Mvura inzvimbo yakakosha yezvipenyu zvose, nekuda kweizvi, kana chirongwa chekuwedzera chekurima chikaitwa, chiri pedyo nemvura yakasikwa, nenzira iyi mvura inoshandiswa kudiridza zvirimwa. Nzira dzekudiridza dzakasiyana dzakagadzirwa, dzinogadziriswa kune zvirimwa zvakasimwa. Ziva zvakanakira nekuipira mhando dzakasiyana dzemadiridziro.
Mhando dzeIrrigation
Kuburikidza nekudiridza, mvura inodiwa pakukura kwemiti inopiwa, kunyanya kana isingagoni kuvharwa nemvura inonaya. Madiridziro akasiyana-siyana anobvumira kuwedzera goho rekurima kuburikidza nekushandura nzvimbo yekurima ine zvirimwa zvinonaya kuti ive chirongwa chekurima chekudiridza. Mhando dzakasiyana dzeMadiridziro dzakakodzera nzvimbo dzakaita semagadheni, makireshi kana magreenhouse nenzvimbo huru dzezvirimwa.
Kusimukira kwekurima kwekudiridzira kana zvirongwa zvekurima zvekudiridza zvinoitwa nekupihwa kwehuwandu hwemvura inodiwa nembesa kuburikidza nemhando dzakasiyana dzemadiridziro ekugadzira. Kumisikidza iyi mapurojekiti ekudiridza ekurima, kudyara kwakakwira kwekutanga kwemari uye imwe nzvimbo yemvura inofanirwa kuitwa, iyo inosanganisira: migero, migero yemvura, madziva, masprinkler uye zvimwe zvekushandisa, pamwe chete neyakadzama yehunyanzvi chikumbiro chakagadziridzwa kune zvehupfumi zviwanikwa. zvekusimudzira kurima.
Mvura, sezvakambotaurwa, inokosha pakukura zvakanaka kwezvirimwa uye nokudaro kurima.Pazvirimwa zvinorimwa mukudiridzwa, miti yemichero yakasiyana, mupunga, muriwo uye bhiti inoonekera, kungodudza zvishoma. Kuwanikwa kwayo kune chekuita nekuumbwa kwechirimwa chitsva. Semuenzaniso, muzvirimwa zvakaita sematomatisi, manwiwa, mavise, lettuce, mvura iri mukati memiti iyi inodarika chikamu che90%. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti mvura inokosha sei kuti pave nezvokudya zvakawanda, zvisinei, zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti itsime riri kuderedzwa.
Infrastructure
Pakuisa mhando dzakasiyana dzemadiridziro, midziyo nezvivakwa zvinotevera zvinokurudzirwa: Matangi kana dhamu remvura nedhamu raro, madhamu emvura, mapombi kana madhiridziro, matsime akadzika kana asina kudzika, pombi, migero yemvura, network dzepombi kuburikidza. iyo inoyerera yemvura inopfuura uye hurongwa hwemvura. Saizvozvowo, iyo yekudiridza yemvura yekudiridza kuburikidza neakavhurika chiteshi, mapaipi emugero uye nekumanikidza kugovera network.
Zvinoenderana nezvivakwa uye zvivakwa zvakagadziridzwa, masisitimu akasiyana kana Marudzi eKudiridza anogona kushandiswa. Muzvirongwa zvizhinji zvekurima (95%) nzira inofambiswa nayo mvura iri kuburikidza neRudzi rweMafashamo kana kuti Furrow Irrigation. Pamusoro pemhando iyi, inonyanya kushandiswa ndeye sprinkler irrigation system uye drip irrigation system.
Iwo ekupedzisira ndiwo maitiro matsva ekudiridza uye ayo anozoda kukwirisa kwekutanga kudyara uye manejimendi akanyanya kupfuura nemuforo kana pasi pemadiridziro, asi masisitimu ese ari maviri, ekudonha nekumwaya anowana manejimendi ari nani uye kuchengetedza mvura uye kugadzirisa zvinonetsa. zvine chekuita nemadiridziro embesa, dzinoti Mhando dzeMadiridziro dzinoti:
- Kudiridza muforo.
- Kudiridza kwemafashamo kana kunyudza kunoitwa munzvimbo dzakadzika-dzika dziri pakati pemipata miviri.
- Sprinkler irrigation system. NeRudzi rweIrrigation iyi mvura inopfapfaidzwa pamusoro pevhu uye zvirimwa zvakafanana nekunaya kwemvura.
- Infiltration kudiridza kana kudiridza migero
- Drip irrigation inodaidzwa zvakare kuti localized irrigation. Panguva yekudiridza iyi, mvura inopiwa nemadonhwe kana jeti yakanyatsonaka yemvura, kuburikidza nepombi yepurasitiki ine maburi anoiswa pairi kana pedyo nemiti.
- kudiridza kwemvura
Hunhu hweMhando dzeMadiridziro
Mamiriro emhando dzakasiyana dzekudiridza anoratidzwa pazasi, pamwe nezvakanakira uye zvazvakaipira uye nekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, zvinotsanangurwa mashandisirwo aanoitwa uye ndezvipi zvirimwa zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa, nekuti inobereka mvura, inodzivirira zvirwere uye izvo. mvura yekudiridzira yakawanda.
Furrow irrigation system
Iyo furrow kana mafashama irrigation system yakagadzirirwa kuitira kuti mvura itenderere kuburikidza nematanho, zvimiro zvayo zvinoiswa pamberi pekurima kwedzimwe nzvimbo. Uchishandisa Rudzi rweIrrigation iyi, zvikamu zvakasiyana zvezvirimwa, semashizha, hazvisangani nemvura yekudiridza.
Kubatsirwa
- Iyo sisitimu isingade kuisirwa uye iri nyore kwazvo, ine zvakare iyo peculiarity kuti zvinomera hazviuye zvakanangana nemvura.
- Mari yekuisa kwayo yakachipa zvichienzaniswa nemamwe madiridziro, nekuda kwezvikamu zverudzi urwu rwemadiridziro, inodhura kana ichienzaniswa nemamwe madiridziro.
- Kudiridza muforo kunobvumira mvura chete kuti ibatane nemidzi yemiti, nokudaro kudzivirira kukuvadzwa kwemashizha awo, maruva nemichero nokusangana nemvura.
- Madiridziro emuforo anokurudzirwa kuminda midiki yemichero nenzvimbo dzakati sandara kana dzakafanana.
payakaipira
- Iyi madiridziro ine dhizaini yekuda huwandu hukuru hwemvura.
- Kudiridza kwemafashama, nekuti kunoshanda nekuyerera kukuru kwemvura, kunosanganisira kurasikirwa kukuru kwemvura nekuda kwekubuda kwayo.
- Ihurongwa hunoita kuti zviome kugadzirisa kuyerera kwemvura inotorwa nezvirimwa ichirasika nemumihoro.
- Ani nani anoshanda iyi irrigation system anofanirwa kuiitira panzvimbo inoshandirwa, saka anofanira kunyorova.
Kudonhedza kudiridza
Rudzi urwu rweKudiridza runoratidzwa nekupa mvura kumiti muhuwandu hwakaderera zvikuru nekuda kwekushomeka kwainoshanda nayo, kugovera kudonha kwemvura nekudonha kumidzi. Iyi yekudiridza inoiswa nemachubhu madiki, akaiswa pamusoro pevhu kana kuvigwa. Inoshandiswa kudiridza nemazvo uye izvi zvinochengetedza mvura yakawanda, pamwe chete neizvi kurasikirwa kwemvura nekupusha pamwe nekupinza kunodziviswa. Madiridziro aya pari zvino ari kushandiswa kudiridza zvirimwa zvemuriwo, machubhu, miti yemichero, zviyo, muriwo, maruva netudiki.
Kubatsirwa
- Pakati pezvakanakira zvekudiridza madrip irrigation system ndeyekuti inogona kushandiswa panzvimbo ine materu akasiyana uye kunyangwe pamawere kana ane matombo.
- Inogona kushandiswa nehuwandu hushoma uye kumanikidzwa kwemvura zvichienzaniswa nemamwe madiridziro. Izvi zvinowanikwa nekuti madiridziro anoverengwa zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemvura inodiwa nechirimwa.
- Madiridziro aya anoshanda zvakanaka paivhu rejecha
- Sezvo mvura ichiverengwa zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nechirimwa chimwe nechimwe, zvinonetsa kuti pave nemvura yakawandisa nekudaro kukura kwesora kunodzorwa.
payakaipira
- Nekuda kwemaminerari emunyu mumvura yekudiridza, zvitubu zvemvura zvemanozzles zvinogona kuvharika nekufamba kwenguva uye kudzivirira mvura kuti isabuda. Kudiridzira kunoitika muchirimwa chose.
- Dzimwe nguva kune kuunganidza kwakanyanya kwemunyu pamusoro pepamusoro apo madonhwe emvura anodonha, kunyanya mumwedzi yekunaya kwemvura shoma.
- Drip irrigation masisitimu ane mutengo wakakura wekutanga wekudyara nekuda kwemhando yetekinoroji inofanirwa kushandiswa uye ma automated control anoiswa.
Sprinkler irrigation system
The sprinkler irrigation system inosanganisira kuiswa kwepombi uye pasi pevhu kana pamusoro penzira iyo mvura yekudiridza inogoverwa. Izvi zvinosvika pamiti inofananidzira mvura inonaya.
Kubatsirwa
- Panguva yekudiridza, kutungamirirwa kwemvura uye simba rekufungidzira kwemvura kunogona kugadziriswa pamvura inosasa.
- Inogona kuiswa panzvimbo dzakati sandara senge nzvimbo dzine materu kana madhiri muvhu.
- Inoda mvura yekudiridzira shoma pane yekudiridzira muforo.
- Tichienzanisa muforo wekudiridza nemadiridziro ekusprinkler, huwandu hwemvura inorasika hwakakura pakudiridzira muforo. Iwo mahosi akasimba akaiswa mune yekumwaya yekudiridza inobvumira kuti isvike kune yakakura nzvimbo yevhu uye simba rekubuda kwemvura rinogona kupedzwa kuitira kuti mashopu mashoma kana majeti emvura yekudiridza anodikanwa kudiridza munda wese.
- Kunyange zvazvo mvura yekudiridza ichibuda nekudzvinyirirwa kubva kujeti, inosvika kumiti semadonhwe maduku emvura, ichiisa kana kurova zvinyoro-nyoro pamusoro pemiti, kureva kuti, kunyange zvazvo ichibuda nekumanikidzwa painosvika pamiti, inovarova. zvinyoronyoro pasina kurova kana kukonzera kukuvadzwa pamusoro payo.
payakaipira
- Simba rekubuda kwemvura yekudiridza uye nhamba yevanomwaya kuti vabatanidze kune hurongwa hunofanirwa kuverengerwa zvakanaka, zvichipiwa kuti nekuda kwenzvimbo yakakanganisika, kutungamirirwa kwemvura isina kukwana, kupindirana kwenzvimbo inofanira kudiridzwa. Zvinokonzera kuraswa kwemvura kusingakoshi, kana kushaikwa kwemvura mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzechirimwa.
- Inoda mvura yekudiridzira yakawanda kudarika yedrip irrigation system.
- Diridza zvirimwa munzvimbo dzazvo dzose uye kana ivhu rikanyorova, midzi inogona kuora, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvikamu zvemiti.
Zvemamiriro ekunze
Kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwemadiridziro ekurima kunokonzerwa nemhando dzakasiyana dzemadiridziro, zvitubu zvemvura, ingave iri pamusoro pemvura kana pasi pevhu, machengeterwo ayo, nzira yekugoverwa kwemvura, senge nzira dzekuisa mumunda uye midziyo.
Kubva makare-kare, mvura yekudiridza yezvirimwa yakatorwa kubva kunzvimbo dzakaita senzizi; saizvozvowo, munyika dzakati wandei dzichiri chikamu cheimwe yekudyara kukuru mubazi rehurumende. Kushandiswa kwezvitubu zvepasi pemvura yekudiridza mumapurojekiti anodhura zvakanyanya kwakaitwa kweanenge makore makumi matatu.
Nzira dzekudiridza dzinozivikanwa kuti dzinoshandisa mvura yepasi dziri muPakistan, India neChina, kushandisa mvura iyi, matsime akadzika machubhu anovakwa kuti atore mvura kubva patafura yemvura, uye anopindirana nemadiridziro emvura nemvura kubva pamusoro pemvura. Kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwemarudzi mazhinji akasiyana eMadiridziro anosanganisira:
- Kuzara nemunyu wevhu rekurima.
- Kuwedzera kwezvirwere mumiti inoparadzirwa kuburikidza nemvura.
- Kutamiswa kwenharaunda kana shanduko mumararamiro evagari.
- Kuwedzera kwezvipembenene zvekurima zvakasiyana.
- Kuwedzerwa kwebasa rekurima kunofarirwa nekuiswa kwemadiridziro ekudiridza, kunogona kutungamirira kukukurwa kwevhu, kusvibiswa kwemvura inoshandiswa nekushandisa agrochemicals.
- Kushandiswa kwezvokudya zvakasanganiswa nemvura yekudiridza kunogona kukanganisa hutano hwemvura yepasi, nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwealgae, eutrophication yemvura yakadzika uye yekudiridza.
- Mapurojekiti emadiridziro anofukidza nzvimbo huru, kuvaka madhamu uye kutsausa nzira dzemvura dzenzizi, zvichikonzera kukanganisa kwakashata kwezvakatipoteredza nekuda kwekuchinja kwehydrology uye limnology yemvura inoyerera.
Ini ndinokukoka iwe kuti uenderere mberi nekuziva hunhu hunoshamisa uye maitiro ekuzvichengeta, uchiverenga zvinotevera zvinyorwa: