Kubva makarekare, yave ichishamisa zviri pasi pevhu uye yave ichida kuwana tsananguro. Zvicherwa zvinobva kupi? Marudzi mangani ematombo aripo? Ndezvipi zvikamu zvePasi?
Iyi mibvunzo yakawanda yakabvunzwa munhoroondo yose. Kana iwe uchida kuziva zvakawanda pamusoro pezvikamu zvePasi pano tinokuudza zvakawanda pamusoro pazvo.
Chikamu che geology chinodzidza chimiro chePasi uye zvidimbu zvakasiyana ndicho mukati geodynamics. Nyika yedu inoumbwa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoita kuti paPasi pave noupenyu. Zvinhu zvitatu izvi ndezvi: chakasimba, mvura uye gasi. Zvinhu izvi zviripo muzvikamu zvakasiyana zveNyika.
Kune nzira dzakawanda dzekuisa zvikamu zvePasi. Muchikamu chimwe chete, vanonzi emativi. Izvi zvinosanganisira Atmosphere, Hydrosphere, uye Geosphere. Iyo Geosphere inounza pamwechete zvese zvimiro uye akasiyana emukati akaturikidzana epasi redu. Miti yacho yakakamurwa kuita zvidimbu zviviri: danga rekunze uye remukati. Muchiitiko chedu, isu tichaisa pfungwa pazvikamu zvemukati zvePasi, ndiko kuti, pamusoro pePasi pachava kutanga.
mativi enyika
Kutanga kutsanangura zvikamu zvePasi, tinofanira kuita misiyano miviri. Chekutanga, zviyero zvakavambwa zvemakemikari ekuumbwa kwezvikamu zvakasiyana zvePasi. Zvinoenderana nekuumbwa kwemakemikari, tinowana crust, mantle uye musimboti. Izvi zvinonzi a static model. Chimwe chirevo chinobva pane zvinhu zvemuviri zvezvikamu kana zvinonziwo mechanical behaviour model. Pakati pavo tinowana Misosphere, Mesosphere, Asthenosphere uye Endosphere.
Asi tinoziva sei panotanga kana kupera chikamu?
Masayendisiti akawana nzira dzakasiyana dzekunzwisisa mhando dzezvishandiso uye kusiyanisa masekete pane discontinuities. Madiscontinuities aya ndiwo matunhu emukati mePasi panochinja mhando yechinhu chiri muchikamu ichocho., kureva, chimiro chayo chemakemikari kana mamiriro ayo chinhu chinowanikwa (kubva pakasimba kusvika pamvura). Kutanga tichazoronga zvidimbu zvePasi zvichienderana nekemikari modhi, kureva kuti, zvidimbu zvepasi zvichave: Crust, Mantle uye Core.
Goko repasi
La bark Ndiwo muganhu wepasi. Ane a avhareji density ye3 gr/cm³que inongova 1,6% yehuwandu hwePasi. Izvi zvakakamurwa kuita matunhu maviri akasiyana: continental crust uye oceanic crust.
Continental goko
Iyo kondinendi kukanda Yakakora uye ine chimiro chakaoma. Ndiwo zvakare makwati ekare. Inomiririra 40% yepasi. Inoumbwa nemucheka mutete wematombo e sedimentary, iyo ivhu, sandstone uye limestone ndiyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa. Ivo zvakare vane silica-rich plutonic igneous matombo akafanana negranite. Sezvineiwo, zvizhinji zvezviitiko zve geological zvakaitika munhoroondo yePasi zvakanyorwa mumatombo ekondinendi. Izvi zvinonyatsozivikanwa nekuti matombo akawana shanduko zhinji dzemuviri nemakemikari munhoroondo yese. Izvi zvinoonekwa mumakomo, semuenzaniso, kwatinogona kuwana matombo ekare anogona kusvika kumakore 3.500 bhiriyoni. Mukuwedzera, iwe unogona kudzidza nezve makomo uye kuumbwa kwayo maererano neguru.
oceanic crust
Kune rumwe rutivi, isu tine gungwa regungwa. Iine hunyoro hudiki uye chimiro chakareruka. Inoumbwa nezvikamu zviviri: mutete wakanyanya we sediment uye imwe layer yebasalt (inova igneous volcanic rocks). Makwati aya idiki, nokuti basalt yakawanikwa ichiumba uye inoputika nguva dzose, saka matombo ari mugungwa regungwa haasi anopfuura mamiriyoni e200 emakore. Pakupera kwecortex ndiyo mold discontinuity. Kusaenderera mberi uku ndiko kunopatsanura goko kubva mujasi. Inowanikwa makiromita makumi mashanu kudzika.
nguvo
Iyo jasi chimwe chezvikamu zveNyika chinotambanuka kubva pasi pegoko kusvika kupakati pekunze. Inotangira kuseri kweMoho uye ndiyo huru pane pasi rose. Ndizvozvo 82% yehuwandu hwePasi uye 69% yehuwandu hwayo. Muchipfeko pane mitsara miviri yakaparadzaniswa sekondari Repetti discontinuities. Discontinuity iyi inowanikwa pakadzika makiromita angangoita 800 uye ndipo panoparadzana jasi repamusoro kubva kuzasi. Muchipfeko chepamusoro tinowana "Layer D". Iyi layer inowanikwa pakadzika makiromita angangoita mazana maviri uye inoratidzwa ne200% kusvika 5% yekunyungudika. Izvi zvinoita kuti kupisa kusimuke kubva pakati nepakati kuburikidza nejasi. Sezvo kupisa kunowedzera, matombo ari mujasi anowedzera kupisa, dzimwe nguva achikwira pamusoro uye achigadzira makomo anoputika. Ava ndivo vanonzi "Nzvimbo dzinopisa"
Kuumbwa kwejasi kunogona kuzivikanwa nemiedzo iyi:
- heyi marudzi maviri emameteorite: yekutanga inoumbwa ne peridotite uye iron.
- Matombo aripo pamusoro pePasi izvo zvakabviswa kubva pachipfeko nekuda kwekufamba kwe tectonic.
- Volcanic Chimneys: Iwo maburi akadzika kwazvo edenderedzwa ayo magma anosimuka achiaburitsa pachena. Inogona kureba makiromita mazana maviri.
- ari seismic wave shortening tests pavanenge vachipfuura nemujasi vanotaura kuti pane phase transition. Kuchinja kwechikamu kunosanganisira shanduko mune mineral structure. Pakupera kwejasi tinowana iyo Gutenberg discontinuity. Iyi discontinuity inoparadzanisa jasi kubva pakati uye sInowanikwa makiromita angangoita 2.900 kudzika.
Musimboti wePasi
Ndiko kwakadzika kwepasi. Inotangira kubva kuGutenberg discontinuity kusvika pakati pePasi. Ibhora rine radius yemakiromita 3.486, saka huwandu hwayo i16% yehuwandu hwePasi.. Huremu hwayo i31% yehuremu hwose hwePasi nekuti inoumbwa nezvinhu zvakakora. Mukati mepakati, magineti ePasi anogadzirwa ne convection mukunze core, iyo inonyungudika yakatenderedza mukati kati, iyo yakasimba. Tembiricha yaro yakakwira zvakanyanya, yakatenderedza 5000-6000 madhigirii celsius, uye kudzvanywa kwacho kwakaenzana nemiriyoni imwe kusvika kumatatu emumhepo.
Yakakamurwa kuita yemukati core uye yekunze core, musiyano uri kupihwa ne sekondari Vicht discontinuity. El Outer core, iyo kudzika kwayo kunosiyana pakati pemakiromita 2.900 ne5.100, yakanyungudutswa. The inner core, kune rumwe rutivi, inotambanuka kubva pakadzika makiromita 5.100 kusvika kumakiromita angangoita 6.000 kubva pakati pePasi, uye yakasimba.
Izvi zvinoumbwa zvakanyanya nesimbi, 5-10% nickel, uye zvikamu zvidiki zvesarufa, silicon, uye oxygen. Maedzo anobatsira kuziva zvikamu zvenyukireya ndeaya:
- Dense zvinhu, semuyenzaniso. Nekuda kwekuwanda kwazvo, vanoramba vari mukati mepakati pePasi.
- iron meteorite.
- Kushaikwa kwesimbi kunze kwegoko. Izvi zvinotitaurira kuti simbi inofanira kuiswa mukati.
- Pamwe chete nesimbi mukati mepakati, inoumba Magineti epasi.
Kupatsanurwa uku kunobva pamuenzaniso unotarisisa kuumbwa kwekemikari yezvikamu zvakasiyana zvepasi uye zvinhu zvinoumba zvidimbu zvepasi. Zvino tichanzwisisa kupatsanurwa kwezvikamu zvePasi kubva pakuona kwemaitiro emagetsi ePasi, kureva, kubva pakuona kwezvinhu zvemuviri zvezvinhu zvinoiumba.
Zvikamu zvePasi zvinoenderana nemuchina wemodhi
Mumuenzaniso uyu, zvidimbu zvepasi zvakakamurwa kuita: Misosphere, Mesosphere, Asthenosphere uye Endosphere.
Lithosphere
Ndicho yakaoma layer inosvika 100 kilometres gobvu iyo inosanganisira zvidimbu zvepamusoro zveguru uye mantle. Iri rigid layer ndiyo lithosphere yakatenderedza Nyika.
Asthenosphere
Ndiyo plastiki layer inoenderana neakawanda epamusoro mantle. Pane convection mariri uye iri kuramba ichifamba. Inonyanya kukosha mune tectonics. Kufamba uku kunokonzerwa ne convection, kuchinja kwehuwandu hwezvinhu.
Mesosphere
Inowanikwa pakadzika makiromita 660 uye makiromita 2.900. Inoumba chikamu chezasi uye chikamu chekunze kwepakati pePasi. Kunyanyisa kwayo kunopihwa ne Wiechert discontinuities.
Endosphere
Inosanganisira mukati mukati meNyika ambotaurwa. Sezvauri kuona, masayendisiti anga achidzidza mukati mePasi kuburikidza nemiedzo yakasiyana-siyana uye miedzo kuti vadzidze zvakawanda nezvepasi ratiri kurarama pariri.
Sezvauri kuona, masayendisiti anga achidzidza mukati mePasi kuburikidza nemiedzo yakasiyana-siyana uye miedzo kuti vadzidze zvakawanda nezvepasi ratiri kurarama pariri. Kuti tienzanise izvo zvishoma zvatinoziva nezvemukati mePasi, tinoda kungofungidzira Nyika seapuro. Zvakanaka, nehunyanzvi hwedu hwepamusoro, kudzika kwakadzama kwekuchera kwave kuwanikwa kungangoita makiromita gumi nemaviri. Kufananidza Nyika neapuro sekunge isu takangosvuura chikamu chekupedzisira cheapuro rose, uye mhodzi iri pakati inoenzana nepakati pePasi. Ndinovimba ruzivo urwu rwakabatsira.
