Madhamu emvura chikamu chenzvimbo yezuva nezuva yeSpain, kunyange hazvo kazhinji asingaonekwe kusvika ... kusanaya kwemvura kwenguva refu kana kuti mvura zhinji Uye vari kutaurwa zvakare. Kuseri kwemvura yese yakavharirwa nedhamu kune mainjiniya, manejimendi yemvura, kuchengetedzeka, uye nhoroondo yakawanda, kubva pakuvaka kweRoma kusvika kumapurojekiti makuru emuzana remakore rechi20.
Murwendo urwu tichaona zvakadzama Matangi emvura anoparadzirwa sei muSpain, ayo ari makuru, mashandisirwo awo ndeapi, uye matambudziko api anosangana nawo? uye maitiro ekutarisa mazinga avo panguva chaiyo. Tichaongororawo dzimwe pfungwa dzekutanga dzenzvimbo yemvura uye chokwadi chinonakidza nezvemadhamu anozivikanwa, nguva dzose achishandisa mutauro unosvikika wakagadzirirwa kunzwisiswa nemunhu wese, kubva kune avo vari kugadzirira bvunzo yenzvimbo kusvika kune avo vanongoda kuziva zviri kuitika nemvura yavo yepombi.
Chii chinonzi dziva uye chinosiyana sei nedhamu, tangi kana dziva?
Mumutauro wemazuva ese, tinowanzo shandisa mazwi akadai sedziva, swamp, kana dziva rekugadzira zvinhu tichichinjana, asi mune zvejogirafi neinjiniya pane zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Dziva (Dziva remvura) zvinoreva kuunganidzwa kwemvura inochengetwa nedhamu rakavakwa murwizi. kana kuti rwizi, zvichivhara mupata zvachose kana kuti chikamu chawo kuti zvichengetwe.
Zvichienderana netsanangudzo yeNational Geographic Institute, dziva remvura (dura) i "kuunganidzwa kwemvura kunogadzirwa nechinhu chiri mugomba remvura"Izvi zvinogara zvichisanganisira chivakwa chakagadzirwa nevanhu (dhamu) uye rwizi kana mupata wakatangira. Mvura inocherwa kumusoro kwedhamu, zvichiita dziva rekugadzira rine saizi yakasiyana zvichienderana nekugona kwedhamu, mamiriro aro, uye huwandu hwemvura inochengetwa.
Izwi iri rinoshandiswawo zvakanyanya muSpain. swampMuchokwadi, madhamu ane chekuita ne kudzika kwemvura uko mvura inomira, ine pasi pematope uye kudzika kusina kudzikaZvisinei, mumutauro unozivikanwa, izwi rekuti "madhamu" rinoshandiswa zvakafanana kureva madhamu ekugadzira, ndosaka paine kuvhiringidzika kunowanzoitika.
Pasi pematangi emvura, muhukuru uye mashandiro awo, tinowana madziva emvura nemadzivaMatangi emvura anowanzo chengeta mvura yakakwana yekunwa kwezuva rimwe kana maviri yekushandiswa kwevanhu. Anoshanda kudzora mashandiro epombi uye kudzivirira mvura kuti isayerere zvakananga kubva kunobva mvura ichipinda mupombi.
Matangi emvura akakwirira ndiwo anonyanya kuzivikanwa: akavakwa munzvimbo dzakati sandara kuti kukwidza mvura wopa simba kune networkPamamita gumi ega ega ekukwirira, inenge mhepo imwe chete yekumanikidzwa inowanikwa, uye network yemaguta inoda mhepo dziri pakati pe2 ne3 kuti ishande zvakanaka. Ndosaka zvisiri zvisinganzwisisike kuona matangi emvura akareba mamita makumi maviri mumaguta nemaguta.
Magwagwa, ivo pachavo, ndiwo matangi emvura ari mumhepo yakavhurika, kazhinji kacho madiki kana ari pakati nepakatiMatangi aya anonyanya kushandiswa kudzora kudiridza kwekurima. Anowanzova nehukuru husingawanzopfuura 1 cubic hectometer (hm³) uye anobvumira kutarisirwa kwehurongwa hwekudiridza kana kuchengetwa kwemvura kubva kune dzimwe nzvimbo kana mumatsime.
Kugona kwese kuchengetwa kwemvura muSpain uye kugoverwa kwayo zvichienderana nenzvimbo
Spain ndeimwe yenyika dzemuEurope dzine madhamu nemadhamu akawanda. Munyika yese kune madhamu makuru anopfuura 350inokwanisa kuchengeta ma cubic hectometers emvura (hm³) angangoita 54.000-56.000, izvo zvakaenzana ne 50% yekuyerera kwerwizi inoyerera nemunzizi dzeSpain.
Kukwanisa kukuru uku kuchengetedza zvinhu hakusi kwechisikigo. Munyika ine mamiriro ekunze asina kurongeka eMediterraneanNemakore ekunaya neasina mvura, matangi emvura ndiwo "dura guru remvura" rinobvumira vanhu kuwana mvura, zvirimwa zvekudiridza, maindasitiri ekuchengetedza mvura, simba remagetsi rinogadzirwa uye mafashamo emvura anoderedzwa.
Tichitarisa kugoverwa kwenzvimbo, nharaunda ine mukana mukuru wekuchengetedza mvura muSpain ndeye Extremadura, ine 14.225 hm³. Inoteverwa zvakanyanya ne Andalusia, ine ingangoita 11.385 hm³, uye Castile naLeonine simba remamita angangoita 8.305 hm³. Kune rumwe rutivi, nharaunda ine simba diki remvura iri La Rioja, iyo inosvika zvishoma nezvishoma 136 hm³.
Padanho redunhu, zvinonyanya kuoneka Badajoz, inova dunhu rine mvura yakawanda yakachengetwa muSpain, ine inosvika 6.939 hm³. Inoteverwa neCáceres, ine inosvika 5.890 hm³, uye Córdoba, inodarika 3.200 hm³. Kusiyana neizvi, Valladolid Inounganidza zvishoma 6 hm³ yesimba rayo, izvo zvinoratidza kusaenzana kukuru kwenzvimbo maererano nezvivakwa zvekuchengetera zvinhu.
Zvose, ihurongwa hunoita kuti Inofukidza hafu yerwizi runoyerera uye izvo zvakabvumira kukura kwenzvimbo dzakakura dzinodiridzwa uye mvura yekunwa yakavimbiswa mumapoka evanhu, vasina matangi aya, vaizotambura nekuchekwa kakawanda munguva dzekusanaya kwemvura.
Mashandisirwo makuru emadziva emvura: mvura, simba uye kudzora mafashamo
Madhamu emvura anoshanda mabasa akati wandei panguva imwe chete, ayo anowanzo batanidzwa mukati mehurongwa humwe chete. Kushandiswa kuri pachena ndiko kuwaniswa kwemvura yekunwa kumaguta nemataundiMazhinji emadhamu makuru akabatana ne network dzekugovera mvura dzinopa mamiriyoni evanhu mvura yekunwa.
Chimwe chinhu chinokosha chinoshandiswa ndeche kudiridza kwekurimaMasisitimu ekudiridza emazuva ano anoenderana nemvura inogara yakagadzikana, izvo zvinongogoneka chete kana kuyerera kwenzizi kuchidzorwa nemadhamu nemigero. Munzvimbo zhinji dziri mukati nekumaodzanyemba kweIberian Peninsula, kurima kwakasimba kwaisazovapo pasina network iyi yemadziva.
Chechitatu, madhamu akawanda anoshandiswa pakuchengetedza kugadzira simba remagetsi emvuraKuderera kwehuwandu hwemvura pakati pedhamu negwenya remagetsi kunoita kuti ma turbine afambe, zvichigadzira magetsi anogona kushandiswazve. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, madhamu akawanda akatevedzana parwizi rumwe chete anoumba "matanho" chaiwo emagetsi emvura.
Hatifaniri kukanganwa basa re dziviriro yemafashamoMadhamu mazhinji akagadzirwa kudzora mafashamo: kana mvura ikangoerekana yakwira, dhamu rinochengetedza mvura yakawanda inoyerera uye rinoiburitsa zvishoma nezvishoma. Nenzira iyi, njodzi yekuzara kwemvura pasi pemvura inoderedzwa, kuchengetedza vanhu, zvivakwa uye minda yakarimwa.
Pakupedzisira, mamwe madhamu emvura anoita basa guru mu kutonhora kwefekitori yemagetsi enyukireyaSemuenzaniso, matangi anotonhodza chigayo chemagetsi cheAlmaraz paRwizi rweTagus anoshanda semapapu makuru emvura anotora kupisa kubva kudunhu rekutonhodza. Kusiyana neizvi, Vandellós II yakasiyana muSpain, sezvo inotonhodzwa zvakananga nemvura yegungwa kwete netangi remukati.
Maitiro ekutarisa huwandu hwematangi emvura aripo muSpain
Mumakore achangopfuura, kuongorora huwandu hwematangi emvura kwave kufarirwa zvikuru, kunyanya panguva yekusanaya kwemvura. Kana uchida kuziva mvura yakawanda sei mudziva rega rega kana nzvimbo yega yega ine mvura?Kune nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzepamutemo uye nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzekuchengetedza ruzivo kwaunogona kuona ruzivo rwacho zvakajeka.
Chinyorwa chekutanga ndeche Datos.gob.esNzvimbo yedata yakavhurika yehurumende yeSpain inoburitsa, pakati pemamwe akawanda, ayo ane chekuita nedura renyika. Inzvimbo yakazara uye yakasimba, yakagadzirirwa vashandisi vane hunyanzvi hwekubata data kana kufarira tekinoroji, saka inogona kunge yakawanda kana uchida kungoongorora nekukurumidza.
Webhusaiti iyi inobatsirawo zvikuru. RTVE, iyo inopa mishumo nguva nenguva ine Mepu dzinopindirana dzemazinga edzivaIzvi zvinosanganisira machati anoratidza mafambiro uye kuenzanisa neavhareji yemakore achangopfuura. Anowanzoonekwa uye ari nyore kuverenga, akakodzera kunzwisisa mamiriro ese ezvinhu nekukurumidza.
Imwe portal inozivikanwa zvikuru ndeye Reservoirs.netIyi webhusaiti inonyanya kuunganidza nekuratidza mamiriro emadziva ekuSpain. Inopa ruzivo kubva murwizi, kubva kuvanhu vanozvimirira, uye kubva mudziva rega rega, kusanganisira huwandu hwekuzadza, mavhoriyamu mu hm³ uye magirafu ekushanduka-shandukaNdiyo imwe yesarudzo dzakajeka kune mushandisi wepakati.
Nzvimbo iAgua.es Inopawo ruzivo rwakaunganidzwa pamusoro pemamiriro emadziva ekuSpain, kunyangwe nenzira yakajairika. Inowanzo tarisa pakuongorora nenhau kubva kuchikamu chemvura, kusanganisira pfupiso yemamiriro emvura uye matura aripo.
Nhanho nenhanho: muenzaniso unoshanda neEmbalses.net
Kunyangwe paine mapeji akati wandei anobatsira, rimwe remapeji anonyanya kunzwisisika kune veruzhinji nderekuti Reservoirs.netPaunenge wapinda peji ravo rekutanga, uchaona, pakati, pfupiso huru ine mvura yese yakachengetwa mumatangi emvura muSpain, inoratidzwa mu hm³ uye sechikamu chehukuru hwepamusoro.
Kuruboshwe kune paneti ine menyu yekuwedzera ruzivo, asi unongoda kusvetukira pasi zvishoma kuti uwane Mepu yeSpain nenharaunda dzinozvitongaNzvimbo yega yega ine ruvara zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemvura yakachengetwa panguva iyoyo, saka unowana pfupiso pfupi: mivara yakasviba inoratidza matangi akazara, mivara yakareruka inoratidza kushomeka kwemvura.
Kana ukadzvanya panharaunda inozvimiririra yaunofarira, peji rinovhurwa rine ruzivo rwakadzama kubva munzvimbo iyoyo: chikamu chemvura yakachengetwa, zvichienzaniswa nevhiki rapfuura, neavhareji yemakore gumi apfuura, uye kunyangwe nemutengo wegore rapfuura pamazuva aya akafanana.
Kubva ipapo unogona kudzika zvishoma wobva wawana runyorwa nematunhu mukati medunhu iroro. Kudzvanya padunhu kunovhura peji idzva rine mepu chaiyo inoratidza matangi akasiyana-siyana uye mageji emvura munzvimbo iyi. Matangi anomiririrwa nezviratidzo zvakaita semadonhwe.
Kudzvanya padonhwe redhamu rakati rinovhura kadhi rine huwandu chaihwo hwekuzadza, huwandu hwemvura, uye magirafu emafambiro mumwedzi mishoma yapfuuraNekudzokorora maitiro aya nemapurovhinzi akasiyana kana madhamu, unogona kuwana pfungwa chaiyo yemamiriro emvura mune chero kona yenyika.
Mamiriro enguva pfupi yapfuura emvura inochengetwa: kuwedzera uye kusiyana
Kana mvura zhinji ikaitika, kana kuti kana paine chitubu chemvura, mhedzisiro yacho pamadziva emvura inokatyamadza. Pave paine zviitiko apo, munguva pfupi yapfuura mvura inonaya nguva dzose kwemavhiki matatuNzvimbo yemvura yakachengetwa yakawana kudzoreredzwa kunoshamisa.
Mune chimwe chezviitiko izvi zvechangobva kuitika, huwandu hwese hwemadziva emvura muSpain hwaive hwakaita se 71,2% yehuwandu hwayo hweseMushure mekunge tawana mapoinzi mashanu nehafu muzana mumazuva manomwe chete. Kana tikangotarisa matangi emvura ekushandisa chete (ayo akagadzirirwa kushandiswa nevanhu nekurima), nzvimbo iyi yakasvika pa66,6% yehuwandu hwayo.
Ruzivo irworwo rwaikosha zvikuru nekuti rwaiwanikwa Mapoinzi gumi nemaviri pamusoro peavhareji yemakore gumi apfuuraiyo yaive inenge 54,4%. Kana zvichienzaniswa nenguva imwe chete yegore rapfuura, musiyano wacho wakanyanya kushamisa: matangi emvura aishandiswa panguva iyoyo aive anenge 46,5%, kureva kuti, anenge mapoinzi makumi maviri pasi.
Pakati penguva yekunaya kwemvura yakawanda, kutenderedza 68% yemadziva emvura 374 ari pachitsuwa ichi Vakaratidza mwero wakakwira kupfuura avhareji yemakore gumi apfuura. Panyaya yemadziva akatsaurirwa kushandiswa kwevanhu (anenge matangi 281), chikamu chaive pamusoro peavhareji yekare chakakwira kusvika pa71%.
Mamiriro ezvinhu aya akabvumira kurerutswa kwezvirambidzo mumabheseni akati wandei. Semuenzaniso, Segura Hydrographic Confederation Yakasarudza kuderedza zvakanyanya kuderedzwa kwemvura yekudiridza mushure mekuona kuti huwandu hwemvura yakachengetwa mumatangi emvura hwakanga hwawedzera neinenge 100 hm³. Miganho yekudiridza yechinyakare yakabva pa40% kusvika pa20%, uye mukudiridza kusiri kwechinyakare yakaderedzwa kubva pa57% kusvika pa33%.
Mienzaniso chaiyo: kubva kuEntrepeñas neBuendía kuenda kuSeville neIznájar
Pakati pematangi emvura anokwezva kutariswa kwakanyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, tangi remvura re EntrepeñasMuGuadalajara. Munguva imwe chete yemvura zhinji iyi, yakachengeta 691 hm³ kubva pa813, zvichireva kuti yaive Mapoinzi makumi mana nemashanu pamusoro peavhareji yehuwandu hwayo hwemakore gumi apfuuraKuchinja kukuru kubva mumakore ekusanaya kwemvura, apo mufananidzo wayo wainyanya kunetsa.
Danho reEntrepeñas rakasvika padanho repamusoro zvekuti, kekutanga munenge muna 28 makoreMugero unoibatanidza nedhamu wakavhurwa Zuva rakanakaiyo inowanzo da zvekushandisa zvakanyanya. Kutamiswa pakati pezviviri izvi kwaive kunosvika 3,5 hm³ yemvura pazuva, kureva kuti, inopfuura 100 hm³ pamwedzi, izvo zvakabatsira kuyera mamiriro ezvinhu pakati pematangi maviri makuru ehurongwa anozivikanwa se "Gungwa reCastile".
Mumwe muenzaniso unoshamisa wakaitika mu hafu yekumadokero kweAndalusiakunyanya mumadhamu anogovera mvura muSeville. Kubva pakati paKukadzi, madhamu aya akaunganidza mvura inosvika 623,6 hm³, huwandu hwakaenzana ne kushandiswa kwenzvimbo yese yeguta mukati megore rose, sekureva kwekambani yehurumende yeEmasesa.
Nekuda kwemvura iyoyo, matangi emvura anopa mvura kuSeville nemaguta gumi nerimwe akabatana nenetwork yayo akasvika pedyo ne ... 97% yehuwandu hwayo hwepamusoroKambani iyi yakafungidzira kuti, nemvura iyoyo, kuwanikwa kwemvura kunogona kuvimbiswa kwemakore angangoita matanhatu, mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana zvikuru negore rapfuura, apo panguva iyoyo huwandu hwakachengetwa hwakanga husina kusvika pa48%.
Zvisinei, mamiriro acho haana kufanana muGuadalquivir yose. IznajarDziva guru muAndalusia uye rechitanhatu pakukura muSpain maererano nekushandiswa kwemvura, raive ne28,2% yehuwandu hwaro, mapoinzi matanhatu kupfuura gore rapfuura asi richiripo. mapoinzi angangoita gumi nematanhatu pasi peavhareji yayo mumakore gumi apfuuraGungwa reSegura rakaratidzawo musiyano, nemadziva emvura akaita seCenajo ari pasi pehuwandu hwaitarisirwa mugore rega rega.
Matangi ane mvura shoma uye nzvimbo dzine njodzi huru
Kunyangwe paine shanduko dzimwe nguva, kunyangwe munguva yekunaya kwemvura, kazhinji pane matangi emvura anopfuura zana anosara mu mamiriro ekushomeka kwemariKuongororwa kwakaitwa munguva pfupi yapfuura kwakaratidza kuti matangi emvura anopfuura zana ari pasi peavhareji yekare, ayo 81 acho ainyanya kushandiswa semvura yekunwa.
Nzvimbo dzine matambudziko akawanda dzinowanzo kuve dzakanyanya hafu yekumabvazuva kweAndalusia (kusanganisira nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzeGuadalquivir neSegura) uye mu mabheseni emukati meCataloniaMunzvimbo iyi yekupedzisira, kunyange hazvo mamwe madhamu emvura akavandudzika zvichienzaniswa negore rapfuura, achiri kure neavhareji yehuwandu hwemvura mumakore gumi apfuura.
Muenzaniso unoratidza dhamu re SusquestaNzvimbo huru pane dzose dzeCatalan, ine simba re233 hm³, pane imwe nguva yakasvika pa42,9% yesimba rayo, zvakapetwa kaviri huwandu hwemvura yayaibata panguva imwe chete gore rapfuura, asi yakaramba iripo... pasi peavhareji yayo yekare nepfungwa dzinopfuura makumi maviri nemana yemakore gumi apfuura.
Kusarongeka uku kunoratidza kuti, kunyange zvazvo kuenzana kwenyika kungave kwakanaka, Kutarisirwa kwemvura hakuna kuenzana zvichienderana nenzvimbo ine mvura uye mamiriro ekunze enzvimbo imwe neimwe. Ndosaka zvichikosha kuva nezvishandiso zvekutarisa uye mitemo yekuchengetedza nekushandisa zvakanaka, kunyangwe kana mamepu achiratidzika se "akasvibirira" munzvimbo zhinji dzenyika.
Matangi gumi makuru muSpain
Kana tikanyanya kutarisa pahombe dzehurongwa uhwu, Spain ine matangi mashoma anoonekwa kupfuura mamwe ese. Igungwa remukati menyika iro, nekuda kwehukuru hwaro uye kugona kwaro, rinoita basa guru mukutarisira mvura nesimba.
Dura re La Serena[Zvisina kujeka] mudunhu reBadajoz (Extremadura) ndiro riri pamusoro. Rakatanga kushandiswa muna 1989 uye rinogona kuchengetwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. 3.220 hm³ yemvuraIzvi zvinoita kuti isangova nzvimbo huru chete muSpain asiwo imwe yenzvimbo dzakakura kwazvo muWestern Europe. Kuti ndikupe pfungwa, huwandu ihwohwo hunogona kukwana nzvimbo yese yeExtremadura kwemakore anopfuura makumi matatu.
Dura remvura iri pedyo zvikuru nehukuru hwaro alcantaraZvakare muExtremadura, asi mudunhu reCáceres. Yakapedzwa muna 1969 uye ine nzvimbo dzinokwana vanhu 3.162 hm³Panguva yekuvakwa kwayo, yaive nzvimbo yechipiri pakukura kwemvura muEurope, uye ichiri chinhu chakakosha mukudzora Rwizi rweTagus uye mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura.
Dutu guru rechitatu ndiro dziva re AlmondmuSalamanca. Pamusoro pekuwanda kwayo kukuru, iyo iri pedyo ne 2.648 hm³Zvinozivikanwa nekuti dhamu rayo ndiro rakareba kupfuura mamwe ose muSpain, rine urefu hwemamita 202. Dziva iri rinofukidza mahekita angangoita 8.650, kusanganisira nzira yeRwizi rweTormes nenzvimbo dzakakura dzine mafashamo.
Mushure meizvi, tinowana dziva re Zuva rakanaka, muGuadalajara, ine dhamu rayo rakavhurwa muna 1958. Rinogona kuchengeta zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana 1.638 hm³ yemvura uye, pamwe chete neEntrepeñas, Bolarque, Zorita naAlmoguera, inoumba chikamu chehurongwa hunozivikanwa se "Gungwa reCastile", hwakakosha pakufambisa mvura yeTajo-Segura uye kushandiswa kwenzvimbo.
Nzvimbo yechishanu inowanzo gara mudura remvura Mequinenza, mudunhu reZaragoza, iro rinozivikanwawo se "Gungwa reAragon"Yakavakwa muna 1966, huwandu hwayo hunosvika 1.530 hm³, uye yavewo nzvimbo yakakosha yekubata hove dzemitambo uye kushanya kwemuno.
Shure kwavo kunouya mamwe mazita makuru: dziva re cijara, pamuganhu uri pakati peCáceres neBadajoz, ine simba rinenge 1.505 hm³; dziva remvura Valdecañas, muCáceres, ine nzvimbo inosvika mahekita 7.300 uye inokwanisa 1.446 hm³; Ricobayo, muZamora, yakapedzwa muna 1935 ine simba rinenge 1.200 hm³; uye AlarconMuCuenca, ine 1.112 hm³ uye ine mugero uri kumashure kwayo apo mvura yeTagus-Segura inosanganiswa neyeJúcar.
Dura rinovhara runyorwa urwu IznajarDziva iri muCórdoba, rakapedzwa muna 1969 uye rine simba rinosvika 981 hm³, ndiro rakatumidzwa zita redziva guru muAndalusia. Kunze kwerondedzero, muunganidzwa wemadhamu makuru aya unoratidza Nzvimbo yeSpain yakachinjwa kusvika papi nekuvakwa kwemadhamu? muzana remakore rapfuura.
Madziva emvura nenzvimbo: Extremadura, Meseta, Andalusia nekuchamhembe kwePeninsula
Kana tikatarisa dzimwe nzvimbo dzakatarwa, mepu yemadziva emvura muSpain inova inonakidza zvikuru. ExtremaduraSemuenzaniso, mvura yemumatangi ndiyo chinhu chikuru chehupfumi. Kuwedzera kuLa Serena neCijara, dunhu iri rine [dhamu/dhamu] rataurwa pamusoro apa. Valdecañas, rimwe remadziva makuru muTagus basin rine mahekita 7.300 emvura, anoshandiswa pakudiridza, kugadzira magetsi uye kushandiswa kwezvekuvaraidza.
Munharaunda yeMeseta, kuwedzera kuBuendía, mamwe madhamu anozivikanwa anosanganisira iri ku Alarcon, iri mudunhu reCuenca. Kukwanisa kwayo kunosvika 1.112 hm³, uye kumucheto kwayo kure kubva padhamu ndiko kune nzvimbo Tagus-Segura yekufambisa mvura mugero Inosanganisa mvura yayo nekuyerera kweRwizi rweJúcar, chinhu chakakosha mukutarisira mvura pakati pemabheseni.
Tichienderera mberi neMeseta, tinowana dziva remvura NavacerradaIri munharaunda yeMadrid, pakakwirira mamita angangoita 1.200 uye iri pedyo nenzvimbo inozivikanwa yekutsvikira ski ine zita rimwe chete. Kunyangwe isiri imwe yenzvimbo hombe pakukura, inokosha zvikuru ku kuwanikwa kwemakomo nechikamu cheguta gurupamwe nekuva nzvimbo inoshanyirwa nevanhu vanofamba-famba netsoka uye vanoda zvisikwa.
Kuchamhembe kweIberian Peninsula, dziva remvura Ullíbarri-GamboaDziva riri muÁlava nderimwe remadhamu anozivikanwa zvikuru. Rinopa mvura kuVitoria-Gasteiz uye, muchikamu, nzvimbo yeBilbao. Uyezve, rave nzvimbo inozivikanwa zvikuru yekuzorora, ine inland mahombekombe muLanda neGaraio uye nzvimbo dzakakura dzechisikigo dzekushambira nemitambo yemumvura.
Kana tikatarira kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva, muCatalonia, embassament d'Ulldecona (paRwizi rweSénia) mumwe muenzaniso unonakidza. Dhamu rayo rine zita rayo nekuda kwekuti kuvakwa kwaro kwakatsigirwa nemari nevarimi vanobva muguta reUlldecona, uye nzvimbo yakapoteredza yave nzvimbo ine rugare, ine misha yekare yakaita semusha wakasiyiwa weMangraner uri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero.
Madziva eAndalusia nenzvimbo dzakasiyana
Andalusia ine runyorwa rurefu rwemadziva ayo, pamusoro pebasa rawo remvura, akachinjwa kuva nzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro dzepasiMazhinji acho akachinjwa kukosha senzvimbo dzekushanya kwemuno, mitambo yemumvura uye zviitiko zvekunze.
Imwe yeakanyanya kurova ndeye NegratínIri mudunhu reGranada, mukati meguta reFreila, dhamu iri rine nzvimbo yebhuruu inoyevedza inoonekwa senzvimbo ine makoronga nenzvimbo dzakaipa, zvichiita kuti ive nzvimbo inoyevedza zvikuru. Vashanyi vanogona kunakidzwa nekufamba nechikepe, kufamba nechikepe muzvikepe zvidiki, kana kungozorora panzvimbo dzayo dzekuona nzvimbo nenzvimbo dzekushambira dzakatarwa.
Mudunhu reMalaga, dziva remvura La Viñuela Yakagadzirwa pakati pemakore ekuma80 mushure mekunge nzizi dzeGuaro, Vélez, neSeco dzavharwa. Ndiyo nzvimbo huru yekuwanikwa kwemvura nekudiridza munharaunda yeAxarquía. Uyezve, yave yakakurumbira senzvimbo ye zorora muzhizha uye dzidza mitambo yemumvuraKarubhi yakaunzwa mumvura yayo kuti ibatsire kudzora sora remumvura, muenzaniso wekutarisira zvipenyu izvo zvinokakavadzana asi zvakajairika munzvimbo dzakadai.
Izvo zvatotaurwa Dziva reIznájarIri pakati peCórdoba, Málaga, neGranada, kunyangwe iri mudunhu reCórdoba, ndiyo hombe muAndalusia. Kukura kwayo nenzvimbo yayo paRwizi rwaGenil zvinoita kuti ive chikamu chakakosha cheGuadalquivir basin, pamusoro pekupa mahombekombe egungwa nenzvimbo dzekutandarira yakazara vanhu muzhizha.
Mudunhu reZamora, kunyange zvazvo riri kunze kwenharaunda yeAndalusian, dziva re Ricobayo Inopa mumwe muenzaniso wedziva rekare. Rakapedzwa muna 1935, rinogona kuchengetedza makirogiramu angangoita 1.200 hm³, uye kushandiswa kwaro kwemagetsi emvura kwakaratidza kukura kwesimba renzvimbo iyi kwechikamu chikuru chezana remakore rechi20, nenzvimbo yakachinjwa zvikuru nepamusoro pemvura.
Kune rumwe rutivi, mudiki Dziva reCerveraNekukwanisa kwayo kungoita mamiriyoni gumi emamita (0,01 hm³), inowanzotaurwa sediki pane mamwe madhamu ekuSpain. Izvi zvakasiyana zvikuru nehofori dzakaita seLa Serena kana Alcántara, uye zvinoratidza kuti Haasi matangi ese akagadzirirwa kuva mapurojekiti makuru ekugadzira ma hydraulic.Vazhinji vanoita mabasa emunharaunda asi akakosha zvakaenzana.
Nhoroondo uye zvinoshamisa zvemadhamu ezviratidzo
Kupfuura nhamba idzi, madhamu mazhinji ekuSpain anovanza nyaya dzakasiyana. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa ndechekuti dhamu re Proserpina, muMérida (Extremadura), inoonekwa seimwe ye Matangi emvura ekare anoshanda muEuropeYakavakwa nevaRoma makore anopfuura 2.000 apfuura kuti ipe guta rekare reAugusta Emerita nzvimbo dzaro uye ichiri kushandiswa nanhasi, yakagadziridzwa kuti ienderane nemitemo yemazuva ano, senzvimbo yemvura.
Kune rimwe divi renguva yakatarwa, madhamu akaita se La Serena, Alcántara kana Almendra Dzinomiririra mapurojekiti makuru ekugadzira ma hydraulic muSpain yezana remakore rechi20. Mazhinji acho akavakwa pakati pezana remakore rechi20, zvichienderana nehurongwa hwekudiridza nekuisa magetsi. Dhamu reAlmendra, rine kureba kwemamita anopfuura mazana maviri, chiratidzo cheinjiniya iyi yakakura.
Hatifaniriwo kukanganwa kuti, pamusoro pebasa rawo rekushanda, matangi akawanda ane zvitsuwa, misha yakanyura mumvura uye zvasara zvenhaka dzakanyudzwa mumvura. Munguva yekusanaya kwemvura kwakanyanya, zvimwe zvezvisaririra izvi zvinomukazve uye zvinova, kwemwedzi mishoma, nzvimbo dzisingatarisirwi kune vanoona nekutora mifananidzo, kunyangwe zvichikonzerawo gakava pamusoro pekurangarira nhoroondo nenhaka.
Munyaya dzedzidzo, matangi emvura ave chinhu chinowanikwa mumakirasi. Geography yeSpain yeESO neBachilleratoMepu nemifananidzo inotsanangura pfungwa dzakadai semafashamo, kuderedza mafashamo, kuzara kwemvura, rwizi, uye kutamiswa kwemvura. Mashandisirwo akatobuda, akadai se APPangea, yakatarisana nekudzidza kuwana nzizi, zvisikwa, nyika kana maguta makuru, ine zvikamu zvakananga pamusoro penyaya dzakadai semvura (SDG 6), nhoroondo yeRoma kana Middle Ages muSpain.
Musanganiswa uyu we tekinoroji, nzvimbo, nhoroondo, uye dzidzo unoita kuti matangi emvura ave anopfuura kungova "matangi makuru emvura." Muchokwadi, anoumba chimwe chezvivakwa zvakakosha pakunzwisisa mashandiro anoita nzvimbo yeSpainkubva pazvinhu zvezuva nezuva kusvika pakugadzirisa mamiriro ekunze akaipisisa.
Nhamba yepamutemo yemadhamu nekutarisira kuchengetedzeka
Kuseri kwedziva rega rega kune ruzivo rwakawanda rwehunyanzvi rusingawanzo kusvika kune veruzhinji asi rwakakosha kuti ritarisirwe zvakachengeteka. MuSpain, kune Kuunganidzwa kwemadhamu nemadhamu emvura uko, pazvivakwa zvega zvega, nzvimbo yazvo, hunhu hwebheseni, nzvimbo yekuchengetera, mamiriro emagwaro ekuchengetedza, data rekugadzira, mapikicha nemapurani zvinounganidzwa.
Iyi pfuma, inotungamirwa padanho renyika, inoshanda sechishandiso chekubatsira kutonga nekurongaZvinokubatsira kuziva kuti madhamu api anoda kuongororwa, kuti ndeapi madhamu ane zvirambidzo zvekushanda, kuti anoparadzirwa sei munzizi, kana kuti anoramba aine simba rakadini mushure memakore akawanda ekuunganidza madhaka.
Kune vashandisi vazhinji, ruzivo urwu rwunoshandurwa kuita mamepu, machati, uye pfupiso dziri nyore, asi zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti seri kwehuwandu hwese hwekuzadza, kune zvakawanda. mitemo yekuchengetedza, zvirongwa zvekukurumidzira uye mitemo yakaoma kwazvo kuona kuti madhamu anoshanda nemazvo kunyangwe mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma.
Mumamiriro ekunze ekuchinja, nekunaya kwemvura kusingawanzoitiki uye mvura zhinji dzinonaya zvakanyanya, ruzivo urwu rwunonyanya kukosha. Kukwanisa kwemadziva emvura kuderedza mafashamo uye kuchengetedza mvura inochengetwa munguva dzekusanaya kwemvura kunoenderana zvakanyanya ne kuti zvivakwa izvi zvinovandudzwa sei uye zvinochengetedzwa sei uye kuti kushandiswa kwayo kunosanganisirwa sei nematanho ekuchengetedza mari uye ekushanda zvakanaka muzvikamu zvese.
Nzvimbo iyi yese yemadhamu, madhamu, madziva nematangi inoratidza mufananidzo weSpain uko mvura iri kwese kwese. inodzorwa nokungwarira, inochengetwa uye inotakurwa kuedza kutsiva mamiriro ekunze asina kugadzikana uye kuwedzera kwezvinodiwa. Kuziva kuti madhamu makuru ari kupi, kuti anogona kuwanika kupi, maitiro ekutarisa huwandu hwawo panguva chaiyo uye matambudziko aanosangana nawo mumabheseni akasiyana kunotibvumira kunzwisisa zviri nani kuti nei mamwe mamepu achiita seakatsvuka bhuruu uye mamwe, zvinopesana, anochengetedza manzwi akanyarara kunyangwe mvura ichinaya, uye kunobatsira kusimudzira ruzivo rwekuti cubic meter yega yega inochengetwa imhedzisiro yemusanganiswa wakaoma wezvisikwa, tekinoroji uye sarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika.
