Iyo Federative Republic yeBrazil inomira pachena nekuda kwekusiyana kwayo kwezvirimwa nemhuka uye nekusiyana-siyana kwemamiriro ekunze uye mamiriro ekunze anogona kuwanikwa munzvimbo yayo yese, mune ino post tichataura zvishoma nezve nyika ino uye tozotaura mamwe marudzi ayo. make up the maruva nemhuka dzeBrazil.
Brasil
The Federative Republic yeBrazil ndiyo nyika hombe muSouth America, yechitatu mukondinendi yeAmerica uye yechishanu papasi, nzvimbo yayo inosvika 8,5 miriyoni mativi emakiromita inobvumira kuti ive nyika ine zvipenyu zvakawanda pasi rose. nyika. Parizvino guta rayo guru iBrasilia, risati rasvika iro guta raive Rio de Janeiro uye risati riri Salvador de Bahía.
Inoumbwa ne26 states uye Federal District umo vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni e210 vanogara, nhamba shoma kana munhu akafunga nezvehukuru hwayo. Vagari vanotaura chiPutukezi zviri pamutemo, kunyangwe mitauro ye180 inotaurwawo munzvimbo dzakasiyana, vachisiya mitauro yekunze inotonga dzimwe nharaunda dzakakosha, seGerman neItalian.
Miganhu yayo inoibatanidza nedzinenge nyika dzese dzeSouth America, inoganhura kumabvazuva neAtlantic Ocean, kuchamhembe neFrench Guiana, neSuriname, neGuyana uye neVenezuela; kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kune Colombia uye kumadokero kwePeru neBolivia inyika dzainogovera muganhu nadzo, mukuwedzera kuParaguay neArgentina kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero neUruguay kumaodzanyemba.
Kuve nyika yakapfuma kwazvo munzvimbo dzechisikigo, kushanya ndechimwe chezviitiko zvakakosha munzvimbo zhinji dzayo, kutaura zvazviri, ndiyo yekutanga sarudzo yevashanyi muSouth America uye yechipiri sarudzo muLatin America yese, Mexico chete ndiyo inogona kuipfuura. . Mupfungwa iyi, vanobatsirwa kubva muchiitiko ichi kushandisa vanhu vangangosvika mamirioni maviri mumabasa ane hukama zvakananga uye zvisina kunanga nekushanya.
Inyika inotumira kunze kwemafuta asina kuchena akawanda, pamwe neVenezuela, pamwe nekuve mugadziri mukuru wemagetsi emagetsi. Mapazi akaita sekurima, migodhi nekugadzira zvinhu akasimukira zvikuru, izvo zvinoita kuti zvinhu zvazvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika zviwedzere gore rega rega uye pachinzvimbo chepfumbamwe pazita renyika dzine hupfumi hwakakura pasi rose.
Nezvekudya, mapuroteni uye zvicherwa kunze kwenyika, Brazil inogadzira uye inotumira kunze kwenyika: Shuga, kofi, maranjisi, chibage, chinanazi, papaya, cassava, avocado, mupunga, mazambiringa, maapuro, mabhanana, bhinzi, karoti, nzungu dzeBrazil , sitirobheri, magwavha, huku. , nyama yemombe, nyama yenguruve, mukaka, mazai, simbi, mhangura, manganese, goridhe, tini, niobium, nickel, amethyst, topazi, emerald, aquamarine, garnet, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu.
Geography
Brazil, pamusoro pekuwedzera kwayo nyika inoibatanidza nenyika dzambotaurwa dzeLatin America, ine zvitsuwa zvakawanda sechikamu chenharaunda yayo, semuenzaniso, Trinidad neMartín Vaz, San Pedro neSan Pablo, Fernando de Noronha neAtolón de las Rocas.
Zvinogoneka kuwana nhevedzano yemabiomes munharaunda yese, semasango ane hunyoro, masango exerophytic, masango emasango, masango anochinja, sango remahombekombe, sango remukati, sango rearaucaria, sango remwaka reMato Grosso, sango re cocais, sango reAtlantic xerophytic, sango reChiquitano, mangroves, restingas, pantales, várzeas, catingas, savannah yeGuiana, savannah yeUruguay uye savannah yemakomo.
Nezve tepuyes, campinaranas uye masango eAmazon neGuiana. Ese aya ma biomes mukati menharaunda yavo, ayo asingapukunyuke kutemwa kwemasango uye kupiswa kwemiti yakaitwa kwenguva yakareba nekuda kwekurima. Izvi zvinonyatsokanganisa zvipenyu uye zvinozviisa munjodzi, sezvakaita Amazon iko zvino, uko kwete chete zvipenyu zviri mungozi, asiwo mhuka dzinowanikwa munharaunda iyoyo.
Munyika ino unogona kuona makomo makuru, nzvimbo dzakakwirira kumaodzanyemba kwenharaunda yaro, zvikomo, mapani uye mapani, makomo emakomo uye makomo emakomo anogona kusvika kupfuura mamita 1200 pamusoro pegungwa, zvakadai seSierra del Espinazo kana Sierra del Mar. Chiverengero chenzizi chikuru zvikuru, zhinji dzadzo dzinoyerera dzichipinda muRwizi rweOrinoco rukuru, dzimwe dzinoenda kubheseni reAmazon, nokudaro richiva gadziriro yakaoma kunzwisisa inofukidza nharaunda yaro zvikuru zvikuru kupfuura murumwe rudzi rupi norupi pasi pano.
Kana ari Climate iyo inobvumira zvakasiyana-siyana Flora nemhuka yeBrazil inogona kurongeka zvakanyanya mune mamwe ma subtypes: equatorial mamiriro ekunze, torrid, inopisa nekukwirira, subtropical, inodziya, semi-yakaoma uye mamwe akatevedzana e microclimates anogona kuonekwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Pakati peizvi, iyo inotungamira muchikamu chikuru chenharaunda yayo (kuchamhembe) ndiyo mamiriro ekunze equatorial.
Avhareji tembiricha i25 C ° uye kuwanda kwekunaya kwemvura kunosiyana pakati (painoshomeka), kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva (kutonyanya kushomeka) uye kumaodzanyemba (kwainowanzoitika), pamwe nekuve nemamiriro ekunze anodziya nzvimbo dzakaoma.Zvinogoneka kuona kuti chando chinowira sei munzvimbo dzepamusoro-soro, nzvimbo yayo yepamusoro iPica da Neblina. Zvese izvi zvinofarira kusiyana-siyana kwemaruva nemhuka dzeBrazil, iyo yakatarisana munzvimbo yese, asi kunyanya muAmazon, Cerrado neAtlantic Sango.
Kunyangwe matunhu avo aine akasiyana siyana uye akakosha kwazvo nhaka yechisikigo kana kurega kukanganiswa nezviitiko zvevanhu zvakaita sekurima, zvipfuyo, migodhi, kuvandudzwa kwemadhorobha kunosanganisira kuvakwa kwemigwagwa yekufambisa pakati pezvipenyu, kubata hove, kusvibiswa mune zvese. mafomu, kuuya kwezvipenyu zvinopinda, kutorwa kwemahydrocarbons akadai segasi rechisikigo nemafuta asina kukora uyezve, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze yakanyorwa pasi rese.
Mazhinji eecosystems akataurwa akashandurwa nezviitiko zvese izvi, pamusoro peiyo kutengeserana kwezvimiro zve Mhuka dziri mungozi munyika, pamwe chete nemhando dzekunze dzinogona kuwanikwa muBrazil chete.
Flora nemhuka dzeBrazil
MuBrazil mune marudzi anopfuura 50.000 244 emiti anozivikanwa kusvika pari zvino, nhamba huru yemhuka dzinoyamwisa pasi rose, pamwe chete nemhando huru uye nhamba yehove, kana nezvemhuka dzinoyamwisa, mhuka dzinozivikanwa chete dzinowedzera kusvika kumarudzi XNUMX. Nhamba yeshiri inoiisa senyika yechitatu ine mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana dzekirasi iyi, nyika yechina maererano nezvinokambaira uye yechipiri maererano nemamphibians.
Icharatidza zvishoma chete zve Zvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana zveBrazil muzvikamu zvinotevera, sezvo nhamba yemammalian microorganisms, hove, amphibians, shiri, zvinokambaira nemiti yakakura mune imwe neimwe yezvikamu izvi, tichifunga kuti mari inobatwa inosanganisira chete marudzi anotsanangurwa, pasina kufungidzira kana kuita fungidziro dzinosanganisira dzisingazivikanwi. marudzi, mukuwedzera kumarudzi iwayo matsva haana kurega kuoneka, sezvo kunzvera nefundo kunopfuurira.
Flora
Nezve maruva, nhevedzano yemabiomes uye matunhu akataurwa uko chikamu chikuru chemaruva emunyika chakatarisana, seAmazon, Cerrado, Sango reAtlantic, asi pamusoro peizvi kune shrubby strata seCaatinga uko ivo anowanikwa.zvipenyu zvakawanda. Saizvozvowo, mu pantanal uye pampa, uko kune nzvimbo huru, marudzi akasiyana-siyana emiti anogona kuwanikwa.
Mamwe marudzi anoumba the Flora vorudzi urwu ndivo ipê yeVaragem, the carnauba wax palm, the cashew nut, the passion flower, nezvimwe. Mamwe marudzi anogona kutaurwa ndeaya:
brazilwood tree
La Caesalpinia echinata kana kuti pernambuco muti werudzi rweBrazil, unogona kuyera pakati pemamita gumi kana gumi nemashanu kuenda mudenga, wakaumbwa nehunde yakatwasuka ine matinji mumakwati ayo ose, ine ruvara rwedota rakasviba uye kana ikatemwa unoona huni yayo eorenji ine dzvuku. tones. Iri huni rinenge rakasungirirwa saka hariyangarara, raitengeswa sedhayi dzvuku rinoshandiswa kudhaya velvet uye kugadzira violin, kunze kweiyo ine maruva eyero nemhodzi dzebrown.
Nekuda kwekudiwa kwevelvet yakaonekwa panguva yeRenaissance, rudzi urwu rwakatemwa zvakanyanya kwenguva yakareba, zvekuti kuderedzwa kwepernambuco specimens kwaive kwakakomba kusvika pakuichengeta nhasi pane rondedzero yemarudzi emiti ari panjodzi yekutsakatika. Kunyange zvakadaro, kutengeswa kwemiti yemhando iyi haisati yarambidzwa pamusika.
red angelim
Iyi ndiyo imwe yemarudzi akareba kwazvo pasi rose, iwo miti mikuru inodarika mamita 70, yakawanikwa munzvimbo dzakakura zvikuru dzeAmazon dzakanga dziri pedyo neRwizi rwaJari mudunhu reAmapá kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweBrazil. Parizvino ivo vanoramba vasina kusimba, kunyangwe moto wakawanda wakakanganisa zvakanyanya Amazon.
Kana kuenzanisa kuchiitwa miti iyi inonzi chakanakisa dzinza Zvichaonekwa kuti vanodarika muhurefu hwaKristu Mudzikinuri ari muRio de Janeiro, inongosvika mamita makumi matatu nemasere, kunyangwe zvakadaro haipfuure Statue of Liberty iri muUnited States uye inoyera 38 metres.
Caucho
Muti werabha, muti werabha kana ficus elastica iyo inobva kuIndia neIndonesia inowanikwawo munharaunda yeBrazil, muti unogona kuenzana kusvika mamita makumi matatu kureba uye une hunde inogona kuenzana kusvika mamita maviri pakufara. Mashizha ayo makuru anofambidzana nemaruva akavanzwa mumasycones, kunze kwezvibereko zvayo, iyo muonde unogona kuyera 30 centimita.
Cupuacu
Copoazú muti unowanikwa kuchamhembe kweBrazil, kumaodzanyemba kweVenezuela, kuPeru uye kuBolivia, zita rayo resainzi Theobroma grandiflorum, Inoshandiswa kugadzira chokoreti chena, bota nemafuta ezvigadzirwa zvekuzora kana mafuta ekugadzira, majusi, ice cream, doro, nekita, jamu, masiwiti, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu.
Chirimwa ichi chinogona kusvika mamita gumi nematatu pakureba nehunde ye13 kusvika ku5 metres muhupamhi uye kuramba tembiricha kubva pa9 C ° kusvika 22 C °, yakafanana neyakanyorova yemasango ekunze anopisa, zvinoda mumvuri kuti ukure nemazvo.
Amazon water lily
Vanodanwawo Kukunda kweAmazon o Kukunda kwehumambo iyo yakakura zvichienzaniswa nemamwe maruva emvura, zvinokwanisikawo kuvawana muColombia, Bolivia, Venezuela nedzimwe nyika dzeSouth America. Iine mashizha machena ane madzinde anogona kureba kusvika mamita masere uye inogona kuva nehupamhi hwemasendimita makumi mana, kubva kumidzi vanhu veko vanotora muto unoshandiswa sedhayi yebvudzi dema.
melocactus
Zvinokwanisika kuwana akati wandei emhando makumi mana emhando melocactus muBrazil, izvi zvakagoverwawo muEl Salvador, Venezuela nedzimwe nyika dzeCentral neSouth America, muCuba somuenzaniso, marudzi gumi nerimwe akawanikwa kusvika ikozvino. Izvi zvinomera, kunyange zvazvo zvichitora nguva kukura uye zvakaoma kurima, zvinowanikwa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzedunhu reBahia - Brazil.
Vane maruva epingi uye magenta, pamwe nemichero ye lilac yakafanana nemhiripiri kana mhiripiri. Vanoda kunyorovesa substrate yekukura kwehutano, pamwe nechiedza chezuva uye mumvuri mudiki munguva yezhizha.
monkey poto
Izvi zvinomera zviri chikamu chemaruva nemhuka dzeBrazil ndezverudzi lecythis uye vane michero mikuru inonzi "monkey pot" kana "monkey coconut". Zvinoshandiswa nevanhu veko kuti vachengetere macondiments, chokwadi zvinotengeswa sezvigadzirwa zvemaoko.
butia palm
Miti yemichindwe inowanikwa kunyanya pakati-kumabvazuva kweBrazil, yakafanana zvikuru nedzimwe minda yemichindwe inowanikwa kumaodzanyemba, asi iyi inogara kune phytogeographic province yecerrado, iyo inogona kusvika mamita mashanu pakureba uye hunde dzayo kuyera. pakati pemasendimita makumi maviri kana makumi matatu pakufara, zita rayo resainzi rinonzi Butia capitata uye rinogona kuwanikwawo mudunhu reBahia neMinas Gerais.
Sapucainha
Muti uyu unogara munyika ino, saka haugone kutadza kutaurwa kana tichitaura nezve flora nemhuka dzeBrazil, une mashizha ane helical-shaped uye michero mikuru iyo parizvino inodyiwa nevanhu nemhuka, maererano nembeu dzayo. idzi dzinoshandiswa kubvisa mafuta e sapucaínha anoshandiswa kune vanhu vane maperembudzi semushonga.
fauna of
Pave nekutaura pamusoro pemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzema biomes anowanikwa munyika ino, zvinoreva kuti huwandu hwenzvimbo dzekugara, dzakasiyana-siyana, dzinofarira kupona kwe mhuka dzakafanana dzeBrazil, vamwe vari endemic mhando dzeBrazil Chokwadi. Izvo zvinohupa ukoshi hukuru zvikuru hwemhoteredzo yezvipenyu, kwete bedzi nemhaka yenhamba yemhoteredzo yemhoteredzo asiwo nemhaka yenhamba yezvipenyu zvinopa upenyu panyika dzayo, iyo yose zvayo inodokusvika kumarudzi anosvika mamiriyoni mana oumambo pamwe chete.
Kune sangano riri nani, mamwe marudzi emaruva nemhuka dzeBrazil acharatidzwa, akarongwa muzvikamu zvinotevera.Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mazita aya haasanganisi kunyange hafu yezvipenyu zvinowira mune imwe neimwe yemakirasi akataurwa.
Mhuka dzegungwa
- Pink dolphin (Inia geoffrensis)
- rwizi otter (Pteronura brasiliensis)
- Nyeredzi dzegungwa
- jecha dzvinyu (Liolaemus lutzae)
- Shark
- catfish
- turtle yeganda (Dermochelys coriacea)
- Piranhas
- zvokudya zvegungwa zvisina maturo
- Jellyfish
- Caimans akadai seblack caiman (Melanosuchus niger)
- Mhando shanu dzekamba dzegungwa
- urchin yegungwa ine mavara
- Mhando dzehove dzinopfuura mazana mana, makumi matatu neshanu dziri munjodzi yekutsakatika.
bird
Huwandu hweshiri muBrazil ichokwadi chave chichifadza kune vakawanda vezvenhau, zvinokwanisika kufungidzira zvingangoita 1920 mhando dzinofukidza 60% yemarudzi anowanikwa muSouth America yese, 277 yadzo ndeye endemic kurudzi urwu, 120 vanoita sevanotama uye kushanyira nyika pane dzimwe nguva, 66 vavo vanopota vachishanyira Brazil. Pakati pemarudzi eshiri ari chikamu cheBrazilian flora nemhuka, zvishoma kudarika 10% zviri pangozi yekutsakatika, kureva, anopfuura mazana maviri emarudzi.
- jacutinga (Bored jacutinga)
- Ducks
- swans
- grebes
- Flamingos
- Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus)
- huru rhea
- Penguins
- herons
- pelicans
- Águilas
- yellow woodpecker (Celeus flavus subflavus)
- American vultures
- hawks
- Cranks
- Cerrado bat (Lonchophylla dekeyseri)
- Macaw kana blue arara (Cyanopsitta spixii)
- Rhea
- scarlet macaw
- Brazilian Ruby Hummingbird
- Amazon Kingfisher
- paroti
- Redfish
- red thrush
- ndebvu chena manakin
- yellow headed parrot
- Jandaya Parakeet
- Chestnut-nzeve Aracari Toucan
- Ini ndinotamba Toucan (Ramphastos akabata)
Zvipfuwo
- Guara wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)
- black cxiu (satan chiropotes)
- ocelots
- Northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus)
- golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia)
- amazon jaguar
- imbwa yemusango
- Anteater
- gava rinodya gakanje
- cougar yagouaroundi
- pygmy marmoset
- Tatu bhora (Tolypeutes tricinctus)
- Brazilian Tapir
- Jaguar (panthera onca)
- Capuchin monkey
- mhumhi ine maned
- bald uacari (cacajao hosomi)
- Capybara
- Simbe
- opossums
- Armadillo ine-mabhande matatu (Tolypeutes tricinctus)
Reptiles
- datya remashizha (Proceratophrys sanctaritae)
- common anaconda (Eunectes murinus)
- Boa constrictor
- Arrowhead Datya (Adelphobates castaneoticus)
- Dumb rattlesnake (Lachesis inoshanduka)
Kana zviri zvipembenene, kune mhungu yakakura kwazvo muBrazil yese, semuenzaniso, machena-mabvi tarantulas anowanikwa kuchamhembe kweBrazil kana pink salmon tarantula (Lasiodora Parahybana) iyo iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva.