyfish) uye pharynx yakabatana nemudumbu.
Ndedzipi Mhando dzeCorals?
Kune marudzi akawanda emakorari anoumba matombo, ndeaya anoratidza symbiosis ne zooxanthellae uye anonzi hermatypic corals. Makorari asingagadziri matombo ndeemhando yeahermatypic. Uku ndiko kurongeka kwatichashandisa kuziva marudzi akasiyana emakorari. Makorari anogona kubereka sexually kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana siyana, asi ivo vanoitawo kuberekana kwepabonde.
Hermatypic Corals
Hermatypic corals makirasi emakorari akaoma, ane stony exoskeleton yakagadzirwa ne calcium carbonate. Mhando iyi yemakorari iri munjodzi huru nekuda kwekutyisidzirwa kunoitwa neinonzi "coral bleaching." Ruvara rwayo rwunobva muhukama hwayo hwesymbiotic ne zooxanthellae.
Aya ma microalgae, anonyanya kupa simba remakorari, ari panjodzi nekuda kwekukwira kwekushisa mumakungwa nekuda kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kupenya kwezuva uye zvimwe zvirwere. Kana zooxanthellae yaparara, makorari anoshanduka machena obva afa, ndosaka mazana emakorari apera. Mamwe emhando dzemakorari akaoma anosanganisira:
Genus Acropora kana Staghorn Corals:
- Acropora cervicornis
- acropora palmata
- acropora prolifera
Genus Agaricia kana Flat Corals:
- Agaricia udata
- Agaricia fragilis
- Agaricia tenuifolia
Brain corals, emhando dzakasiyana siyana:
- Diploria Clivosa
- Colpophyllia natans
- Diploria labyrinthiformis
Hydrozoan rudzi rwemakorari kana moto makorari:
- Millepora alcicornis
- stylaster roseus
- Millepora squarrosa
Ahermatypic Corals
Chimiro chikuru cheahermatypic corals ndechekuti ivo havana calcareous skeleton, kunyangwe vachigona kuchengetedza hukama hwesymbiotic ne zooxanthellae. Naizvozvo, ivo havagadziri matombo emakorari, kunyange vachigona kuumba makoroni. Kukosha kukuru muboka iri magorgonians ane skeleton inoumbwa neprotein chinhu icho ivo pachavo vanovanza. Mukuwedzera, spicules inowanikwa mukati menyama yayo yenyama, iyo inoshanda sekutsigira nekudzivirira. Mamwe emhando dzegorgonians ndeaya:
- ellisella elongata
- Irrigorgia sp.
- Acanella sp.
Porous Corals
Imwe yakasiyana-siyana yemakorari akapfava anogona kuwanikwa muGungwa reMedithera neAtlantic Ocean, panguva ino kubva kuOctocorallia subclass, ruoko rwemunhu akafa (Alcyonium palmatum). Korari yakapfava isingashamisi inogara pamatombo. Mamwe makorari emhando yakapfava, seaya emhando yeCapnella, anoratidza arboreal conformation, anobata kubva pazinde guru. Kune makorari e porous kana asina-porous hunhu, ane ekutanga porous skeletons anobvumira mapolyps avo kupindirana kuburikidza neskeleton. Aya makorari akaomarara asina maburi ane mafupa akaoma, makuru.
Makorari anoberekana sei?
Kubereka kwavo kunogona kuve kwepabonde kana kusasangana. Chekutanga, mazai aya anoberekeswa mukati uye anoberekeswa kunze kana mukati mepolyps kana kuti anogona kuberekeswa kunze, zvoita kuti pave nehonye inonzi planktonic inofamba nemumvura yemugungwa kana kuti makonye anomera pedyo nekorari. Panyaya yekubereka kweasexual, zviri kuburikidza ne cloning ne budding.
Chii chinonzi Coral Reefs?
Kukosha kwemacoral reef kuri mukuti ivo vanogadzira biome ine hunhu hwakasiyana nekuda kwehupenyu hwavo hwakasiyana uye hunoshamisa. Makorari anoumbwa nemapoka akasiyana e cnidarians, ane exoskeletons ane maumbirwo akasiyana uye anoshandiswa senzvimbo yekugara yemaponji, algae, uye mamwe makorari. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezvenzvimbo idzi dzekugara, zvinokurudzirwa kuongorora marine biomes.
Musiyano mukuru wemamicroorganisms, invertebrates nehove dzinogara munzvimbo idzi dzinoshamisa. Ndokusaka vachionekwa seimwe yenzvimbo dzakasiana-siana uye dzinobereka nharaunda dzepasirese. Pamusoro pezvo, inzvimbo dzisina kusimba dzinosangana nekutyisidzira kwakasiyana sekusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza uye zvimwe zvikara zvakaita sekorona-ye-minzwa starfish (Acanthaster planci).
Vanowanikwa kupi?
Vanogona kuwanikwa mumvura inodziya, yakajeka uye yakadzikama. Kugoverwa kwayo kwakabatana nekupisa kwemvura, kudzika, kusimba kwechiedza, dhigirii remunyu, mhirizhonga uye sedimentation. Tembiricha yakanakisa pakukura kwayo iri pakati pe20 ne28 ºC. Tichienderana nekudzika, 25 metres kana pasi ndiko kudzika kwakakodzera.
Mvura isina kudzika haikodzeri kukura kwavo uye kukura, sezvo ultraviolet solar mwaranzi isingabvumiri kupararira kwavo kwakajairika. Asi pakadzika zvikuru kupfuura yairehwa, kuderera kwechiedza kunodzivirira photosynthesis. Munyu wakanyanya kufanira izvikamu makumi matatu neshanu/chiuru, asi mimwe mienzaniso inotsigira misiyano pakati pezvikamu gumi nezvisere/chiuru nemakumi manomwe pachikamu/chiuru. Kubvongodzwa kwemvura kunokuvadzawo kukura kwemakorari sezvo masaisai anogara achigona kuita kuti atyoke.
Chekupedzisira, chikamu chezvakarembedzwa sediments munharaunda chinogona kuvakanganisa nekudzikisa kusimba kwechiedza chezuva. Mazhinji macoral reef mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemakungwa ane chikamu chepamberi chinotaridzirwa kugungwa rakashama, uko kunoitika makorori akawanda, uye chikamu chisina kudzika, chinenge mita yakadzika. Chikamu chepasi chine matombo chinoumbwa nemarara emakorari uye skeletons ezvimwe zvipenyu.
Ndeapi Makirasi eReef?
Parizvino mapoka matatu akasiyana akagamuchirwa sechikamu chekurongwa kwemakorari. Ndiwo anotevera:
- Contour reefs: inoumba iyo inowanzoitika fomu yeiyi chikamu chereef uye iri padyo nemhenderekedzo yegungwa yezvitsuwa kana makondinendi.
- barrier reefs+ Muenzaniso wereferensi yakakura iGreat Barrier Reef iyo iri kuenderana nemhenderekedzo yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAustralia.
- atolls: Anowanikwa pamusoro pemakomo anoputika pasi pemvura. Vanoratidza chimiro chakatenderedzwa uye vane dhamu remukati.
Iyo Yakanyanya Kukosha Makora Reef
Rakareba reef iGreat Barrier Reef, kubva kumahombekombe eQueensland kuAustralia, ine anopfuura 2000 km², uye ndeimwe yezvivakwa zvakakura kwazvo pasi rose. Nzvimbo yepasi ine marudzi mazhinji emakorari uye hukuru hukuru hwezvipenyu mumatombo ayo emakorari iCoral Triangle, kuSoutheast Asia, uko kunosanganisirwa marudzi anopfuura mazana mashanu emakorari (500% yemarudzi anozivikanwa emakorari) uye pa. 76 mhando dzehove.
Chechipiri chikuru checoral reef munyika iMesoamerican Reef (pamhenderekedzo yeMexico, Belize, Guatemala neHonduras), iri muGungwa reCaribbean, uye inotambanukira kweanopfuura 700 km kubva kuYucatan Peninsula kuenda kuBay Islands kubva kugungwa. kuchamhembe kwemahombekombe eHonduras. Kunyange zvazvo ichingotora chikamu chetatu cheurefu hweAustralia's Great Barrier Reef, Mesoamerican Caribbean Reef inogara kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvipenyu, kusanganisira makumi matanhatu emhando dzekorari uye marudzi anopfuura mazana mashanu ehove.
zvakatyisidzirwa
Munyika yese, matombo ematombo ari mungozi nekuda kwekudziya kwepasi rose, kushandiswa zvakanyanya uye kusvibiswa kwemakungwa. Chiratidzo chiri pachena chekukuvadzwa kwavo kuona macoral bleaching, izvo zvinoitika kana ma polyps uye zooxanthellae aparara, kana kushanduka kwechimiro chavo sechiratidzo chekuti vafa kana kurwara nechimwe chirwere.
Unogonawo kufarira zvinyorwa zvinotevera:
- Marine Fauna yeMexico
- Hove dzemvura yemunyu
- Mhuka dzemugungwa
