Matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza anomiririra chinhu chinofanira kufungwa nevanhu, chinonyanya kukonzerwa nekusvibiswa kunoramba kuripo kunokonzerwa nezviito zvevanhu, kukanganisa nharaunda uye kuderedza mukana wezviwanikwa, zvichiunza matambudziko mune mamwe matunhu ari kukanganiswa zvakanyanya. zvimwe zvishoma nezveMatambudziko Ezvakatipoteredza muAmerica, kunyanya dunhu reSouth America rinoona semapapu epasirese.
Matambudziko Ezvakatipoteredza muAmerica
Matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza anozivikanwa sezvinokuvadza zvinokuvadza zvisikwa zvepasi, zvinomiririra mhedzisiro yezviitiko zvakasiyana zvevanhu zvinoitwa nemunhu. Iyi mhando yemhedzisiro inogona kukonzerwa zvakananga (kunyanya kutema matanda, kusarimwa zvisina kufanira) kana zvisina kunanga (kurasika kwemafuta). Kupfurikidza nokusaruramiswa nenguva, rudzi urwu rwemamiriro ezvinhu runogona kuparira chinjo isingafungidziriki mumhoteredzo, kuchiparira ngwavaira dzomusikirwo dzinokuvadza nzanga.
Industrialization yakonzera kuenderera kwemamiriro ekunze, nekuti yakatarisana nekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakabikwa kana zviwanikwa izvo zvakasikwa zvinopihwa, tichifunga kuti matambudziko ezvemamiriro ekunze akave nekuwedzera kwakanyanya kubva pakuchinja kwemaindasitiri, nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwemakambani makuru nemaindasitiri zvavakaita. kusiri kutonga kwemarara anogadzirwa uye nekuda kwekukura kwenzvimbo dzemaguta, kuderedza nzvimbo dzakasvibira uye kuwedzera kusvibiswa pazvikero zvakasiyana.
Parizvino inomiririra kunetseka kusinganzwisisike, nharaunda dzakawanda dzinokanganiswa, mhando dzemaruva nemhuka dzakatsakatika uye kuparara kunogara kuchiitika kwezviwanikwa. Mamiriro ezvinhu anosanganisira marudzi ose enyika, apo rimwe nerimwe rinobatwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana zvichienderana nenzvimbo yaro, nhamba yevanhu uye budiriro yenzvimbo dzomumaguta.
Matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza anonyanya kuoneka munyika dziya dzakabudirira dzine huwandu hwevagari vemo uye kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwezvinhu zvakasikwa, nepo kune nyika dzechitatu-pasi idzo dzisina kuderera kwakanyanya asi dzine mwero wakakodzera wekusvibiswa, kunokonzerwa nenyika. vavakidzani vachiparadza nzvimbo dzekugara uye kukonzera kurasikirwa kwezviwanikwa zvakawanda. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza zvinomiririra cheni chinhu chinokuvadza nyika dzese.
Panyaya iyi, matunhu ari mukondinendi yeAmerica acharatidzwa, kunyanya mudunhu reLatin America rinoumbwa nenyika sere, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti mukati meiyi nharaunda mune 70% yezvipenyu zvese zviri panyika. Kuzvifunga seyakanyanya kuchengeterwa mhuka dzemhuka, dzinosanganisira mhuka dzinoyamwisa, amphibians, shiri, pakati pezvimwe, uye zvakare nekuratidzira hukuru hukuru hwehupenyu hwemhando dzezvirimwa zvinotora chikamu mubiochemical process yephotosynthesis inopa oxygen kuchengetedza hupenyu munyika. .
Zvisinei, vagari veLatin America havazivi nezvehupfumi huripo munzvimbo dzavo, saka vanoita zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoparadza zvakatipoteredza zvakadai sekuparadzwa kwemasango, kusvibiswa kwemvura, kusanaya kwemvura, kutengeswa kwemarudzi anogara aripo, kuchera zvicherwa zvisiri pamutemo, pakati pevamwe. Nyika dzakatanhamara iBrazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru neVenezuela.
Nyika idzi dzinomiririra boka rine hukuru hukuru hwemaruva nemhuka papasi rose, nekuda kweizvi vanopa matambudziko akakomba ezvakatipoteredza ayo akashatisa zvishoma nezvishoma matunhu echisikigo akadai sekucheka matanda kwakanyanyisa, kurima kusingadzoreki, zvipfuyo zvakakura, kuraswa kwemafuta, pakati pezvimwe. . Hurumende hadzina kupa mhinduro yakakwana pazvimhingamipinyi zvose izvi, nokudaro hadzisati dzatora matanho ekugadzirisa matambudziko aya.
MuLatin America, chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chekutemwa kwemasango kwepasi rose kwakanyorwa, kusanganisira nhamba dzesango dzemuno dzinosvika 22%, iyo yakaenzana nemahekita anodarika 860 miriyoni. Mumwe wemienzaniso mikuru iAmazon yakagoverwa iri mudunhu rekuchamhembe kweSouth America inotenderedza nyika dzinoverengeka seBrazil, uko kunoonekwa hukuru hukuru hwemhando dzemaruva, muna 2019 anenge 7464 square kilometers yeAmazon mukati medunhu rayo akaparadzwa, kuita zvisiri pamutemo zvekuchera zvicherwa, kutemwa kwemasango uye kusvibiswa kwemvura.
Nyika dzeLatin America dzine Matambudziko Ezvakatipoteredza
MuLatin America kune nzvimbo yakakura kwazvo yekuchengetera mhuka dzezvirimwa uye kusiyana-siyana kwemhuka dzinovaita sosi huru yehupenyu papasi rose, nekuda kwemaitiro aya akaitwa ayo akashatisa nharaunda uye akakuvadza nyika, Pazasi isu tichadzidza nezvematambudziko ezvakatipoteredza edzimwe nyika dzeLatin America dzinotsanangurwa pazasi:
Korombiya
Colombia ndiyo nyika iri kudunhu rekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweSouth America, inozivikanwa nekupfuma munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana, ine maruva nemhuka dzakasiyana, inozivikanwawo nekuve nemhando dzeshiri dzinopfuura 1800, seAndean condor, hummingbird. , pakati pezvimwe, nepo zviuru zve130 zvemarudzi ezvirimwa zvinotarwa mukati menzvimbo dzavanogara. Kuratidzira kuve nyika yakapfuma mukusiyana-siyana kwezvipenyu.
Zvinonzi masango anosvika mahekita 300000 XNUMX anoparadzwa gore negore nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwezvinodhaka munyika. Iyi nzira inobva pakugadzira giramu rimwe recocaine, iyo inodyarwa mumamita mana emamita esango. Kuve chinhu chinokuvadza zvakanyanya nharaunda yenyika, zvichikonzerawo kudzikira kwenharaunda nekuda kwekudyiwa kwezvinodhaka zvinokanganisa nharaunda.
Kiyuba
Cuba ine mamiriro akanaka enzvimbo, inoratidzira mamiriro ekunze anopisa uye iri pakati peGungwa reCaribbean, ichipa marudzi emaruva nemhuka (akasarudzika munharaunda iyoyo) mukuwedzera pakupa mamiriro echisikigo ekusimudzira magariro, ari kutsvakwawo vashanyi vakawanda nokuda Nakidzwa mahombekombe ayo uye dzinongoitika nzvimbo.
Parizvino, Cuba inopa matambudziko akasimba ekusanaya kwemvura munzvimbo zhinji dzenyika, tichifunga kuti inopedza nguva yakareba yezhizha, semuenzaniso, muna 2009 inoonekwa seimwe yemakore mana ekunaya kwemvura kubva mumakore zana apfuura. Uyewo pachitsuwa chacho kune basa rakasimba reshuga, kuvaka kwedzimba uye zvipfuwo zvakakonzera kuparara kwemasango, kupera kwemiti yemiti uye kuputika kwevhu kwakanyanya.
Argentina
Argentina iri kumucheto kwekumaodzanyemba kweSouth America kondinendi, inoonekwa senyika yechina pakukura muLatin America yese uye yechisere ine nzvimbo yakakura kwazvo. Inopa hukuru hwakasiyana-siyana hwezvipenyu, inoratidzira Antarctica (yezasi pole) ine yakadzika kwazvo mamiriro ekunze uye Malvinas inoumba archipelago iri mumvura yeArgentina. Izvi zvinoita kuti ive nyika yakapfuma kwazvo munzvimbo dzakasikwa.
Matambudziko ezvakatipoteredza emunyika yeArgentina ari munzvimbo yeMatanza-Riachuelo, iri kumaodzanyemba kweBuenos Aires, ichiratidza nharaunda yevanhu vanosvika mamiriyoni mashanu. Nekuda kwemabasa emaindasitiri munzvimbo iyi, mafambiro emvura akakanganiswa nemarara akawanda aripo, zvichikonzera mamiriro ezvinhu munzvimbo iyi kwemakumi emakore, uko inosvika 88500 cubic metres yemvura yakasvibiswa.
Borivhiya
Ndiyo nyika iri pakati peSouth America, yakamira sedunhu rine marefu makuru emakomo akagoverwa kutenderera dunhu rose, anozivikanwa ndiCordilleras de los Andes, Meseta de Callao, La Cuenca del Plata. uye Amazon Basin.. Iyo ine inotonhora uye yakaoma mamiriro ekunze mukati megore uye 28% yenzvimbo yese ine yeAndean Region, inogarwa nevagari vakasiyana.
Matambudziko makuru ezvakatipoteredza anosanganisira zvicherwa, zvichiratidza kutorwa zvisiri pamutemo kwezvicherwa zvakaita semutobvu, izvo zvinopedzisira zvave kutenderera mumvura yemvura zvakapetwa katatu kupfuura 0,05 milligrams yemvura, zvichiwedzera kune iyi kuvepo kwemekiyuri inobva kutorwa kubva kuVenezuela neBrazil. ; Nokufamba kwenguva, zvinokonzera kusvibiswa kwemvura yenyika, zvichiunza migumisiro yakakomba kune utano.
Peru
Inyika iri munzvimbo yepakati nekumadokero kweSouth America, inoumbwa nekupfuma munzvimbo dzechisikigo pakati penzvimbo dzemahombekombe, Andean neAmazonian; zvichiita kuti ive nyika yakasiyana-siyana yakapfuma muzviwanikwa. Nekuda kwemamiriro enzvimbo uye maitiro ezvicherwa zvisiri pamutemo, Peru ine mamiriro akaomarara muLa Oroya, rinoonekwa seguta rakasvibiswa zvakanyanya muLatin America yese, izvi zvinokonzerwa nedambudziko rehutano rinounzwa nevagari vakabatwa nezvidimbu zvesimbi zvinowanikwa mumhepo. yakabudiswa ne metallurgical complexes.
Chile uye Ecuador
Chile inoonekwa senzvimbo inotambanukira kumaodzanyemba kweSouth America, kune seti yezvitsuwa zvinopararira munzvimbo yese, zvichisangana nemvura dzeSouth Pacific. Kana iri Ecuador, inyika iri kuchamhembe kweLatin America, ine zvakare seti yezvitsuwa, zvitsuwa uye makomo anoipa iyo yakakura siyana yezvipenyu.
Chile yakakanganiswa nematambudziko ezvakatipoteredza nekuda kwekusvibiswa kunokonzerwa nemutobvu uye arsenic muÁrica, dunhu rinoganhurana nePeru. Kubva pakati pema80, matani angangoita zviuru makumi maviri emarara ane muchetura akaiswa, achikuvadza zvakanyanya hutano hwevagari vepedyo. Ipo muEcuador inobata nekushandiswa kweoiri uko kwakonzera njodzi huru dzezvakatipoteredza, zvichipesvedzera nharaunda dzechivanhu uye nzvimbo dzekugara dzedunhu, uko mhosva dzakamhan'arwa kune vemarudzi akawanda vakaita seChevron-Texaco vachipomerwa mhosva yekukonzera kukanganisa kwakakomba kwezvakatipoteredza. nzvimbo yeAmazon.
Haiti
Inoonekwa seimwe yezvitsuwa zveSpain zviri pakati peGungwa reCaribbean neNorth Atlantic kondinendi ine makiromita angangoita 1771 pamhenderekedzo yegungwa, yakamira kunze kwekusiyana kwayo kwemugungwa, haina nzizi dzinofambika uye madziva ayo akawanda emvura yemunyu. Kuwanda kwemvura nemamiriro ekunze akanaka zvakakonzera kuwedzera kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana mumarudzi emiti, zvichiita kuti miti yakanyanyisa kutemerwa marasha, ichirasikirwa nemhando dzinenge mamiriyoni makumi matatu pagore, chokwadi ichi chinotyisa mukushandura renje kunyika ino.
Parizvino kunongova ne2% chete yemasango akavharwa, nekuda kweizvi matanho akakomba akatorwa kuderedza dambudziko, sekushandiswa kwemutemo we "Zero Deforestation", zvichibvumira kukanganisa kwemahekita akatemwa kuderedzwa, asi inoonekwa sechisarudzo chinononoka kune hukasha hwechiito. Pamusoro peizvi, Haiti inyika yakabatwa nenjodzi dzezvakatipoteredza dzakagadzirwa nemigodhi uye kuunganidzwa kwemarara ane muchetura.
Tinovimba kuti chinyorwa ichi chabatsira, tinokusiira vamwe vanozonyatsokufarira:
Mabasa ekutandara kutarisira zvakatipoteredza