Kana tichitaura nezveMesopotamian architecture, tiri kutaura kune izvo zvivakwa zvine maitiro akafanana, akagadzirwa pakati peTigris neEuphrates nzizi kubva pakagadzwa vagari vayo vekutanga mumireniyamu yechinomwe BC. C. kusvikira pakuparara kwoUmambo hweBhabhironi.
Nhaka nemipiro yavakasiya kune yakazobudirira yakatosiyana, senge mosaics ane mavara akajeka, kupa muenzaniso. Mucherechedzo mukuru wezvivakwa zvavo waiva wokuti vakanga vasina rudzi rwupi norwupi rwembiru kana mahwindo, chiedza chavaishandisa masikati chaibva padenga.
VaMesopotamia vaivaka vasingashandisi dhaka. Kutaura idi, apo vakarangarira kuti chimwe chezvivako zvavo chakanga chisisina kuchengeteka zvakakwana kana kuti chakanga chisisaiti basa racho ravakanga vapiwa, chakabva chaputswa. Mushure meizvozvo, yakavakwazve panzvimbo imwe chete kana kuti yakazadzwa zvakare, uye imwe yakavakwa pamusoro peiyo yapfuura.
Kwezviuru zvemakore, tsika yakadaro yakaita kuti maguta akawanda aiumba nharaunda yacho ave pazvikomo zvakapfava, zvakakwirira zvakakomberedza nharaunda yayo. Panguva iyoyo, nzvimbo idzi dzakakwirira dzakatumidzwa se "inotaurira".
Uyewo, kunofanira kucherekedzwa kuti budiriro yeMesopotamia yakanga ine fariro huru zvikuru youpenyu hwapasi mukusiana neiyo yavakafa. Ndosaka chinhu chakajairika ndechekuti vaivaka marudzi ese ematemberi nemizinda kakawanda. Nezvenyaya iyi, zvivakwa zvevagari venzvimbo iyi zvaionekwa semazuva ano.
Iyi poindi inogona kucherechedzwa mukuedza kwake kwekugadzira dhizaini mukati meProthonotary Period. Mune inova nzvimbo yekuchera matongo yeTell Abu Shahrein, guta rekare reEridu, kuvakwazve kwekupedzisira kweimwe yenzvimbo dzayo tsvene kwakaitwa, ine nheyo dzepakutanga dzakadzokera pakutanga kwechina chemireniyamu BC.
Temberi yambotaurwa yaive nebasa rekufungidzira hunhu hwemavakirwo eMesopotamia. Yakanga yakavakwa nezvidhinha zvedhaka pakakwirira, uye madziro ayo okunze akanga akashongedzwa nezvinochinjanisa zvidhinha uye zvipingamupinyi.
Kazhinji, vagari veMesopotamia vaisashandisa zvishoma zvinhu zvakaita sematombo nehuni, nekuti zvaingowanikwa kubva munzvimbo dzakavakidzana. Nemhaka yokuti ivhu ravo raiwanzoita ivhu rakanyanya uye rine madhaka, vaishandisa madhaka kakawanda sechinhu chikuru chekuvakisa.
Pakutanga, zvidhinha zvakawanda kana kuti zvidhinha zvevhu zvakashandiswa, pamwe chete nemisanganiswa yemashanga yaiiswa yakanyoroveswa kuti zvishoma nezvishoma madziro ose aome. Gare gare, dzakaomeswa muzuva, dobe neadobe, kusvikira pakupedzisira vakwanisa kugadzira zvidhinha zvevhu zvakaiswa muchoto.
Nokufamba kwemakore, kuitira kuchengetedza zviri nani nehunyoro, vaiisa zvinhu zvavo kune enameling uye glazing maitiro. Zvaiva zvakajairika kuti zvidhinha zviri mumadziro zvibatanidzwe neraimu kana kuti asphalt. Pamusoro pezvo, pamatenga vakatsiva iyo yakakurumbira yeEgypt lintel system nevhairi rakagadzirwa neakabatana semicircular arches.
General Hunhu hweMesopotamian Architecture
Kuti titaure nezveMesopotamian architecture, zvakakosha zvakanyanya kuti tiongorore maitiro ayo uye mavakirwo ayo makuru kubva pamipiro yekutanga yevanhu veSumerian kubva kuIII mireniyamu BC. Zvadaro, tichagadzira imwe neimwe nenzira yakakodzera nguva:
Zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa muMesopotamian architecture
Pakuvaka dzimba dzekuMesopotamia, zvinhu zvaidiwa kuti zviitwe zvakanga zvakafanana nezviri kushandiswa mazuva ano. Iwo aisanganisira zvidhinha zvevhu, plaster uye magonhi emapuranga, izvo zvakawanikwa zvakasikwa munzvimbo dzakatenderedza guta.
Pamusoro peizvi, makore ane zviuru zvishanu apfuura, maMesopotamiya vaive vanhu vekutanga kushandisa mafuta sechinhu chekuvaka kuitira kuti ichinje kuita asphalt. Saizvozvowo, vanhu veSumerian vakatanga kushandisa bituminous dhaka pazvivakwa zvavo. MuUri, somuenzaniso, zvidhinha zvevhu zvaiwanzoshandiswa pamwe chete neasphalt.
Icho chinhu chitema chinonamira chakakonzera kubatsira zvakanyanya kuchengetedza zvimiro zvakaita seZiggurat yeUri inoonekwa seimwe yezvinotangira pakushandiswa kwayo munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemafuta ezvino kumaodzanyemba kweIraq.
Zvose zviri zviviri matanda nematombo zvakanga zvisingashandiswi mumavakirwo ekare eMesopotamia. Izvi zvaikonzerwa nekuti zvinhu zvakadaro zvaisawanzo kuwanikwa mune mamwe maguta mudunhu iri sezvo iri nzvimbo ine tsvina. Ivhu rayo revhu nedhaka rakakonzera kushomeka kwematombo, asi vagari vemo vakatsvaga imwe nzira neadobe sechinhu chekutanga chedzimba dzavo.
Chikamu chakanaka chedzimba dzavo chaiva nekamuri huru ine sikweya pamwe chete nemamwe makamuri aiva pedyo. Kare ikako, pakanga paine misiyano isingaperi muhukuru hwekuzvigadzira. Mabhuroko emadhaka nemashanga akasanganiswa aiiswa muzuva kuti aome, akareba ndiwo aiva pamusoro pezvainyanya kufarirwa zvekuvaka zvemazuva iwayo.
Nekudaro, kugadzirwa nenguva kwezvidhinha (yakabikwa yevhu bhuroka) yakasvika, uye yakashandiswa kusimudzira zvivakwa zvayo zvinoratidzira, zvakare yakaiswa kune akasiyana maitiro ekushongedza, senge: kupfura, enameling uye glazing. Matenga edzimba ndiwo chete aishandiswa nemapuranga emichindwe, saka makamuri avo aimbova marefu uye akafukidzwa nematanda.
Elements
Pakutanga, zvinodikanwa kutaura pamusoro pezvinhu zvakatsigirwa, izvo zvakashandisa mitsara nematanda emapuranga sevhavha. Mukuwedzera, vaulting yakashandiswa kekutanga, yakagadzirwa kubva kune zvidhinha kune iwo magonhi makuru nemakamuri aida nzvimbo dzakakura.
Iyo arch yakashandiswa muSumerian-Mesopotamian architecture yaive yakapusa, iyo semicircular imwe, uye pamusoro payo pakaiswa dhiramu revha uye hemispherical dome. Chikonzero cheizvi ndechokuti zvidhinha zvakabvumira rudzi urwu rwekuvaka kuti riitwe nyore nyore.
Dombo rakaenzana nedombo, rakakurumbira mukuvakwa kweEgypt, harina kukweretesa kune zvisikwa zvakavharidzirwa. Nekuda kweizvi, kushandiswa kwema arches, vaults uye domes kwave kubva kare senhaka yakajeka yedzimba dzevhu dzekare dze prehistory.
Nezvezvinhu zvinotsigira, madziro eadobe ane maburi madiki aive chinhu chikuru chekutsigira zvivakwa. Madziro akakora uye kushomeka kwemaburi kwaifarira kugadzwa kwenzvimbo dzemukati dzaichengetedza kupisa kwekunze.
Yakanga isingawanzoiti kuti makoramu aiswe muzvirongwa, zvishoma chete nokuda kwezvinangwa zvekushongedza nerubatsiro rwezvidhinha. Chimwe nechimwe chezvivako zvinokosha chaifanira kuvakwa pachikuva, kuitira kuti mwando nemafashamo emwaka zvisazviputsire.
Temples
Kana tatotaura pamusoro pezvishandiso uye zvinhu zveMesopotamian architecture, tinogona kuenderera mberi kune zvivakwa zvayo zvakatanhamara, matembere ayo. Vachirangarira upenyu hwapasi hunokosha zvikuru kupfuura upenyu hwapashure porufu, vagari vomumusha vakanangidzira simba ravo rose pazvivako zvakavapoteredza.
Izvi zvakamuka kubva pakusikwa kwekugara kwemudhorobha, uye kukura kwavo kwakaitika kubva pazvimiro zvine compact nekamuri imwe chete, kusvika pakuita macomplexes ane akawanda maeka. Maitiro akasiyana-siyana uye zvinhu zvepamberi zvakashandiswa mairi, senge buttresses, recesses uye hafu mbiru.
Chinangwa chetemberi chaive chemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, yaionekwa senzvimbo yechitendero, yehupfumi uye kunyange yekunzwira tsitsi. Iyi yaifarira kunge iri panzvimbo inoera uye iri pedyo. Pamusoro pezvo, ivo vakagadzirwa nenhamba yakanaka yemakamuri akatwasuka aingotyora ziggurats akamira akatwasuka.
Ziggurats, chikamu chakakosha chetemberi, chakagadzirwa kunyanya munguva yeNeo-Sumerian. Munzvimbo iyi maive netemberi diki kwazvo umo Mwari wavo aisangana nevanhu. Kwenhambo iyoyo, vaireva chiratidzo chakajeka chegomo rengano renyika.
Kazhinji, akaumbwa nemapuratifomu akaiswa pamusoro akave madiki sezvaaikwira uye akasvika pakakwirira. Vaisanganisira mukati mezvirongwa zvavo mapatio akawanda uye kutevedzana kwemakamuri muchimiro chelabyrinth kana kurongeka mumutsara wakatenderedza patio.
Dzimba huru dzakavakwa mukati menzvimbo dzakakomberedzwa nedzimwe zvivako, sezvakangoita ma<em>ziggurats nemamwe makamuri evafambi. Temberi imwe neimwe yaishandiswa kuita zvechitendero zveumwari hwaidiwa weboka revanhu.
Kazhinji, kuvakwa kwezviggurats kwakaitika muhuwandu husinganzwisisike hwemapuratifomu, ane muganhu we 7. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, ziggurat yaMarduk muBhabhironi yakaonekwa kuburikidza nemakore seShongwe yebhaibheri yeBhabheri. Munguva yakatarwa, mapuratifomu aya aive polychrome, uye pane dzimwe nguva zvinomera zvaionekwa munzvimbo dzakapoteredza.
Kusvika pachikamu chayo chepamusoro-soro chaiitwa nemasitepisi kana marambu. Nechikonzero ichi, dzainzi “dzimba dzakakwirira” kana kuti “makomo anopenya”, uye nguva nenguva dzaishandiswa senzvimbo dzekuongorora nyeredzi. Chinonyanya kukosha pane zvose chakanga chiri icho chakaitwa munguva yeNeo-Sumerian, Ziggurat yeUri.
Chete chikamu chezasi chayo chinosara, chinosvikwa nematanho matatu: imwe pakati uye imwe mbiri iri pamativi. Pakati pemasitepisi aya pachine materu apo pangangodaro paiva nezvinomera kare. Kwezana remakore rechiXNUMX BC. C., iyi yakanga ine dzimwe puratifomu mbiri uye yakashongedzwa korona netemberi.
Nekudaro, iyo pavilion yakasvikwa nemasitepisi matsva aive kuenderera kweyepakati, mushure mekupfuura nepakati peimwe horo yakasanganiswa iyo vese vakakwanisa kubatana. Kufanana nebhendi, yaive nesemicircular arch masuo uye nepamusoro pedenga. Madziro aro aiuya nekurerekera kudiki.
Palacios
Dzimba dzeMesopotamian dzaive nechimiro chakafanana neidzo dzedzimba dzevagari vepakati, asi nekuwedzera kunoshamisa maererano nemapatio avo nemakamuri. Nokudaro, dzimwe nguva vakakurumidza kuva guta-muzinda, umo kwete chete mambo aigara, asiwo vose varistocracy uye avo vanotungamirira hutungamiri hwenharaunda.
Zvakanga zvakajairika kuti dzimba dzemadzimambo dzive pedyo netemberi, uye kuti dzive dzakanyatsokombwa nemasvingo neshongwe. Zvisinei, nokuda kwokuvhozhokera kwakawanda kwemaguta avo, madzimambo nevapristi vakamanikidzwa kusiya misha yavo kazhinji kazhinji.
Housing
Kwemakore akawanda, zvisaririra zvisingaverengeki zvakawanikwa, kunyanya muSumerian cylinder seals, umo makabhini akavakwa netsanga anoratidzwa. Zvese izvi zvakakotama muchimiro che inverted parabola nechinangwa chekushanda sema porticos, uye kushanda sechigadziko chekusunga dzimwe tsanga dzakatwasuka dzinodzisunga.
Ichi chivakwa chine denga, chakafukidzwa netsanga kana madhaka, zvisinei nezvinofungwa nevakawanda, chichiri kushandiswa nemamwe marudzi echiArab anotama-tama. Kune rumwe rutivi, pakanga pane mumwe mutsetse wainzi imba yemukoko, iyo yaiwanzogadzirwa neadobe kana dombo.
Idzo dzimba dzemukoko dzakakurumbira dzakagadzirwa nemitumbi miviri, yedenderedzwa kana conical yepakati, iyo yaiperekedzwa neyechipiri, yakawanda mativi mana pazasi. Kurudzi urwu rwechivakwa chekuvaka inowedzerwa imba yechivanze, imba yekugara yeMesopotamia yakabudirira kubva panguva yehegemony yeUri.
Iyi inongova imba yepasi yakarongeka yakapoteredza chivanze. Muchiitiko chinofungidzirwa kuti chaive chedenderedzwa, chakavakwa kune rimwe kana mativi maviri uye mapatio akagadziriswa nekuenderera mberi kwemadziro echikamu chekunze. Nenzira iyi, madziro akavharirwa epa patio akagadzirwa.
Iyo yakajairika yaive yekuti iwo akavakwa akazara neadobe nematanda ematanda, mukuwedzera kune yakanyanya orthogonal kurongeka kwemakamuri. Pamusuwo payo paive neimwe nzira yekupinda muhoro yaitaurirana neberere, zvekuti pasi pevhu raigovaniswa nekicheni, matura uye, pane dzimwe nguva, nemakamera madiki.
Zvose zviri zviviri pauriri hwepamusoro uye pauriri hwokupedzisira, makamuri akawanikwa. Kashoma kuti tiwanewo kamuri hombe yaimboshanda sesalon. Denga rayo rakanga rakati sandara uye rakati sandarara, uye zvirimwa zvaiiswa pariri kuti zviome kana kuti mhepo yakachena.
Zvakare, zvivharo zvaive chikamu chayo zvakasimuka kusvika pakusika rudzi rweparapet yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira kudonha kubva padenga. Sekupedzisira, taigona kutaura dzimba dzemakona, idzo zvakare dzaive nepatio uye dzaionekwa semisiyano yemudhorobha yeimba yedenderedzwa.
Infrastructures
Zvichienderana nemabasa einjiniya ebudiriro yeMesopotamian, zvakakosha kujekesa iyo yekare uye yakakura network yemigero yakambobatana neTigris neEuphrates nzizi nematunhu adzo, sezvavaitsvaga kuwedzera budiriro yekurima uye kufamba munzvimbo iyi. .
Vanhu veMesopotamia yekare vaive nebasa rekudzokera mukuvakwa kwekutanga mwaka weMafashamo epasi rose usati wasvika, apo Nyika yaive ichiri kugarwa namwari "Enki". Pamusoro peizvi, zvakakodzera kuratidza mamwe mabasa akadai sezviteshi zverwizi zveguta reUri uye mabhiriji akabatanidza mativi maviri eBhabhironi reKadheya.
Kana chinyorwa ichi chaive chaunoda, usasiye usina kutanga waverenga: