Ecosystems ine basa rekuzadza nyika nenzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana uye nharaunda dzechisikigo dzakapfuma muzviwanikwa, marudzi ezvirimwa akasarudzika kune chimwe nechimwe uye zvipenyu zvemhuka dzisingaperi dzedunhu rega rega, muchinyorwa chinotevera hunhu hwemasango ecosystem hucharatidzwa, hwakakosha zvikuru. Nekuda kwekuwanda kwayo miti nemakwenzi kubva kumhuri dzakasiyana, ngatidzidzei zvishoma nezvazvo.
Forest Ecosystem
Nyika yepasi inoumbwa negadziriro yezvinhu uye zviwanikwa izvo zvinoita kuti zvive zvakasiyana uye zvakasiyana, zvakadai semaruva, mhuka, miviri yemvura, mhuka, pakati pezvimwe. Kugadzira nharaunda dzakasiyana dzinozivikanwa seecosystems, inoumba seti yezvipenyu (mhuka, zvirimwa, fungi, pakati pezvimwe) uye izvo zvipenyu zvisingaoneki (mhepo, mvura, ivhu, pakati pezvimwe). Kudyidzana pakati pazvo kunounza kuenzanisa kwakakwana pakati pezvisikwa nezvose zvazvino zvinhu.
Parizvino kune akasiyana siyana ecosystems anoumba pasi rose, ari kugovaniswa pakati pemakondinendi mashanu, chikamu chiri pamusoro penyika semasango, masango, savannas, magwenga nezvimwe. Nepo kune mamwe anofukidza nzvimbo dzemumvura dzakaita semakungwa, madziva, nyanza, nzizi, nezvimwe. Kusimbisa iyo yekupedzisira, sezvo pasi rakaumbwa nezvikamu zvitatu kubva muzvina zvemvura pakati penyoro nemunyu.
Muchiitiko ichi ticharatidza masango ecosystem, anozivikanwa nekuve kuwedzera kwenharaunda iyo inonyanya kuumbwa nemiti, kunze kwekubatana nezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogadzirisa kuenzana kwakakwana mumhando iyi yezvisikwa. Uko kune miti yakawanda yakawanda, ichipa chivharo chakasiyana munzvimbo idzi uye ichipa mamiriro ekunze anokosha ekukura kwakawanda kwehupenyu hwezvirimwa.
Masango ecosystem anofukidza akasiyana siyana ezvakatipoteredza, tinogona kuzviwana mumasango anopisa, masango anonaya mvura, masango eMediterranean, masango anodziya, masango akasanganiswa, minda yemichero, coniferous masango, masango emiti, pakati pezvimwe. Iwo anoratidzirwa nekukomberedza akasiyana-siyana emhando dzezvirimwa uye anomiririra mapapu epasirese, aine akasiyana siyana emiti inoita iyo biochemical process yephotosynthesis.
Iyi mhando ye ecosystem inoda hushoma hwemamiriro ekunze anofarira kukura kwemiti, kuratidza kudzika kwevhu, kuwanikwa kwakakwana kwemvura uye tembiricha inodarika gumi madhigirii celsius zvichienderana nemwaka wegore wauri kufamba. Mukuwedzera, kugoverwa kwechiedza kunofanira kuverengerwa, zvichikonzera vertical gradient uye yakakwana hunyoro hunyoro. Ese maitiro aya anobvumira kuti itariswe seecosystem ine huwandu hukuru hwekusiyana kwebiology papasi.
Sango ecosystems yakagovaniswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzepasi, ichiratidza kunyanya idzo dziri munzvimbo dzinopisa (yakakwira hunyoro) nekuda kwekusiyana kwavo kwakasiyana-siyana, kana iri masango anodziya (ari mumativi ese epasi) idiki. yakaderera uye yakaderera mumasango eboreal (coniferous biomes). Pakati pemamwe marudzi akanyanya kunyanya kukwira uye mamwe marudzi akaoma anotoonekwa mune akasiyana strata.
Hunhu hweSango Ecosystems
Sango ecosystem ine huwandu hukuru hwezvirimwa zvinosanganisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemaruva izvo zvinopa zvakawanda zvipenyu zvinorarama nekuda kwazviri. Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvipenyu zvemusango, imwe neimwe iine hunhu hwakasiyana uye hwakasiyana asi iine huwandu hukuru hwemhando dzesango dzakanyanya.Pazasi ticharatidza hunhu hukuru hwemasango.
Zvinodiwa Nezvakatipoteredza
Sango ecosystems ine chinodiwa chekuiswa mukati mechikamu ichi, pakati peiyo diki yemamiriro ekukura kwakakodzera kwemiti inofanirwa kutariswa; chimwe chezvinhu zvinodzikisira kuvepo kwe substrates tichitarisa kudzika uye tembiricha yevhu, kana ikasangana tembiricha iri pasi pe10ºC hazvibvumiri kukura kwakanaka kwemiti, saka, iyi mhando yenzvimbo inofanirwa kunge ine tembiricha yakakwira kupfuura iyo. .
Pamusoro pezvo, kuwanikwa kwemvura kunosimbiswa sechinhu chakakosha pakukura kwechirimwa, chinhu ichi chinomiririra kuwanikwa kwemvura yakakosha kuvepo kwemiti. Naizvozvo, masango ecosystem anoonekwa pa70 degrees kuchamhembe kana kumaodzanyemba latitude, pamusoro pe3500 kusvika 4000 metres pamusoro pegungwa, mumhando iyi yezvakatipoteredza ivhu rakadzika uye rine matombo rinoonekwa.
Mamiriro ezvinhu aya anoita kuti mhando yezvipenyu iyi iumbwe nevhu rakapfuma uye rakaorera, inzvimbo zvakare dzine miviri yemvura yakawanda, ichifarira kukura kwezvirimwa nekusimbaradzwa kwemiti.
chirimwa chimiro
Ichi chimiro chechirimwa chiripo mumasango ecosystems chinogona kuve chakaoma, chinoumbwa neakawanda substrates (mhando dzevhu) panowanikwa pasi pevhu (kuunganidzwa kwemiti midiki pasi pemiti mikuru yakawanda) uye mhando dzakasiyana dzehuni dzinenge nhanho shanu. Murudzi urwu rwemhoteredzo, makwenzi, miriwo nemiti yakawanda inopoteredza marudzi ose emiti maduku.
Iyo yakapfava yemiti chimiro inoitika musango reboreal, inozivikanwawo seTaiga, inomiririra rudzi rwebiome ine masango akakura maumbirwo uye masango makuru emasango, iri kuchamhembe kwepasi seCanada neRussia. Iine masango, imwe kana maviri akaturikidzana emiti uye yakasiyana-siyana. Miti yaro inosvika pakati pemamita makumi matatu nemakumi matanhatu pakureba asi iyi imhando yemamwe marudzi anogara aripo.
Kana ari masango anogara achinaya mvura inodziya, inomiririra chimiro chemiti yesango yakaoma kunzwisisa, inozivikanwawo sesango rinonaya mvura yakawanda kana kuti sango rinonaya mvura yakawanda, riri munzvimbo dzinopisa uye dzinozivikanwa nemhando dzayo dzemiti mirefu uye yakatetepa zvikuru. Mimwe yemienzaniso yerudzi urwu rwenharaunda iAmazon, inoratidzira yakapararira uye yakasimba pasi pevhu, kuwanda kwemishonga midiki yakatenderedza miti. Zvishoma zvishanu strata uye kuwanda kwezvipenyu pakati pevanokwira, lianas uye epiphytes.
Kufurira Pazvakatipoteredza
Ese ecosystems inoumbwa neakasiyana akakosha ekuchengetedza nharaunda uye yakanaka jenareta ye organic matter. Panyaya yemasango ecosystems, iwo anoratidzirwa nekuve akanaka emvura inogamuchirwa, ine ivhu rakapfuma mune organic zvinhu kubva kumarara uye yakanaka yepasi pevhu inochengetedza chiyero chakakwana nepamusoro. Mamiriro makuru anoratidzwa pazasi:
- Oxygen uye Mvura
Oxygen ndiyo mhedzisiro yebiochemical process inozivikanwa se photosynthesis inoitwa nezvirimwa, kuwanda kwezvirimwa zvezvirimwa zvinomiririra chinhu chakakosha munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzechisikigo, mune yekuwanda kwemiti inovapa kukosha kwakakosha kune vanhu. Mumwe wemienzaniso mikuru yeiyi ecosystem iAmazon iri kuchamhembe kweLatin America, inoonekwa semapapu epasirese.
IAmazon haingobatanidzi chete mukuumbwa kweokisijeni yakakosha, asi inoitawo basa rakakosha mukutenderera kwemvura, ichigadzira chipingamupinyi chinopinda mumhepo ine unyoro uye kuomesa mvura inoguma yaunza kunaya munzvimbo idzi, kuchengetedza chiyero chakakosha. . Pamusoro pekudzora kuyerera nekupinzwa kwemvura iyo inozodzoserwa mumhepo nemhepo inofefetera.
- rhizosphere
Inomiririra chimwe chinhu apo kune kushamwaridzana kwakasiyana pakati pemidzi uye microorganisms (fungi kana bhakitiriya) iripo muvhu rinozivikanwa se mycorrhizae; ese akabatanidzwa symbiotically. Mukati megadziriro yezvipenyu yesango, mapoka akasiyana-siyana efungi anobatanidzwa anopa zvokudya zvinodiwa kumidzi, kuwedzera simba rayo rokutora zvokudya zvinopiwa nevhu kuburikidza nemidzi yawo.
Niches uye Biodiversity
An ecological niche inomiririra huwandu hwemarudzi mukati meiyo ecosystem. Muchiitiko ichi, chimiro chakaoma chinoumbwa nekusiyana-siyana kwemiti chinoonekwa sechinhu chekutanga kubereka, chiri hwaro hwekutanga hwesango reecosystem. Rudzi urwu rwemhando rwunoverengerwa nenhamba yepamusoro ye ecological niches iripo.
Kuwanda kwemarudzi emiti kunobvumira kuvandudzwa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana, semuenzaniso wepamusoro wemuti wepamusoro wesango rinopisa, unogona kutorwa seyawo ecosystem, sezvo inoumbwa nenhamba yakawanda yezvirimwa, mabhakitiriya, mosses, fungi. , zvipembenene, shiri nemhuka dzinoyamwisa zvinodyidzana.
Flora
Iyo flora inoreva seti yemarudzi ezvirimwa anowanikwa mukati meimwe dunhu, achipa akasiyana uye chaiwo maitiro enzvimbo. Muchiitiko ichi, kuwanda kwemiti kuchasiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ekunze enzvimbo, kusiyana kukuru kwezvipenyu kunowanikwa munzvimbo dzinopisa dzemasango, kunyanya munzvimbo dzesango rinonaya mvura.
Mukuwedzera, iyo Taigas (masango ecosystems e-subarctic) inoratidzirwa, inoratidzira yakaderera yakasiyana-siyana yezvipenyu zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nzvimbo dzine masango, asi ichiratidza kuti ndiyo imwe yehukuru munyika yose. Mamwe maitiro aripo munharaunda iyi anoratidzwa pazasi:
Temperate uye Cold Forest Ecosystems
Sango ecosystems ari munzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze anodziya uye anotonhora ane yakakwira yeconiferi, kuwanda kwemiti mumasango ari kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere, senge pinaceae uye cupresaceae (kuchamhembe) uye araucaria (maodzanyemba). Aya marudzi emiti akazara mumasango ane boreal (taiga) uye coniferous masango. Mumamiriro ezvinhu eMediterranean, masango anonaya anonaya uye anodonha, kune huwandu hwemhando dzeangiosperm, dzakadai semioki, huyas. Mune zvimwe zviitiko zvimwe zvienzaniso zvakaita selaurel nemiorivhi zvinogona kucherechedzwa.
Tropical Forest Ecosystems
Murudzi urwu rwenharaunda, mhando dzemhuri yeangiosperm dzinonyanya, nepo maconifers ari kushomeka; nepo akanyanya kuwanda ari nyemba pamwe chete neancardiaceae, lauraceae uye moraceae. Parizvino kune mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvipenyu zvinorimwa muminda yemichero nemapindu semasango anogara achipisa emakondinendi akasiyana-siyana, akadai semango muIndia), breadfruit muAfrica) uye cocoa muAmerica.
fauna of
Inosanganisira seti yemhando dzemhuka dzinodyidzana uye dzinoenderana nemamiriro ekunze, nzvimbo yekugara uye mukati meimwe dunhu. Zvisikwa zviri mukati meecosystem zvakasiyana siyana, kunyanya munzvimbo dzine masango nekuda kwekuwanda kwemhando dzezvirimwa zvinogadzira nharaunda yakanaka yekusimudzira mhuka dzakasiyana siyana. Zvadaro tichaziva maitiro makuru emhando iyi yenharaunda:
Temperate uye Cold Forest Ecosystems
Iyi mhando ye ecosystem inoratidzirwa nekuva biome inovandudza nzvimbo dzine chando chechando uye kwenguva refu yezhizha, ichizivikanwa semasango anodziya uye coniferous masango; mhando dzemhuka dziripo ndedzemapere, nguruve dzesango, mapere nemhembwe. Shiri dzeshiri dzakaita sezizi, makunguwo, shiri dzenziyo nemakake dzakawandawo.
Tropical Forest Ecosystems
Tropical Forest ecosystems inoenderana neaya matunhu ane matanda ari muAmerican regions, anowirirana nenzvimbo dzinogarwa nejaguar, nondo, tapir uye collared peccary; Vanomiririrawo nzvimbo huru inogara shiri dzakadai segondo, guacharaca uye quetzal. Mhungu dziripo dzinosanganisira tsoko yekuchema uye spider monkey, kana iri mhando yenyoka dzinosanganisira genera Bothrops neLachesis inoonekwa seine chepfu.
Sango rezvipenyu riripo mukondinendi yeAfrica, mhuka dzinogara dziripo dzematunhu aya dzinomira pachena, senge anthropoid primates senge chimpanzee uye gorilla. Mukuwedzera, mbada nenzou dziripo mumasango enzvimbo iyoyo; Munzvimbo dzeSoutheast Asia kune huvepo hweorangutan, tiger uye nzou dzeHindu.
Mienzaniso yeSango Ecosystems
Sango rezvipenyu rakagoverwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzemakondinendi mashanu, richinyanya mune mamwe matunhu anotanhamara nekuwanda kwemarudzi emiti uye nekuva matura echisikigo emarudzi akasiyana-siyana nemhuka.
The Tropical Seasonal Sango reColombo-Venezuelan Plains
Colombia neVenezuela inyika dzakavakidzana, dziri munharaunda yekumaodzanyemba kwekondinendi yeAmerica uye dzakamira kunze kwehuwandu hwadzo mumasango ecosystem, inzvimbo inotongwa nemwaka miviri pagore inozivikanwa sekunaya kwemvura inonaya uye imwe inopisa yakaoma. Mhando yemiti inokunda mwaka wakaoma, ichirasikirwa nemashizha, ndicho chikonzero ichinzi masango emwaka. Vanova pasi pekushomeka kwemvura munguva dzino dzakanyanyisa, apo 80% yemiti inorasa mashizha, zvichiratidza kuti hafu chete ndiyo inokwanisa kutora mukana wemvura yepasi.
- Flora
Masango anotema-tema anouya kuzopa marudzi emiti anosvika makumi mana muurefu, achiratidzira mhando dzakadai semijao (Anacardium excelsum), inokambaira (Astronium graveolens), muIndia asina kupfeka (Bursera simaruba) uye ceiba (Ceiba pentandra) . Miti inozivikanwa nematanda ayo akanaka semisidhari yekuAmerica (Cedrela odorata), mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) neLinnet (Cordia alliodora) inocherechedzwawo.
- fauna of
Mhando dzakadai sejaguar (Panthera onca), caramerudo deer (Odocoileus virginianus apurensis) uye zvakasiyana-siyana zveshiri, nyoka uye zvipembenene zvinogona kuonekwa munzvimbo idzi.
Sango reMediterranean
Zvakare zvinotariswa sematunhu ane masango uye anokorobha biomes anokura munzvimbo dzine mamiriro ekunze anodziya (Medithera) anoratidzwa nechando chakapfava, kuoma kwezhizha, matsutso anodziya uye zvitubu zvakawanda. Kune matunhu mashanu pasirese ane rudzi urwu rwemamiriro ekunze ari padyo neGungwa reMedithera, zvakare kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweAustralia, kumaodzanyemba koni yeAfrica, California (United States neMexico) nePacific gungwa muChile.
- Flora
Inosanganisira kuumbwa kwemhando dzemiti ine hukuru hwepakati, mashizha akaoma uye gobvu gobvu, senge cork oak (Quercus suber), oak (Quercus coccifer), holm oak (Quercus ilex) uye laurel (Laurus nobilis). Iyo zvakare ine huvepo hwehuswa hune ericaceous (heather), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) uye boxwood shrubs (Buxus sempervirens). Vane huvepo hwemagymnosperms akadai seAleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) uye juniper bushes (Juniperus spp.).
- fauna of
Kune mhando dzemhuka dzakadai seIberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), gava (Vulpes vulpes), nguruve yemusango (Sus scrofa) netsindi dzvuku (Sciurus vulgaris).
Forest Plantation
Inosanganisira iyo yekuwedzera kwenyika iyo mhando dzakasiyana dzemiti dzinorimwa kuitira kugadzira huni kana huni pulp, iyi mhando ye ecosystem inodzorwa uye yakagadzirirwa chete kutonga kwevanhu. Iyo inowanzo sanganisira monoculture kana nhamba shoma yezvipenyu asi iyo ine yakakwira sango kukosha.
- Uverito Forest
Inozivikanwa seminda yeUverito, ine sango ivhu riri munyika yeVenezuelan rinofukidza nyika dzeAnzoátegui neMonagas, ine munda weCaribbean pine mhando (Pinus caribaea), inoonekwa seimwe yakakura kwazvo pasirese, inofukidza. kusvika kumahekita 600.000 XNUMX, rudzi urwu rweminda yakabatana mukurwisana nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kwakachengetedza tafura yeGuanipa kubva pakuva gwenga.
Pakutanga mhando dzaivepo dzaive huswa hweTrachypogon, hwakadyarwa seCentral American pines. Chinangwa chikuru chekudyara uku ndechekugadzira matanda emapuranga ekugadzira mapepa nehuni. Parizvino kune makambani anodarika makumi matatu ane basa rekupindira mune ino ecosystem ine basa rekugadzirisa Caribbean pine huni nekuda kweindasitiri nekutengesa.
Iyi simiti yakabuda muna 1961, senzira yekuchengetedza nharaunda uye ichikurudzira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze munzvimbo iyi uye ivhu renzvimbo, pamwe nekupa iyo yakakosha zvinhu zvekuvaka zvinhu zvakasiyana.
Tinovimba kuti chinyorwa ichi chabatsira, tinokusiira vamwe vanozonyatsokufarira: