Chii chinonzi Marsupials?
Marsupials (Marsupialia) iboka remhuka dzinoyamwisa dzine hadzi dzine 'sag kana kuti homwe' umo kukura kwemazamu adzo kunopedzwa. Zvizhinji zvezvipuka zvesango izvi zvinozvarwa kuAustralia, kunyange zvazvo zvichiwanikwawo mukondinendi yeAmerica. Parizvino, kune marudzi anopfuura 270 anozivikanwa, ayo makumi masere anowanikwa muAmerica uye anenge 80 muAustralia. Mune dzimwe mhuka, homwe idiki kwazvo kuti ikwane vana vayo vese.
Kubva pamaonero ane mukurumbira webiological, marsupials chikamu che infraclass kana taxonomic subcategory ye metatherian mammals (padyo nemarsupials pachawo kupfuura kune placenta inoyamwisa vana vanokura zvachose mu placenta). Humwe hwohunhu hwayo kukura kupfupi kwe fetasi muchibereko kupfuuridzira kuzhinji kwokukura kwayo yakanamatira kumatumbu ezamu mukati mesaga re<em>marsupial kana kuti marsupium.
Hunhu hweMarsupials
Dzinosiyaniswa nemhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinoyamwisa nokuberekwa kwokutanga kwevana vadzo, vane kukura kunopfuurira musaga riri mudumbu raamai, rinonzi marsupium, umo mazamu ezamu anoungana. Iyi sac inotsigirwa nemarsupial bones, ayo asipo mu placentals, uye ayo anoita kuti skeleton yavo hunhu. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda, unogona kubvunza iyo mhando dzemarsupials.
Imwe nyaya inotaura nezvechiitiko mubako rakacherwa muEocene gypsum yekuMontmartre, Paris, uko kwakawanikwa marangwanda airatidza aya mapfupa. Iyi skeleton yakaongororwa nemusayendisiti wechiFrench Georges Cuvier, uyo akafunga kuti vaibva kune marsupial ye genus Didelphis, yemazuva ano American opossum. Kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezverudzi urwu rwemhuka dzinoyamwisa, unogona kuverenga nezve maitiro e opossums yakananga.
Kuenzaniswa ne placentals, marsupials ane dehenya diki kwazvo maererano ne cephalic cavity, nepo orbits (sockets yeziso) yakavhurika kumashure uye inoratidza yakasimba sagittal crest yekuiswa kwenyama yenguva. Chekupedzisira, pane hunhu hweangular process mune mandible inoitenderedza mukati.
Nezve mazino avo, mapeji ane mativi matatu anotungamira, ayo anosiyana zvakanyanya, senge mhuka dzepa placenta, maererano nekudya kweherbivorous kana carnivorous iyo mhuka idzi dzakajaira. Sechikamu cheAmerican marsupials, opossum yambotaurwa (Didelphis) inhengo yakakurumbira yeboka rekare, mapolyprotodonts, ayo anosanganisira mamwe marsupials aivepo muSouth America muMiocene yese, seProthylacynus, uye Pliocene, seThylacosmilus.
Pane kufarirwa kusinganzwisisike mune yekupedzisira nekuda kwehuvepo hwemakanini maviri epamusoro, ayo anopa dehenya chimiro chakada kufanana nechaSmilodon, ane chisimba carnivorous placenta, ikozvino yakatsakatika. Marsupial hombe anozivikanwa ndiDiprotodon, aigara muAustralia muQuaternary yose. Chisikwa ichocho chakanga chakaenzana nehukuru hwechipembere, uye chakagoverwa kuboka rediprotodont, iro rinobatanidza kunyanya mafomu eAustralia, kusanganisira kangaroos nhasi.
Ma<em>marsupials akauya kuzoparadzana kubva kuhunde yemhuka dzepakutanga apo yakanga ichiri munhanho yechinyakare. MuAustralia, ivo vanotevedzera nenzira yakafanana nemwaranzi inochinjika iyo ma placenta akaitwa mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi. Zvizhinji zvezvimiro zvavo zvine hunyanzvi, kuitira kuti zvirege kumiririra chikamu chekushanduka kwezvipfuyo zvepa placenta, asi kuti mutsara unozvimiririra uye wekupedzisira. Tembiricha yemuviri yakati wandei mumamarsupials pane muma placenta.
Marsupial herbivores vakagadzira nzira dzakasiyana dzekudyisa kuti vashandise zvinovaka muviri zviri nani, sezvo vasingakwanise kugaya cellulose nekuda kwekushaikwa kwehutachiona hwakakwana, kusiyana nedzimwe mhuka dzepa placental. Kuti unzwisise kuti vanodya sei, unogona kutarisa zvavanodya mhuka dzomugwenga ayo ariwo ma<em>marsupials.
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, chikafu chinogona kuendeswa kune caecum, kwainogara nguva inodiwa, kana kuti inogona kumisa metabolism yayo kuti ide chikafu chidiki uye ichipa nguva yakakwana yekufananidzwa kwezvakatodyiwa. Chikafu chacho chinogona kutsengwa kwenguva yakareba sewombat, kana kuti vanogona kutomedzazve tsvina yakapfava.
Kuberekerwa
Kufanana nemonotremes, rectum yavo uye urogenital system inovhura pamwe chete kuita cloaca yakafanana. Marsupial imhuka dzine viviparous, asi gadziriro yadzo yokubereka yakasiyana zvikuru neyemhuka dzinobereka. Zai rine yolk yakawanda, rine chena uye rakavharwa ne membrane. Chibereko chinobudisa “mukaka” unoyamwa muchisaga cheyolk, uye muma<em>marsupials mazhinji hamuna kuvapo kwechinhu chakafanana ne<em>placenta. Mune mamwe marudzi (Dasyurus) kune placenta yenhema, nzvimbo yekubatana pakati pe vascularized wall ye yolk sac uye rusvingo rwechibereko.
Madzimai ane matinji matatu, maviri pamativi neimwe pakati. Idzo dzekumashure dzinoshandiswa pakusvirana uye pwere dzinobuda nepakati pesikarudzi. Male marsupials ane mboro inogaro forogo, kupinza urume muma lateral vaginas. Ma "embryos" anobuda achangotanga kukura uye anokambaira achitevedza mutsara wemate ayo amai vanoisa nerurimi pakati pe cloaca ne marsupial sac. Kana yasvika pahomwe, inonamira paminyatso yoramba iri musaga kwenguva refu.
Origin uye Biogeography
Marsupials inomiririra boka diki remhuka dzinoyamwisa, dzakagoverwa muchikamu mukondinendi yeAmerica uye chikamu muAustralia, ichiumba chete mhuka dzepanyika dzinorarama uye, kunyanya, chikamu chikuru chepasi vertebrate fauna.
Mushure mekutsakatika kwemadinosaurs, shiri nemamonotremes zvakapatsanurwa, uye marati uye mapoka akafanana akauya kuzotora ecological niche yeherbivores uye zvikara. Pakati pavo pane shiri dzemhuri Phorusrhacidae dzinozivikanwa seshiri dzinotyisa kubva kuSouth America prehistoric uye shiri dzakadai seGastornis muEocene yose muEurope neNorth America.
Iwo marsupials aive nekukura kwawo mukati menguva yese yakaderera yeCretaceous kubva kuprimitive pantotheria, mushure meiyo placenta yakaonekwa muJurassic, semuenzaniso Juramaia. Pamberi pekupararira kwema placentals, marsupials akange atopararira pamusoro penzvimbo zhinji yekondinendi, achiwanikwa akananga kumagumo eCretaceous munzvimbo dzavasipo nhasi, seAsia.
Kuti unzwisise kuti marsupials anogovaniswa sei nhasi, zvinodikanwa kuti unzwisise zviitiko izvo ruzhinji rwekondinendi rwakasangana neiyo kure kure geological kutenderera. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuyeuka, maererano nezvakawanda zvakawanikwa zvakawanikwa, kuti pakupera kwenguva yeCretaceous, marsupials aiwanzo kugovaniswa pamusoro penyika, kwavaigarisana, murunyararo, nemaprimitive placentals.
Vanogona kuwanikwa, semuenzaniso, muAfrica, Europe neNorth America, nzvimbo dzavakanyangarika kwadziri, kunyangwe mushure meGreat American Interchange, mamwe mamarsupials akadzora North America zvakare. Ma<em>marsupial ekaresa anozivikanwa anobva kuChina, uko ma<em>placental ekare akawanikwawo.
Panguva iyoyo, ruzhinji rwekondinendi rwakanga rwusati rwatanga kupatsanuka uye kukukurwa sezvakaratidzwa nedzidziso yaAlfred Wegener, chiitiko chakangotanga pakupera kwenguva yeMesozoic. Pakutanga kweCenozoic, kuputika kweiyo placentals kwakaitika, iyo, pasina nyanzvi pakutanga, yakakurumidza kusiyanisa nekuda kwekushaikwa kwedziviriro kubva kune vanokwikwidza munzvimbo nyowani dzeecological dzavakatora.
Kuparara kwePangaea, kwakatanga pakutanga kweCretaceous, mamwe makore 150-140 mamiriyoni apfuura, kunopa mazano kune nzvimbo uye kupararira kwemapoka emhuka apo gondwana yakakura yakatanga kuputika. MuPangea, pakaumbwa pakatsemuka kubva kuTethys Ocean kumabvazuva kusvika kuPacific Ocean kumadokero.
Kutsemuka uku kwakaparadzanisa Laurasia, uye neNorth America, kubva kuGondwana uye kwakakonzera kubuda kwegungwa idzva remangwana, Atlantic Ocean. Iyi mutumbi wemvura haina kuvhurika zvakafanana, asi yakatanga muNorth-Central Atlantic; ISouth Atlantic yaisazotanga kuvhura kusvika kuCretaceous.
Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Strigopoidea (New Zealand maparrots) neDinornithidae (moas), shiri mbiri dzeshiri dzinogara kuNew Zealand, dzakagadzirwa dziri dzoga kwenguva yakareba kwazvo apo New Zealand yakaparadzana kubva kunharaunda yeGondwana (kusati kwasvika Cenozoic mamiriyoni makumi masere emakore apfuura).
Izvi zvakaitika kunyange kupararira kwemhuka dzinoyamwisa, dzisina kumbosvika kuNew Zealand, uye mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakasvika kuAustralia, kuburikidza neAntarctica, kubva kuSouth America, apo mapoka matatu emakondinendi akanga achiri akabatanidzwa uye Antarctica isati yatonhora, ichiparadzanisa Australia isati yasvika mhuka dzinoyamwisa. Shiri idzi dzakakwanisa kushanduka nekuda kwekusashanda kwezvikara zvinodya mammalian, izvo zvakavagonesa kupinda munzvimbo yezvikara zvepakutanga nazvo.
South America neAfrica, pamwe chete nemamwe makondinendi, vakaumba nyika huru inonzi Gondwana. Kunyangwe boka rekuti ma placentals uye marsupials aive chikamu akabuda muAsia, muChina yanhasi, uye ikoko akapatsanurwa kuita metatherian uye eutherian, huwandu hwezvipenyu hwakanga husina kukwirira uye vaive nehunyanzvi hushoma. Mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakava dzakawanda uye dzakasiyana-siyana pane iri kumaodzanyemba kwekondinendi huru.
Maplacentals kana eutherian, ane hurongwa hwekubereka hunoshanda zvakanyanya kupfuura hwemarsupials nemamonotremes, akamanikidza mapoka aya kupinda mumatunhu madiki anowedzera sezvaaikwikwidza mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeecology. Asi havana kutanga kukura kwavo kutozosvikira vapatsanurwa kuva chikamu chimwe cheAfrica-Madagascar-Eurasia uye imwe South America-Antarctica-Australia. Iwo ma placenta haana kukwanisa kutora huwandu hweSouth America-Antarctica-Australia.
Panguva iyoyo, mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzakawanda dzaive monotremes dzakadai seTeinolophos trusleri, iyo ingadai yakararama kumaodzanyemba kwepamusoro pekondinendi kunyangwe Australia yaive yakabatana neAntarctica uye nekudaro munzvimbo inotonhora zvakanyanya kupfuura iyo yemazuva ano yeAustralia. Pashure pokunge Antarctica yaparadzana neAustralia, Antarctica yakaenda kuSouth Pole, ichitonhora zvishoma nezvishoma, ukuwo Australia yakananga kuequator, ichidziya zvishoma nezvishoma.
Zvisinei nekudzikira kwekusiyana-siyana kwemapoka asiri eutherian, maitiro ekutsiva aifamba zvishoma nezvishoma uye semuenzaniso mamwe marudzi emarsupial akasara aigona kuwanikwa muTertiary Europe. Kwakabva mhuka idzi kunogona kurondwa kusvika panguva chaiyo yekuparadzaniswa kwekondinendi kubva kune yakasara yeGondwana; nguva iyo budiriro yakazvimiririra yemapoka emhuka muSouth America yakatanga.
Sezviri pachena mametatheria akamuka muSouth America akatama, kunyangwe pamwe chete neruzhinji rwekumaodzanyemba, kubva kwavakabva kuenda kuAustralia kuburikidza nekondinendi yeAntarctic uye zvinopesana pakupera kwenguva yeCretaceous. Iyi fungidziro inosimbiswa zvichibva pane zvidzidzo zvakaitwa pamhando dzakasiyana dzeAmerican marsupials, pakati peiyo inonzi monito del monte inomira pachena, iyo ine hukama hwepedyo nemamarsupials eAustralia pane ayo eAmerica, ndosaka mutero wezvikara zveAmerica (Ameridelphia) parizvino unoonekwa separaphyletic uye isina kushandiswa.
Zvadaro, Australasia yakakamurwa kubva kuSouth America-Antarctica, nenzira yekuti marsupials akakwanisa kurarama muAustralia, nekuda kwekuti kondinendi iyi yakaparadzana kubva kune vamwe, munguva isati yaitika kuputika kwepa placentals. Zvichakadaro, chinhu chimwe chetecho chakaitika muSouth America, iyo panguva imwe cheteyo yakakamurwa kubva kuNorth America kondinendi, zvichiita kuti nokuzviparadzanisa kwakadaro kubvire kupona kwezvipenyu zvakawanda zveboka iri.
Pamugumo weTertiary, zvisinei, uye mukusafanana nechakaitika neAustralia, iyo ichiri yoga nanhasi, South America yakabatanidzwazve neNorth America neIsthmus yePanama. Ichi chibatanidzo chakaita kuti, munguva pfupi yapfuura, kutamira kumaodzanyemba kwe placentals, uyo, panguva ino, akanga awana huwandu hwepamusoro hwekushanduka-shanduka. Uku kutama kwakateverwa nokutsakatiswa kwezvizhinji zvezvipfuyo zvaivapo zvemarsupial.
Mukati meCretaceous uye muzvikamu zvekutanga zveTertiary era, marsupials aive akapararira, kunyangwe mune mamwe matunhu epasi. Vaigarawo muAfrica, Asia neEurope munguva dzekare. Mune aya matatu emakondinendi akawanda, marsupials akanyangarika muTertiary yose, uye chekupedzisira chinongedzo muEurope chinodzokera kuMiocene.
Munguva dzekare, mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzaionekwa se, kubva pamaonero ekushanduka-shanduka, dzakanyanya kudarika mhuka dzinoyamwisa. Zvisinei, zvino yava kuzivikanwa kuti matavi maviri akabuda kubva kune mumwe tateguru anenge mamiriyoni 100 emakore apfuura, munguva yezera remadinosaur. Sezvo chero boka remhuka rakasununguka kubva kumakwikwi ehupenyu, shanduko hadzikurudzirwi, saka kukurumidza kwekushanduka kunononoka kuenzaniswa nemapoka iwayo ari pasi pezvimwe zvinhu zvekuchinja.
Nekuda kwenzvimbo idiki yenzvimbo yavaigona kuwedzera, kukwikwidzana kwatove neboka rakafanana rezvipenyu, uye nekugadzwa kwemamwe, mafomu akasarudzika enharaunda dzemhuka munzvimbo dzisina makwikwi e placenta, marsupials, kazhinji, anoonekwa seasina kusiyana pane placentals.
Iri boka raive rakasiyana zvakanyanya munguva yakapfuura, asi mhando hombe uye mamwe akawanda madiki marudzi akanyangarika munguva pfupi yapfuura muQuaternary pavakasangana nezvikara zvinopisa, kusanganisira vanhu. Mhuka dzeSouth America dzenguva iyi dzaisanganisira mhuka dzaiwanzobatanidzwa neAustralia kwete South America. Mimwe yeiyi mienzaniso inosanganisira hombe marsupials uye endemic monotremes kubva kune imwechete kurongeka seplatypus.
Yakasiyana-siyana yeSouth America marsupials kubva kumhuka dzehurongwa hweopossums uye mamwe mapoka edikidiki, kune zvisikwa zvinodya zvehukuru hukuru senge sparassodonts yegenera Thylacosmilus neBorhyaena. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, panikiro dzakamutswa pamusoro pokurongwa kwezvikara zvinoparadza sema<em>marsupial nemhaka yenzvero yenguva pfupi yapfuura yezvisaririra zveizvi zvikara.
Pane kumwe kutaura pamusoro pezvisaririra zvemhuka dzinoyamwisa kubva kuEocene yekuAustralia, kuTingamarra. Aya mazwi anobva pane zino rimwe chete rinowanikwa rinoratidza maitiro eiyo condylarthrus uye izvi zvakakurukurwa zvakanyanya. Pamwe nezera rayo, mamiriro ezvinhu epa placenta echisaririra ichi akabvunzwa nedzimwe nyanzvi.
systematic
Iri iboka rakasiyana-siyana, rine zvipenyu zvinomutsa placenta (makonzo, marmots, moles, marsupial wolves, nezvimwewo). Chikafu chayo chinodya zvipembenene, chinodya nyama, chinodya, chinodya zvinomera, uye pari zvino saizi yaro inosiyana-siyana, kubva pambeva, pilbará ninguauí, yakareba masendimita mashanu, kusvika kune yekangaroo hombe, iyo inoyera kuenzana nemurume. . Diprotodon yakatsakatika, marsupial makurusa anozivikanwa, akanga akaenzana nemvuu. Iyo hombe carnivorous marsupial yaive Thylacoleo carnifex, nhengo yehurongwa Diprotodonta.
Kunze kwemirairo yemapossums (didelphimorphs) uye mbeva-possums (paucituberculate), kwatinowedzera masparassodonts akatsakatika (ayo dzimwe nguva asingarangarirwe echokwadi marsupials), mamwe marsupials ese anowanikwa munharaunda yeAustralia: koala , kangaroos, couscous. , marsupial wolf, wombats, nezvimwewo. Kune huwandu hukuru hwemhando dze arboreal, senge possums muAmerica uye possums muAustralia, pamwe chete nemhando dzekugara-pasi senge kangaroos.
Kune huwandu hwemhuri gumi dzakaiswa muzvikamu zviviri, maererano nemazino; iyo ye polyprotodonts uye iyo ye diprotodonts. Parizvino, kune zvikamu zvitatu zvinorarama zvemarsupials: maAmerican marsupials (Ameridelphia), maAustralia marsupials (Australidelphia), uye clade yakatsakatika yemasparassodonts (Sparassodonta), kunyange dzimwe nguva, sezvatotaurwa, ekupedzisira haafungidzirwe sechokwadi marsupials, asi hama dzepedyo dzekupedzisira.
Kurongeka kweMicrobiotheria, iyo imwe chete mhuka inorarama inozivikanwa: monito del monte, inowanikwa muSouth America, asi inonyanya kujairana nemarsupials eAustralia uye inoiswa muAustralidelphia padivi pavo. Iyo yakatsakatika clade yeSparassodonta inoonekwa sechikwata chechokwadi marsupials, akaunganidzwa padivi peaya maviri apfuura.
Mapolyprodontos (boka risingachashandiswi nhasi), iro munguva dzekare rainzi zoophagous, rakaumbwa sechikamu chepasi nemhuri dzine kanenge masere incisors pashaya imwe neimwe, ezasi ichida kufanana kune imwe neimwe, uye akashongedzerwa canine kumusoro uye pasi. Vakakamurwa kuva mhuri dzinoverengeka, imwe yokuAmerica, iya ye<em>didelphid, ma<em>opossum, uye dzimwe dzakabva kumhuka dzeAustralia: dasyurids, Tasmanian Devil; thylaciniids, marsupial wolf; peramelids, marsupial tsuro; notorichtidae, marsupial mole; myrmecobids, marsupial anteaters; etc
Iyo suborder Diprotodonts (ikozvino yakarongerwa sehurongwa hwemarsupials) yakanga isingapfuure matatu incisors padivi peshaya, isina yakaderera canines, uye yekutanga yakaderera incisor yaive yakakura kupfuura mamwe. Idzo dzinowanzoita herbivorous uye dzinosanganisira dzimwe dzemhuka hombe muAustralia fauna.
Muna 2005, muenzaniso wekare weiyo genus Diprotodon wakawanikwa pakati peAustralia, iyo yaive 6,09 metres kureba uye 1,82 metres kureba. Inosanganisira mhuri dzePhalangerids, Macropods (kangaroos) uye Phascolomids, iyo inowedzerwa maTilacoleonids, mhuri ye carnivorous marsupials iyo ikozvino yapera.
Mutero
Biological taxonomy inyanzvi yesainzi iyo zvipenyu zvinorongeka pasi pechirongwa chechikamu chinoumbwa nemamwe matunhu. Pazasi pane kurongeka kwemirairo nemhuri dzemarsupials:
- Order Didelphimorphia
- Mhuri Didelphidae
- Order Paucituberculata
- Mhuri Caenolestidae
- Clade Australidelphia
- Order Microbiotheria
- Mhuri Microbiotheriidae
- Order Dasyuromorphia
- Mhuri Thylacinidae
- Mhuri Dasyuridae
- Mhuri Myrmecobiidae
- Order Peramelemorphia
- Mhuri Thylacomyidae
- Mhuri Chaeropodidae
- Mhuri Peramelidae
- Order Notoryctemorphia
- Mhuri Notoryctidae
- Order Diprotodontia
- Mhuri Phascolarctidae
- Mhuri Vombatidae
- Mhuri Diprotodontidae
- Mhuri Phalangeridae
- Mhuri Burramyidae
- Mhuri Tarsipedidae
- Mhuri Petauridae
- Mhuri Pseudocheiridae
- Mhuri Potoridae
- Mhuri Acrobatidae
- Mhuri Hypsiprymnodontidae
- Mhuri Macropodidae
- Mhuri Thylacoleonidae
- Order Microbiotheria
mienzaniso yemarsupials
Marsupials iboka rakasiana-siana zvikuru, rinoumbwa nezvipfukuto, kangaroo, mavhu, uye makonzo. Iyo ine zvakare hukuru hwakasiyana uye kudyisa hurumende: herbivore, carnivore, insectivore kana frugivore. Mazhinji emhando dzayo ari mukondinendi yeAustralia uye mamwe ese muAmerica, nekuti kune mamwe makondinendi pasina zvienzaniso zvekuzvarwa. Mimwe mienzaniso yemarsupials ndeiyi:
Kangaroo
Ndiwo mumiririri mukuru wema<em>marsupial, ayo anozivikanwa munyika yose nokuda kwenzira yaanofamba nayo nokusvetuka. Mumwe wemifananidzo yake yaagara achiita ndeweamai vakatakura mwana wavo musaga riri mudumbu. Imwe ye<em>kangaroo yakakurumbira zvikuru i<em>giant grey, inogara munzvimbo dzine uswa nemasango kumabvazuva kweAustralia, uye inodya miriwo nouswa. Iyo yakafanana zvikuru nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekangaroo tsvuku, kubva kune iyo yakasiyana chete nemuvara wemvere dzayo, iyo murume wayo anogona kusvika kureba kusvika mamita maviri uye uremu hwe66 kilos.
North American Opossum
Ichi chisikwa ndicho chega marsupial iripo muNorth America, kunyanya kuchamhembe kweRio Grande, uye inofamba neusiku. Pamusoro pezvo, iyi opossum, inova saizi yekatsi yakajairwa, inofamba yoga uye inyanzvi inoshamisa. Ichinzwa kuti iri mungozi, inobudisa hwema hunosemesa zvikuru uye inozviwisira pasi sezvinonzi yafa.
Swamp Wallaby
Mhuka iyi, yakajairika kuchamhembe kweAustralia uye isiri munjodzi yekutsakatika, yakafanana nekangaroo asi idiki. Kubata pamuviri kwewallaby kunotora mazuva 38 uye gare gare mhuru inotakurwa naamai kwemwedzi mipfumbamwe iri muhomwe. Chikwata cherugby chenyika iyoyo chinotora zita racho kubva paiyi marsupial.
Koala
Yakaberekerwa kuAustralia, koala chisikwa chinononoka, chine runyararo chine chitarisiko chakasiyana: muviri mudiki, musoro muhombe (ushoma pakati pemarsupials), nzeve dzakatenderedzwa, dzine mvere, uye mhuno hombe, nhema.
Kudya kwayo kunosanganisira miti yeeucalyptus, uye sezvo chikafu ichocho chisingaipe chikafu chakakwana, chinoita kuti irarame. Chokwadi, inopedza nguva yayo yese ichirara pakati pematavi emiti uye, kunyangwe iine senge 'teddy bear', haiite chikamu chemhuri yeursid.
Overa Weasel
Yakagoverwa mukondinendi yese yeSouth America, iyo overa weasel inokodzera chero rudzi rwekugara, kusanganisira nzvimbo dzemumaguta. Inogona kurarama kusvika makore mana. Varume vakakura kudarika vakadzi, uye vose varume nevakadzi vane muswe murefu wakareba semuviri wavo.
Inogona kubereka kusvika katatu pagore uye kubata kwemukati kunotora mazuva gumi nemana. Mushure menguva iyoyo, inobereka vana vakareba masendimita 'vanonamatira' kumazamu aamai, vogaramo kwemavhiki matanhatu. Pave paya vanokwira kumusana vongofamba vachiyamwa mukaka waamai vavo kwemwedzi mitanhatu inotevera.
Tasmanian satani
Pakupedzisira tichataura nezveimwe yeashoma mamarsupial anodya nyama achiripo pasirese uye anowanikwa kuchitsuwa cheTasmania, sekureva kunoita zita racho. Yakafanana nekukura kwembwa duku, muviri wayo wakafukidzwa nemvere nhema uye ine nzeve dzinoratidza dzvuku.
Nezve maitiro ayo, zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti inochema zvakanyanya, inodya zvine hutsinye, inogona kuvhima, asiwo inodyisa nyama yakaora uye inowanzova yega. Pwere dzinoramba dzakabatanidzwa nehomwe yaamai vadzo kwemazuva anenge 100, panguva iyoyo dzinosvika kurema magiramu 200 uye dzinobudiswa mudumbu.
Marsupial Yakatarisana Nembwa
Thylacine yakatsakatika ( Thylacinus cynocephalus ) chaiva chisikwa chine musoro nemuviri wakaita sembwa, chaitakura vana vacho muhomwe yakaita sekangaroo uye chaiva nemvere dzine mitsetse kunge katsi. Iyi mhuka isinganzwisisike, inomiririra Australia neTasmania, dzimwe nguva inorondedzerwa se "marsupial wolf" uye dzimwe nguva se "Tasmanian tiger," uye yanga iri musoro chaiwo kune vaongorori kwemakumi emakore.
Munguva ichangopfuura, muongororo yakaitwa nevatsvakurudzi veBrown University (USA), umo masara avo akaenzaniswa nemapfupa emhuka dzinoyamwisa makumi matatu neimwe (kusanganisira pumas, panthers, mhungu, mhumhi, hyenas ...), zvakaratidza kuti mhuka yakanga ine ukama hwepedyo zvikuru nekatsi, kunyange zvazvo zviri pachena kuti yaiva marsupial.
Maererano nezvakabudiswa nevatsvakurudzi mumagazini yeBiology Letters, thylacine yakashanda semhuka yega yega yakabata mhuka yayo pakuvandira, hunhu hunoisiyanisa zvakajeka nemhumhi nembwa dzesango, dzinowanzovhima mumapaki uye nenzira yekutambudza.
Thylacinus cynocephalus yaivepo kwemamiriyoni emakore mukondinendi yeAustralia, uye yakatanga kutsakatika mushure mekugara kwevanhu kwekutanga munzvimbo iyoyo makore makumi mana ezviuru apfuura. Huwandu hwayo hwakanyanya kukanganiswa nekuunzwa kwedingo, mhuka yakaita sembwa, zviuru zvina zvemakore apfuura. Mhuka yekupedzisira yerudzi urwu, inonzi "Benjamin", yakaparara muHobart zoo muna 40.000.
Vachiongorora zvainge zvasara, vakaona kuti humerus yokumusoro kweruoko rwethylacine yakanga yakatsetseka uye yakareba kumucheto pedyo negokora, zvichiratidza kuti mapfupa eforoma, radius uye ulna, akanga asina kubatanidzwa. Izvi zvaireva kuti "tiger yeTasmanian" kana kuti thylacine yaikwanisa kutenderedza tsoka dzayo kuti chanza chakatarisa mudenga, sekitsi. Uku kufamba kweruoko kwakabvumira kuti iite hukuru hukuru pamusoro pechikara chayo mushure mekurwiswa kusinganzwisisike, vaongorori vanopa zano.
Hupenyu hweFossil Marsupial
Imwe nyanzvi yezvakaitika kare yakafananidza basa rayo nekugadzirazve firimu rose kubva pamafuremu mana akatorwa pamoto. Sezvineiwo, zviitiko uye zvisikwa zvinoita sekurangana kuita kuti basa resainzi rive nyore. Uye kekutanga zvachose, vaongorori vakawana iyo yakabatanidzwa firimu. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika kune imwe nzvimbo iri kure yeNew South Wales (Australia), uko boka renyanzvi rakawana pfuma yefossil inoratidza matanho ese ekukura kwemhuka inoyamwisa yaigara mudunhu iri makore gumi nemashanu apfuura.
Nzvimbo iyi inonzi Riversleigh, inzvimbo yakasvibira yezvicherwa inozivikanwa seWorld Heritage Site muBoodjamulla National Park, mudunhu reQueensland. Limestone yakaita kuti zvive nyore kuti mufananidzo unoshamisa weAustralia prehistoric fauna iome nechando munguva. Munharaunda inonzi AL90, Karen Black nevabatsiri vake vakawana raimbove bako. "Imba yekuvharisa nemadziro ebako zvakapfekwa mamirioni emakore apfuura, asi pasi richiri pasi," Black anodaro.
“Zviri pachena kuti mhuka idzi dzakadonha nepamukova wakamira webako iro rinogona kunge risingaonekwe nekuda kwezvinomera uye dzakashanda seriva remusikirwo. Mhuka idzi, pakati padzo dzaiva naamai vaiva nevana vavo mubhegi, dzakafa kana kuti dzakakwanisa kupona pakuwa asi dzakabatwa pasina aigona kupukunyuka,” anowedzera kudaro nyanzvi yezvakaitika kare.
Nekuda kwemusungo unouraya isu takawana repertoire yese yemafossils ehupfumi husina kujairika. "Inzvimbo inoshamisa uye inoshamisa zvinoshamisa," anodaro Black. Kangaroos, bandicoots, zviremwaremwa nemhando dzakasiyana dzegava ndevamwe vakabatwa negomba rakadaro. Asi kuwanikwa kwakakodzera zvikuru kwave kuri kwedehenya dzakawanda dzemhuka yakafanana neyombat yazvino, chisikwa chinonyandura bere duku.
26 matehenya
Masayendisiti akakwanisa kuunganidza huwandu hwematehenya makumi maviri nematanhatu eNimbadon lavarakorum anovhara zvikamu zvese zvekuvapo kwayo, kubva kuvacheche vaive musaga raamai vavo kusvika kune vanhu vakuru vekare. Dema inotsanangura mamiriro ayo ekuchengetedza se "zvisina kujairika", izvo zvaita kuti zvikwanisike kuvakazve firimu rose rekuvapo kweichi mhuka yakanyangarika.
Zvakapedzwa nemasayendisiti zvakaburitswa muJournal yeVertebrate Paleontology, uye pfupiso inonyora magadzirirwo emusoro weaya marsupials akasiyana mukukura kwavo. Pavakanga vachiri kutsamira pamukaka wezamu kuti vawane chouviri, mapfupa echiso chavo akakura achibvumira kuyamwisa. Sezvo kudya kwavo kwaisiyana-siyana kubva pamukaka kuenda kune huswa, dehenya racho raikura munzvimbo yekubata kubata mhasuru dzine simba dzinoita kutsenga, richisiya maburi akasununguka akawanda.
Maererano nekuongorora pamwe nemunyori Mike Archer, "Ichi chinogona kunge chiri chiratidzo chekutanga chekuti mhuka inoyamwisa inobhadhara sei nokuda kwezvokudya zvayo zvakasvibirira: nekushandura kuva nyama." Kungofanana neayo anhasi, ma<em>marsupial enguva iyoyo akaberekwa pashure pokunge abata pamuviri kwenguva pfupi uye akapedza kukura kwawo kwokutanga ari muhomwe yaamai vawo. Iko hakuna dzidziso yakasimba iripo yekuti sei mhuka dzinoyamwisa idzi, idzo kune imwe nzvimbo pasi pano dzakakundwa nehondo yekushanduka-shanduka yekurwisa mhuka dzinoyamwisa, dzakakwanisa kukunda muAustralia.
Sarudzo mbiri dzeHupenyu
Munguva dzekare, mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzaionekwa se, kubva pakuona kwekushanduka-shanduka, dzakanyanya kudarika mhuka dzinoyamwisa. Zvisinei, nhasi tinoziva kuti mapazi maviri akasimuka kubva kune mumwe akatangira mamwe makore mamiriyoni 100 apfuura, apo kunyange madhinosauri aitonga pasi.
Evolution Hondo
Kunyange zvazvo nhasi mhuka dzinoyamwisa dzinorera vana vadzo musaga dzichimirira Australia, pane imwe nguva dzakazadza pasi rose. Maplacentals anotendwa kuti akawana budiriro yekushanduka-shanduka zvekuti akakunda marsupials, asi hazvisati zvajeka kuti sei vakakunda muOceania.
Iwe unogona zvakare kufarira mune izvi zvimwe zvinyorwa:
- Kangaroo
- Mhuka
- Endemic Mhuka