Ruzivo rwuripo parizvino nezve ngano dzeMayan ishoma. Nekudaro, kune zvinyorwa zvakakosha zvinotsanangura kuti tsika iyi yakakanganisa sei zviitiko zvikuru zvisinganzwisisike zvakaitika munyika, uye vakapawo dzidziso yavo pamusoro pe Origin of the Universe maererano nemaMayans, nokubatanidzwa kwavamwari vavasiki.
Origin of the Universe maererano nemaMayans
Tsika dzevaMayan dzinorangarirwa nevakawanda sedzakanyanya kukosha uye dzine simba munhoroondo yenyika, zvekuti vaiva nechiono chavo chekuti mavambo echisiko chakabva adii.
Kune iri boka retsika, Nyika isati yasikwa, kwaingova naVamwari vatatu, mazita avo: Tepeu, Gucumatz uye Hurricane. Ava vamwari vaive netsika yakakosha yevaMayans, sezvo vaive nechiratidzo chavo pachavo.
kutanga namwari Tepeu, anonzi Mwari wokudenga; apo Gucumatz, Akaita samwari wemadutu. Zvinonzi ndiye aiitawo basa rekudzidzisa vanhu kubika moto. Wekupedzisira weiyi trilogy yekutanga aive mwari Dutu, uyo nokuda kwengano anomirira mwari wemhepo nedutu, asiwo womoto.
Sezvinoratidzwa nevaMaya, mumwe nemumwe wevamwari ava aive nebasa rakakosha mukusikwa kwezvose. Mukati menhau dzakabuda sedzidziso dzemavambo echisiko chose maererano navaMayans, zvinonzi vamwari. Tepeu uye GucumatzVaida kurangarirwa uye kunamatwa nevamwe, saka vakauya nekusikwa kweNyika.
Zvinonzi chinhu chakatanga kusikwa pasi pano imhuka, asi nokukurumidza pashure pacho, vanamwari vakaziva kuti vakanga vasingazviteereri kana kuti kuvateerera. Vatarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu aya, vamwari vakaita kuti mhuka dzirwisane, sechirango chokusateerera kwadzo.
Zvadaro, vamwari vakadzokera pakusikwa kechipiri, uye ndipo pavakabatanidza vanhu. Kuedza kutsva uku kwaiva kusika munhu, asi vamwari vakanga vasingazivi kuti vozviita sei, ndicho chikonzero vakasarudza kuedza kakawanda. Kuti udzidze zvishoma nezve maMayans unogona kuverenga Mayan Legends
Mukuedza kwekutanga, vakagadzira murume, asi akadonha nekukurumidza. Muchirongwa chechipiri vaisanganisira kusikwa kwemunhu wemuti, asi mweya wake nemanzwiro ake akange asina, saka akange asina kugona kunamata Mwari, ndicho chikonzero chikuru chavaimusika.
Kupfuurira nenhau dzakatanhamara mumavambo echisiko chapose pose mukuwirirana navaMayans, kunonzi mwari weHurricane akaparira kuitika kwamafashamo makuru, idi iro rakabvumira vamwari kubvisa vose vari vaviri varume vemiti nave. mhuka.
Mukuedza kwechitatu, vanamwari vakasika varume vana kubva muchibage. Ava vakadanwa naBharamu-Quitze, naBharami-Agabhi, naMahukuta, naIqi-Bharami, iyo yakawedzerwa, kusvika kuverenga negumi nevatatu, nerubatsiro rwevamwari vakawanda. Chisikwa chitsva chakaonekwa sevarume vakangwara, saka vamwari vakatanga kuronga zviito zvitsva nemazano.
Mwari Dutu akapindira achiita kuti maziso evarume asaone zuva, achivavhara zvishoma. Sechirongwa chitsva chekusika, vamwari vakasarudza kugadzira vakadzi, nokudaro vachizvarwa vekutanga vaivepo munyika, vanozivikanwa se: Tzuniha; Cakix-há; Caha-Paluna; uye Chomiha.
Maererano nekwakabva zvinhu zvose maererano nemaMayans, mushure mekusikwa kwemurume nemukadzi, vakatanga kushamwaridzana uye kuberekana, saka vakatanga kuita vana, vaifanira kukudza vamwari nekuvanamata. Mukuwedzera, pamwe chete vaifanira kukumbira zuva kuti ribude, nokuti chete nechiedza charo chinopenya, varume vaigona kuona zvakare.
Nenzira imwecheteyo, mumavambo eChisiko maererano nemaMayans, kutaurwa kwakakosha kunoitwa nezvemagamba maviri makuru, aivewo mapatya, uye mazita avo aive. Xbalanqué neHunahpú. Magamba aya aive nebasa, rekurwisa vamwari ve Xibalba, nzvimbo yaishanda senyika yepasi kana kuti hero.
Hama dzine simba dzaigara nevazukuru vavo uye vakanga vachirerwa nambuya vavo. Zvinonzi mapatya ava vaiitirwa shanje nehama dzavo. Anoti mapatya aya paakaenda kunovhima pamwe chete nevazukuru vavo, vakashanduka kuita tsoko.
Mapatya haana kubvuma zvaionekwa nemaziso avo, nekuti chaive chokwadi chaive chisina kana tsanangudzo. Vachibva kunovhima vakaudza mbuya vavo zvakanga zvaitika, asi havana kuzvidavira vakabva vaseka.
Mazuva mashoma gare gare, pane chimwe chiitiko umo mapatya aitamba nebhora, chimwe chinhu chaitsamwisa vamwari ve Xibalba uye nokuda kwechikonzero ichocho vakarayira hama kuti dziende ikoko Xibalba, kuita sekutamba navo.
Mapatya aya ndipo paakabva aenda kunyika yepasi, uko kwaakasvika pakubatwa nyore nevamwari, vakaedza kuvauraya, asi pasina kubudirira mubasa ravo. Vamwari vakatanga kutamba nemapatya ndokukundwa. Kutsamwiswa nekukundwa, vanamwari vanomanikidza pavari kuita nhevedzano yezvinetso nematambudziko.
Yokutanga yeiyi yakanga iri yokuti mapatya aifanira kupinda mikova yeimba inosanozivikanwa yemapanga, uko zvimwe aizodamburwa kuita zvidimbu, mukuwirirana nourongwa hwavamwari. Asi zvisinei, magamba anokwanisa kunzvenga mapanga ose uye akabuda imomo asina kukuvadzwa.
Nekuda kwekutadza kwavakaedza kuita, vakaedza rimwe danho rekuti mapatya aya apinde mumba maJaguar, nzvimbo yaakabva abudawo asina kukuvadzwa, sezvo vaive nehungwaru hwekukanda bhonzo pajaguar kuti varasikirwe. Imwe misungo yakateyiwa mapatya namwari yaive yekukandwa mumoto mukuru.
Vamwari vangadai vakarega kuuraya Hunahpú naXbalanqué, zvakawanda zvisinei, vakakwanisa reincarnate muhove, kuti gare gare kupfuura varombo varume, vaiurayana uye ipapo kumutswa. Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo mavambo echisiko chose maererano navaMayans anotaurira kuti mapatya anokwanisa kukunda vamwari ve Xibalba, uye izvozvo gare gare zvakava zuva nomwedzi.
Mythology uye Mavambo ePasirose
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinosiyanisa uye chinozivisa ngano dzeMayan zvitendero zvakasiyana-siyana zvevamwari vakawanda, ndiko kuti, vaitenda muna vamwari vazhinji, uye kuti yakanga ichitungamirirwa nekubudirira kweMayan kubva pamberi peSpain koloni.
Vanhu veMayan vaizivikanwa kubva pakutanga netsika netsika dzechitendero chavo, mazhinji acho achiri kushanda, nepo mamwe ari chikamu chekutanga kwenhoroondo yevanhu vepakutanga.
Maererano nezvinyorwa zvezvakaitika kare, nharaunda dzeMayan munguva dzekare dzakabatwa nehutsinye hwevapambi veSpain, avo vakasvika munyika dzavo kuburikidza nenzendo kuAmerica, vachivapisa kuti vapinde munzvimbo dzavo.
Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero nei parizvino, ruzivo rwatinarwo nezvekutanga maMayans rushoma, nekuti zvinofungidzirwa kuti chero chinhu chinogona kushanda sehumbowo chakapiswa muhupenzi hweSpanish.
Zvisinei, pachine chinyorwa chinonzi the Popol Vuh, iro rakazova bhuku rinonyanya kukosha renongedzo kuti rinzwisise zvimwe zvengano dzeMayan, nhoroondo yevanhu vepakutanga, tsika netsika dzavo, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu.
Chimwe chinhu chinomira pachena sechakakosha mukati meichi chinyorwa chekare tsananguro inoitwa zvichireva Mavambo ePasirose maererano nemaMayans, kuti yakabatana sei nekusikwa kwePasi, kuvapo kwevamwari mapatya, uye kuedza kusika kumunhu wekutanga paNyika.
Zvinonzi kunyange zvazvo Popol Vuh ndiyo inonyanya kukosha yezvinyorwa zveMayan nhoroondo, kunewo mamwe mabhuku akadai se Kiramu Bharamu, uye Makoronike a chacxulubchen, iyo inotaura nyaya pamusoro peiyi ngano inofadza.
The Popol Vuh, bhuku reMayan
El Popol Vuh, ndiwo manyoro anotsanangura nhoroondo yetsika nemagariro izvo vanhu vekutanga veMayan vaive nazvo, uye izvo zvakaponeswa kubva muhupambi hwaitambura vanhu ava, semugumisiro wekurwisa kweSpain, panguva dzenzendo dzekuAmerica.
Chinhu chakakosha chinomira pachena mukati mekurondedzerwa kwebhuku reMayan iyi rondedzero inogadzirwa yekuti kwakabva Universe kwakabva sei maererano nemaMayans, izvo zvinotanga nematanho akatorwa kugadzira pasi, mhuka. uye varume, pakati pevamwe.
Mukati mezvinyorwa zvebhuku reMayan Popol Vuh, kunonzi munhu akatanga kusikwa nevhu, ipapo nematanda, uye mukuedza kwechitatu, vamwari vakashandisa chibage. Nenzira yakafanana, kunoratidzirwa kuti vavariro yavamwari yakanga iri yokuti ava varume vavaremekedze ndokuvapa zvipiriso, mukuwedzera kukuvateerera.
Vaipiwa mamwe mabasa aiva nechinangwa chimwe chete, akadai sokunamata vamwari, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu zvaisanganisira kuveza matombo uye kuveza matombo anokosha.
Zvakare zvakare mubhuku iri kutaurwa kwenyaya yegamba mapatya, anonzi Hunahpú naXbalanqué, avo nekuda kwekuunza godo munharaunda yavo, vakamanikidzwa kutarisana nematambudziko akasiyana-siyana nematambudziko uye vakatofanira kupikisa vamwari ve Xibalba, iyo yaiva nyika yepasi peMayan.
Pakupedzisira, vakakwanisa kukunda matambudziko ose uye vakakunda vamwari ava, vachiwana semubairo wekukunda kwavo, simba rekuvewo vamwari, vachikwanisa kudzorera chiratidzo kumunhu panyika icho chavakanga vamborasa uye kuva mwedzi uye. zuva.. Kuti uzive zvakare nezve chiratidzo cheMayan unogona kudzokorora chinyorwa: Mayan zviratidzo
Nhoroondo yeMavambo ePasirose maererano nemaMayans
Kwakatangira Universe maererano nemaMayans, ine udzame hwemagadzirirwo arakaitwa navamwari, kusikwa kwenyika nezvinhu zvayo zvose, kusanganisira vanhu nemhuka. Inotanga nenyaya yekuvapo kwevamwari vaviri vasiki, Tepeu and Kukulkan, zvakakamurwa sevagadziri uye madzitateguru.
Vamwari ava vaive pakati pezvisikwa zvekutanga kuvapo muChadenga. Ipapo zita ramwari rinobatanidzwa Dutu, iyo inozivikanwawo se "mwoyo wedenga", iyo ishoma inotaurwa nezvayo, ichikanganisa basa rayo mukusika.
Zvinonzi nekuda kuchengetedza nhaka yavo, vamwari Tepeu and Kukulkan vakasangana, vachiona kuti zvakanga zvakakodzera kusika vanhu vaigona kuvakudza nokuvanamata. Muchirongwa ichi makaiswa mwari Hurricane, uyo akapiwa basa rekusika zvakataurwa, apo Tepeu and Kukulkan akatungamirira zviito.
Aya ndiwo masikirwo akaitwa Nyika nemhuka, uye vakabva vasika munhu. Nokuda kweizvi kwakaedza kuzhinji; kutanga akasikwa nevhu, ipapo nehuni uye mukuedza kwekupedzisira, munhu akasikwa kubva muchibage. Nekudaro, kuvepo kwengano zhinji dzakatenderedza ngano dzeMayan kwakapihwa nekuda kwekushaikwa kwezvinyorwa uye zvimwe zvinhu izvo zvese izvi dzidziso zvinogona kusimbiswa.
Vamwari vanozivikanwa muMavambo eChisiko Chapose pose
Mukati medzidziso yakakonzera mavambo eChisiko maererano navaMayans, vanamwari vakati wandei vakapindira kune avo nhoroondo inopa mbiri pakusikwa kweNyika, pamwe chete nezvose zviri pairi.
Ava vamwari vekutanga vaive nepfungwa yekusika, kutanga kwezvose, mhuka uyezve munhu, sezvakatotaurwa mukuvandudzwa kwechinyorwa, kutanga nevhu, ipapo nehuni uye nechibage.
Nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehumbowo hunosimbisa masikirwo akaitwa nyika neChadenga, dzidziso dzakawanda nezvitendero zvakabuda, imwe yadzo iri mavambo echisiko chose maererano nevaMayans, iyo inorondedzerwa mu. Popol Vuh, tsananguro yakaratidzwa nechiratidzo chekuti kusikwa kweNyika kwaive sei maererano netsika iyi.
Vamwari vatatu vevasiki vekutanga
Izvo zvinoratidzwa mukati mengano, maererano nemavambo ekutanga kwepasi rose maererano nevaMayans, vatatu vevamwari vekutanga ndivo vaive nepfungwa yekugadzira marudzi matsva kuti agare pasi, aine chinangwa chekunamatwa.
Ava vamwari vatatu vokutanga vakaiswa muzvikamu sevasiki, uye mazita avo aive: Tepeu, Kukulkan uye Hurricane. Kunyangwe ivo vachinzi ndivo vakagadzira zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana paNyika, kusikwa kunonyanya kukosha ndekwemunhu.
Neiri basa, vaifanira kuedza katatu, sezvo maviri okutanga asina kubudirira, uye unhu hwevarume ava hwakanga husingaenderani nekariro dzavamwari. Vokutanga vakanga vasina simba uye vasingateereri, kusvikira vasvika kune wechitatu akanga ari murume akangwara.
Kukulkan: Anozivikanwa samwari weMayan wemadutu. Akasika hupenyu panyika kuburikidza nemvura, uye aitungamirira kudzidzisa vanhu kukonzera moto. Mumutauro weMayan, mwari uyu anonzi "Nyoka Ine Feather".
Tepeu: Mwari wekudenga weMayan uye mumwe wevamwari vevasiki, vakatungamira pamwe chete Kukulkan, nzira yekusikwa kwemunhu mukuedza kwake katatu.
dutu remhepo: Ndimwari weMayan wemhepo, dutu nemoto, saka vakaibhabhatidza se "moyo wedenga". Akanga ari mumwe wevamwari vatatu vepakutanga, uyo aitungamirira pakusika vanhu pakuedza kwechitatu. Zvinonziwo nezvake ndiye akakonzera mafashamo mumhinduro kuhasha dzakamutswa navamwari pavanhu vokutanga.
Pavamwari vekupedzisira, zita rake rinoreva "gumbo rimwe" kana "rakaremara." Maererano nengano, dutu remhepo aigara mumhute pamusoro pemvura zhinji. Kubva ipapo akadzokorora izwi rekuti "nyika" kakawanda, kusvikira Nyika yabuda mumakungwa. Zvinonziwo mwari Dutu rakava iro zvino rava boka renyeredzi reOrioni.
The 7 second Musiki vamwari
Munyaya imwe cheteyo pamusoro pemavambo eChisiko Chose maererano navaMayans, pane kutaura kwechikamu chechipiri, apo vamwe vamwari vanopindira avo vainzi vamwari vanomwe vechipiri vasiki, boka apo vokutanga. Hurricane, Kukulkan uye Tepeu, vakabva vabatanidzwa ne: Alom; Bitol; Tzacol; naKaholom.
Alom: akanga ari mwarikadzi wechiMaya anozivikanwa somugari, sezvo akanga achitarisira kubata vana, pamwe chete namwari. Qaholom, aiva akavabereka.
bitol: Akagadzwa saishe wedenga, uye anoonekwa semumwe wevamwari vepakutanga, ane basa rekuumba zvinhu. Kunyange zvazvo asingadudzwi pakati pavamwari vokutanga, anonzi akatora rutivi mukuedza kwokupedzisira pakusikwa kworudzi rwomunhu.
Qaholom: ndimwari Baba, ndivo vaitungamirira kuunganidza vana Alom.
Tzacol: Ainzi mwari wedenga reMayan.
Vamwari vasiki vekupedzisira kana boka revane Gumi neVatatu
Vanonzi vamwari vekupedzisira mukati merondedzero yemavambo echisiko chose maererano navaMayans, vakanga vari avo vakapinda mukuedza kwechitatu kusika vanhu, uye uko kwakaverengwa sebudiriro. Zvimwe zveizvi zvinoonekwa mukati meboka regumi nematatu ndezvi: Akhtzak; Chirakata-Ixminasune; Xlitán; bitol; Hunahpu-Gutch.
Ixmucane: Aive mwarikadzi musiki ari chikamu chemhuri yevanodaidzwa kuti Vamwari Mapatya kana Magamba Mapatya. Vaive mai va Hun-Hunahpu nambuya va Hun-Hunahpú uye Xbalanqué.
Aizivikanwa samwarikadzi wechibage cheMayan, uye aizivikanwa nekugadzira zvinwiwa zvichibva pachibage chichena uye cheyero, izvo zvakaita kuti varume veChibage vasimuke, izvo zvaanonzi ndiye mwarikadzi anopa upenyu. Mumutauro weMayan, zita rake rinoreva "Princess", uye anonzi saAmai Pasi, anomiririra mambakwedza uye zuva.
Mune mamwe magwaro echiMayan akadai sa Chilam Balam uye manyoro akabudiswa muzana ramakore rechi XNUMX, anonongedzerwa kuvamwari vanonzi bacabs, izvo zvine hukama namwari weMayan wemvura, chack. Kukumbira kwe bacabs Zvaikosha zvikuru mukati memitambo yemashura.
Vamwari veXibalbá kana Underworld
Mukati merondedzero yekwakabva uye Universe maererano nemaMayans, kutaurwa kunoitwa kune Xibalba, Yakatumidzwa zita reMayan underworld kana Gehena, iro, maererano nengano, raigarwa nehosha nerufu.
Mukati merwendo rwekusvika kunyika yepasi, mweya yaifanira kutarisana nenjodzi zhinji nematambudziko. Zvinonzi zvakare yaitongwa nemadhimoni Mayans, pakati pavo Hun-Camé uye Vucub-Akauya, uye wakagarwa nezvisikwa zvipenyu zvina. Patán, Quicxic, Quicré uye Quicrixcac.
Vamwe vamwari vanokosha veMayan
Nenzira imwecheteyo, mungano dzeMayan, vamwe vamwari vanotaurwa vakakosha nekuti vaive nesimba kana kutora chikamu muzviitiko zvinoumba mavambo eChisiko maererano nemaMayans. Pakati peizvi pane:
- Itzamna: Mwari Musiki uyewo wematenga. Akanga ari mutongi weChisiko Chapose pose uye achitarisira kudzidzisa mutauro weMayan kuvanhu.
- Ixchel: Akanga ari mwarikadzi weMayan weMwedzi uye shamwari yamwari Kinich Ahau, mwari weMayan Zuva.
- chaak: aive mwari weMayan wemvura nemvura. Vaimubatanidzawo nekuorera kweminda, saka akatorwawo samwari wekurima.
- ah mun: aiva mwari weMayan wechibage. Chimiro chake chaive chejaya rakatakura hura yechibage.
- ah muzenkab: aiva mwari weMayan weuchi nenyuchi.
- Bolon Dzacab: Mwari weMayan wemoto nemheni. Aive akabatana neRoyal Mayan caste.
- Buluc Chabtan: aiva mwari weMayan wehondo uye chibayiro chevanhu.
- Ek Chuah: Mwari wecocoa nekutengesa. VaMaya vaimiririra nemufananidzo wemunhurume akatakura bhegi kumusana.
- Yum Kaax: Akadanwa mungano dzeMayan se "Ishe wemasango". Mayan mwari wekurima uye chibage.
- The Bacabs: Vakanga vari vana vamwari vana mukoma vaitarisira nzvimbo yedenga.
- Ah Puch: Uyewo inonzi "The Discarnate". Akanga ari mwari weMayan werufu.
- Xtabay: mwarikadzi weMayan uye shamwari yamwari Ah shuwa. Pane dzimwe nguva aimirirwa sedhimoni kana kuti rudzi rwechidhoma, naizvozvo akanga ari pakati pavamwarikadzi vakaipa, vainyengera varume, vachivakwezva seri kwechitarisiko chomukadzi akanaka.
- ixtab: Mwari weMayan ane chekuita nezveramangwana uye hupenyu hweparadhiso. Akanga ari mwari aitsigira vaya vaida kuzviuraya nokuzvisungirira.
- Kakasbal: Akanga ari mwari akaipa weMayan. Akatora mafomu akasiyana siyana anotyisa zvekuti kutukwa kwake kwakapinda mumweya wevanhu.
- Kawil: Mayan mwari wemoto.
Kana iwe wakafarira chinyorwa ichi uye uchida kuziva zvakawanda pamusoro pevamwari veMayan, unogona kuongorora dzimwe nyaya dzengano mublog redu, senge mweya wemweya. Nahual Mayan